Asti
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{{Infobox CityIT |
img_coa = Asti-Stemma.png|
official_name = Comune di Asti|name=Asti|
mapx=44.8|mapy=8.2|
region = [[Piedmont]] |
province = [[Province of Asti|Asti]] (AT) |
elevation_m = 123|
area_total_km2 = 151|
population_as_of =2005 |
population_total = 73434|
population_density_km2 = 468|
timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]], [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]+1 |
coordinates = {{coor dms|44|53|56|N|08|12|28E}} |
frazioni = see [[Asti#Frazioni|list]]|
telephone = 0141|
postalcode =14100 |
gentilic = Astigiani|
saint = [[Saint Secundus of Asti]]|
day = First Tuesday of May|
mayor = Giorgio Galvagno|
website = [http://www.comune.asti.it www.comune.asti.it] |
}}
'''Asti''' is a city and [[comune]] in the [[Piedmont (Italy)|Piemonte or Piedmont region]], in north-western [[Italy]], about 55 kilometres east of Turin in the plain of the [[Tanaro River]]. It is the capital of the [[province of Asti]].
==History ==
===Ancient times and early Middle Ages===
People have lived in and around what is now Asti since the [[Neolithic]] period. Before their defeat in [[174 BC]] by the Romans, [[Ligures]], such as the [[Statielli]], dominated the area and the [[toponym]] probably derives from ''Ast'' which means "hill" in the ancient [[Ligurian language]].
In [[124 BC]] the Romans built a ''[[castrum]]'', or fortified camp, which eventually evolved into a full city named Hasta. In
[[89 BC]] the city received the status of ''[[Colonia (Roman)|colonia]]'', and in [[49 BC]] that of ''[[municipium]]''. Asti become an important city of the Augustan Regio IX, favoured by its strategic position on the Tanaro river and on the [[Via Fulvia]], which linked Derthona ([[Tortona]]) to Augusta Taurinorum ([[Turin]]). Other roads connected the city to the main passes for what are today [[Switzerland]] and [[France]].
After a first victorious defence against the [[Visigoths]] in [[402]] AD, thanks to a massive line of walls, Hasta suffered for the barbarian invasions which stormed Italy after the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire|Western Empire]], and declined economically. In the second half of the [[6th century]] it was chosen as seat for one of the 36 Duchies in which the [[Lombards]] divided Italy. The territory of Asti comprised a wide area, stretching out to [[Albenga]] and the [[Maritime Alps]]. This remained when northern Italy was conquered by the [[Franks]] in [[774]], with the title of County.
In the late Carolingian age Asti was ruled directly by his bishops, who were the main landlords of the area. Most important are Audax (904-926) and Bruningus (937-966), who moved the episcopal seat to the Castel Vecchio ("Old Castle"), where it remained until 1409. The [[bishopric of Asti]] remained a powerful entity well into the 11th century, when Pietro II received huge privileges by emperor [[Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry II]]. In the second half of the century, Bishop Otto tried to resist the aims of the powerful countess [[Adelaide of Susa]], who damaged the city several times. During Otto's reign, a [[medieval commune|commune]] and the [[consul]] magistrates are mentioned for the first time (1095).
===Local power===
[[Image:Asti map.png|thumb|right|Location of Asti within the [[province of Asti|eponymous province]].]]
Asti was one of the first free communes of Italy, and in 1140 received the right to mint coins of its own by [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Empire|Conrad II]]. As the commune, however, had begun to erode the lands of the bishop and other local faudataries, the latter sued for help to [[Frederick Barbarossa]], who presented under the city walls with a huge army in the February 1155. After a short siege, Asti was stormed and burnt. Subsequently Asti adhered to the [[Lombard League]] (1169) against the German emperor, but was again defeated in 1174. Despite this, after the [[Peace of Konstanz]] (1183), the city gained further privileges.
The 13th century saw the peak of the Astigiani splendour, only momentaneously hindered by wars against [[Alba]], [[Alessandria]], [[Savoy]], [[Milan]] (which sieged the city in 1230) and the [[Marquess of Montferrat|Marquesses of Montferrat]] and [[Saluzzo]]. In particular, the commune aimed to gain control over the lucrative trade routes leading northwards from the Ligurian ports. During the wars led by Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] in northern Italy, the city chose his side: Asti was defeated by the [[Guelph and Ghibelline|Guelph]]s of Alessandria at Quattordio and Clamandrana, but thanks to [[Genoa|Genoese]] help could recover easily. After Frederick's death, the struggle against [[Thomas II of Savoy]] became fierce: the Astigiani defeated him on [[February 23]], [[1255]], at [[Battle of Montebruno|Montebruno]], but Thomas (who had been taken prisoner) replied ordering all traders from Asti to be arrested in [[Savoy]] and [[France]]. This move showed the proccupation of the neighbouring states for the excessive power gained by the city, which had captured Alba and controlled both [[Chieri]] and Turin.
This led to the intervention of [[Charles I of Anjou]], then King of Naples and the most powerful man in Italy. After some [[guerrilla]] actions, Asti signed a pact of alliance with [[Pavia]], [[Genoa]] and [[William VII of Montferrat]]. In 1274 the Astigiani troops were defeated at Cossano, but, on [[December 12]], [[1275]], were victorious over the Angevines at [[Battle of Roccavione|Roccavione]], ending every Charles' attempt to expand in Piedmont. In the [[1290s]], after the defeat of William VII also, Asti was the most powerful city of Piedmont. However, inner struggles for the control of trading and bank enterprises, soon divided the city in factions. The most prominent was that of the powerful bankers of the Solaro family, who, in 1314, gave the city to king [[Robert of Naples]]. The free Republic of Asti ceased to exist. In 1339 the [[Ghibelline]] exiles recaptured the city, expelling the Solaro and their helpers. In 1342 however, the menace of the Solaro counter-offensive led the new rulers to submit to [[Luchino Visconti (ruler of Milan)|Luchino Visconti]] of Milan. Visconti built a citadel and a second ring of walls to protect the new burgs of the city. In 1345, in the [[Battle of Gamenario]], the Ghibelline Astigiani and [[John II of Montferrat]] defeated again the Neapolitan troops. John also ruled over Asti until 1372, but seven years later the city council submitted to [[Galeazzo II Visconti]]'s authority. Galeazzo in turn assigned it to [[Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans]].
[[Image:Asti0002.jpg|thumb|left|Piazza Roma in Asti.]]
===French and Savoy domination===
With the exception of several brief periods under Visconti, Montferrat and [[Sforza]], Asti remained under the Valois rule, and then directly under the [[France|French Crown]]. Situation changed in the early 16th century, during the wars between [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] and [[Francis I of France]]. In 1526 it was besieged in vain by Charles' condottiero [[Fabrizio Maramaldo]]. Three years later, indeed, the [[Treaty of Cambrai]] assigned Asti to the German emperor, who in turn gave it to the viceroy of Naples [[Charles de Lannoy]]. After the death of the latter, Charles included it in [[Infanta Beatriz, Duchess of Savoy|Beatrice of Portugal]]'s dowry: when she got married with [[Charles III of Savoy]], Asti became part of the Savoy dominion.
Asti was one of the main Savoy strongholds in the following wars. In 1616, besieged by the Spanish governor of Milan, it was defended by Duke [[Charles Emmanuel I]] himself. In 1630–1631, the city suffered heavy losses for a [[Plague (disease)|plague]], and some years later was conquered by the Spanish, although Savoy regained it in 1643. Another unsuccessful Spanish siege occurred in 1650. In the November 1703, during the [[War of Spanish Succession]], Asti fell to France again: it was reconquered in 1705 by [[Victor Amadeus II of Savoy|Victor Amadeus II]]. In 1745 French troops invaded it once more, but was freed the following year.
In 1797 the Astigiani, raged by the continuous military campaigns and by poor economic situation, revolted against the Savoy government. On [[July 28]] the Repubblica Astese was declared. However, it was suppressed only two days later. The revolutionary chiefs were arrested and executed. The following year the Savoy were expelled by Piedmont by the [[napoleonic Wars|French revolutionary army]], and Asti was occupied by general Montrichard. After a short reversal, the French returned after the victory at [[battle of Marengo|Marengo]] (1800) near to Alessandra: [[Napoleon]] himself visited Asti on [[April 29]] [[1805]], but was received rather coldly by the citizens, and the city was demoted and incorporated with Alessandra under the department of Marengo. After the end of the French empire, Asti returned to [[Piedmont]] in 1814, and followed its history until the founding of the unification of Italy in 1861.
[[Image:Asti Cathedral.jpg |thumb|325px|The cathedral of Asti.]]
[[Image:Asti Cathedral (interior—cupola from below).jpg|thumb|325px|The cathedral: interior.]]
==Main sights==
Some sections of the ancient city walls remain on the North side of the city and in the late 20th century building work uncovered a section of Roman wall in the center of the city.
The area to the NW of the city, between the centre and the Cathedral, is very rich in medieval palaces and merchants houses, many with monumental towers. Asti was known as the city of 100 towers (although there were 120 in total) of which several still remain today within the old city walls. The most known are the Tower of the Comentini (13th century), the octagonal ''Torre de Regibus'' and ''Torre Troyana'' (13th century), as well as the ancient ''Rossa di San Secondo'', built during the reign of the Roman Emperor [[Augustus]].
Asti is the home to several old churches. These include:
*the great ''Cattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta'' (built in the 13th century over another Cathedral), one of the biggest in Piedmont, in Romanesque-Gothic style. The monumental belfry is from 1266. the facade is characterized by three portals, each surmounted by a big rose-window. The interior, with a nave and two aisles, houses a wide cycle of 18th century frescoes, some altarpieces by Gandolfino d'Asti and precious silver artworks from the 15th-16th centuries. The presbytery has a noteworthy mosaic floor, from the pre-existing church. next to the last pilasters of the nave are two 14th century artworks, the funerary seal of bishop Baldracco Malabaila and the equestrian portrait of Arricino Moneta.
*the ''Collegiata di San Secondo'' (13th century) in the old medieval centre next to the Palazzo Civico. Its name refers to [[Secundus of Asti]], the city's [[patron saint]]. The crypt is from the 6th century. The facade has three notable Gothic portals, while the interior houses a polyptych by Gandolfino d'Asti and other works.
*''Santa Maria Nuova'' (11th century).
*''San Martino'', first mentioned in 886. The old Gothic edifice was dismantled in 1696 and rebuilt along Baroque lines in 1736.
*''Sant'Anastasio'' (8th-12th century), whose museum has some antique capitals and sculptures.
*the [[Baroque]] church of St. Catherine.
*the Baptistery of St. Peter (12th century) is the most important building from the High Middle Ages in the city. It has octagonal plan with a wide dome.
*''San Pietro in Consavia'' (15th century), with elegant external decorations. It the seat of the Archaeological Museum, with Roman and Egyptian works.
There is a Synagogue and a museum depicting the history of Asti's Jewish community whose presence is documented since 812.
[[Image:Corsa Palio di Asti .jpg|thumb|325px|Palio d'Asti.]]
==Events==
One of the most famous events held in Asti is the famous [[Palio d'Asti]], in which all the old town wards, called "Rioni" and "Borghi" plus nearby towns compete in a bare-back horse race. This event recalls a victory in battle versus the rival city [[Alba, (CN)|Alba]], during the Middle Ages after the victorious battle a race was held around Alba's walls, from then on every year in Asti. Asti's Palio is the oldest recorded one in Italy, and in modern times is held in the triangular Piazza Alfieri preceded by a medieval pageant through the old town on the 3rd Sunday of September.
==Wine==
The three neighbouring Provinces of Asti, Cuneo, and Alessandria incorporate the Langhe and Monferrato hill region in the centre of Piedmont, limestone and sandstone deposits laid down by the retreating Adriatic some 5 million years ago, and are home to some of Italy's finest red wines, plus some famous whites. Asti city is in the centre of the area and is the major city of this notable wine district.
Arguably Italy's most important red wines, the renowned Barolo's, Barbaresco's — are produced in the nearby Langhe, in Cuneo province, nearer to Alba, 30 minutes from Asti. Most of the Monferrato lies in the Province of Asti, and is an equally, though not so famous, important area for the production of fine wines. Perhaps the wine most famously associated with Asti worldwide is the sparkling [[Asti Spumante]] ([[DOCG]]). The name today is usually shortened to ‘Asti’ in order to avoid associations with the many wines of dubious quality which are labelled as ''Spumante''. Asti is typically sweet and low in [[ethanol|alcohol]] (often below 8%). It is made solely from the ''moscato bianco'' white [[muscat grape]]. A premium version known as [[Moscato d'Asti]] (DOCG) is seldom seen outside Italy. Besides Asti Spumante being the most known wine abroad, the most renowned wine made in Asti and [[Monferrato]] is the red wine called [[Barbera]].
While Asti province became famous around the world thanks to [[Martini and Rossi]], [[Gancia]] and [[Ricadonna]] which made commercial wines like Asti Spumante, it is now also becoming famous internationally for its classic red wines such as [[Barbera]] d'Asti, [[Fresia d'Asti]], [[Grignolino d'Asti]], [[Bonarda]] and [[Ruché]] di Castagnole Monferrato. These wines and many others can be sampled during the week-long Douja d'Or wine exhibition which is held at the same time as the Palio and Sagre.
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==Food==
Asti is also famous for its [[Festival Delle Sagre]], held in September a week before the Palio. During the festival most of the towns in Asti's province meet in a great square called "Campo del Palio", here they offer typical food and wine for which they are known. On the Sunday of the Sagre all the towns involved stage a parade with floats depicting traditional farming with everyone in costume along Asti's roads to reach "Campo del Palio" square.
Asti province becomes a gourmands delight from October to December in the white truffle or "tartufo bianco" season. Although neighbouring Alba is better known for its October truffle fair, some of the best truffles are found around Asti's hills, and every weekend there is a local truffle festival.
[[Image:VAlfieriFabre.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Vittorio Alfieri.]]
==Notable Astigiani ==
People from Asti have included:
*[[Gandolfino d'Asti]], or [[Gandolfino da Roreto]] (active 1493–1518) [[Renaissance]] painter.
*[[Vittorio Alfieri]] (1749–1803), a dramatist who has been described as the “founder of Italian tragedy”.
*[[Carlo Alberto Castigliano]] (1847–1884), mathematician and physicist.
*[[Ettore Desderi]] (1892–1974), composer best known for his sacred music.
*[[Paolo Conte]] (born 1937), painter, poet and songwriter.
*[[Giovanni Goria]] (1943–1994), [[Christian Democracy (Italy, historical)|Christian Democratic]] politician, was prime minister of Italy from 1987 until 1988.
*[[Giorgio Faletti]] (born 1950), writer, actor and singer-songwriter.
*[[Maurizio Lobina]] (born 1973), dance musician.
*[[Matteo Paro]] (born 1983), footballer.
*[[Locanda Delle Fate]], famed [[Italian progressive rock]] band.
*[http://www.daniloamerio.com/ Danilo Amerio] singer and composer
*[[Giorgio Faletti]] (born 1950), actor and bookwriter
{{see also|Category:People from Asti}}.
==Frazioni==<!-- This section is linked from [[Asti]] -->
Bramairate, Bricco Fassio, Bricco Roasio, Ca' dei Coppi, Caniglie, Carretti, Casabianca, Castiglione, Madonna di Viatosto, Mombarone, Mongardino Stazione, Montemarzo,Migliandolo, Poggio d'Asti, Portacomaro Stazione, Quarto, Quarto superiore, Revignano, Rioscone, San Grato di Sessant, San Marzanotto, San Marzanotto Piana, San Vito - Poggio, Santo Spirito, Serravalle, Sessant, Torrazzo, Trincere, Vaglierano, Valenzani, Valfea, Valgera, Valle Tanaro, Valle Andona, Valmaggiore, Valmairone, Valmanera, Variglie.
==External links==
{{Commons|Asti}}
*[http://www.chlt.org/sandbox/perseus/pecs/page.1932.a.php Hasta] in ''The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites''.
*[http://www.astiantica.com Asti Antica] {{it icon}}, a site dedicated to the history of the town.
*[http://oasi.asti.it OASI] Organization for Computer Science Development in Asti
{{Province of Asti}}
[[Category:Roman towns and cities in Italy]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Piedmont]]
[[Category:Cathedrals in Italy]]
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