Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
888866
221223792
2008-06-23T16:21:07Z
Jpollock
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{{redirect|AECL}}
{{Infobox_Company |
company_name = Atomic Energy of Canada Limited |
company_logo = [[Image:AECL logo.png|150px]]|
company_type = [[Crown Corporation]] |
foundation = 1952|f
location = [[Mississauga, Ontario]] |
key_people = Hugh MacDiarmid, President and CEO|
industry = [[Nuclear power|Nuclear]] |
products = Nuclear Power Plants and Research |
num_employees = ~4,800 worldwide |
revenue = {{profit}} $574 million [[Canadian dollar|CAN]] (2006)|
homepage = http://www.aecl.ca/
}}
'''Atomic Energy of Canada Limited''' or '''AECL''' is a [[Canada|Canadian]] federal [[Crown corporation]] with the responsibility of managing Canada's national [[nuclear power|nuclear energy]] research and development program, including the advancement and support of [[CANDU]] reactor technology which was developed at AECL starting in the 1950s. AECL also provides a variety of maintenance, diagnostic, waste management, refurbishment, and other services to the nuclear industry.
AECL describes its mandate as follows:
* Managing the Canadian nuclear platform responsibly and cost effectively.
* Leveraging the technology base to deliver nuclear products and services to market.
AECL is also the vendor of [[CANDU]] technology, which it has exported worldwide. Throughout the 1960s-2000s AECL marketed and built [[CANDU]] facilities in [[India]], [[South Korea]], [[Argentina]], [[Romania]], and the [[People's Republic of China]].
In addition, AECL manufactures [[nuclear medicine]] [[radioisotopes]] for supply to [http://www.mds.nordion.com MDS Nordion] in [[Ottawa]], [[Canada]], and is the world's largest supplier of [[Molybdenum]]-99 for diagnostic tests, and [[Cobalt-60]] for [[cancer]] therapy.
AECL is funded through a combination of federal government appropriations and commercial revenue.
==History==
===1940s===
AECL traces its heritage to the [[Second World War]] when a joint Canadian-[[United Kingdom|British]] nuclear research laboratory was established in [[Montreal, Quebec|Montreal]] in 1942, under the [[National Research Council of Canada]] to develop a design for a nuclear reactor. [http://www.cns-snc.ca/history/fifty_years/goldschmidt.html] In 1944, approval was given by the federal government to begin with construction of the ZEEP (Zero Energy Experimental Pile) reactor at the [[Chalk River Laboratories|Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories]] near Chalk River, [[Ontario]], located on the [[Ottawa River]] approximately 190 km northwest of [[Ottawa, Ontario|Ottawa]]. AECL was also involved in the development of associated technology such as the [[UTEC]] computer.
On [[September 5]], [[1945]] the [[ZEEP]] reactor first went critical, achieving the first "self-sustained nuclear reaction outside the United States."[http://www.aecl.ca/index.asp?layid=3&csid=47&menuid=20] ZEEP put Canada at the forefront of nuclear research in the world and was the instigator behind eventual development of the [[CANDU]] reactors, ZEEP having operated as a research reactor until the early 1970s.
In 1946 the Montreal research laboratory was closed and research was consolidated at Chalk River Laboratories. On [[July 22]], [[1947]] the [[NRX]] (National Research Experimental) reactor, the most powerful reactor in the world at the time, went critical and was "used successfully for producing radioisotopes, undertaking fuels and materials development work for [[CANDU]] reactors, and providing neutrons for physics experiments."[http://www.aecl.ca/index.asp?layid=3&csid=47&menuid=20]
===1950s===
In 1952 AECL was formed by the government with a mandate to develop peaceful uses of nuclear energy.
On [[December 12]], [[1952]] one of the world's first major reactor accidents occurred in the [[NRX]] reactor at AECL's Chalk River Laboratories, when a combination of human and mechanical error led to a temporary loss of control over the reactor's power level. Undercooling of the fuel channels led to a partial [[meltdown]]. This caused a hydrogen-oxygen explosion inside the calandria. Several fuel bundles experienced melting and ruptured, rendering much of the core interior unusable. The reactor building was contaminated, as well as an area of the Chalk River site, and millions of gallons of radioactive water accumulated in the reactor basement. This water was pumped to a waste management area of the Laboratories and monitored. Hundreds of military personnel from Canada and the U.S. (including naval officer and later U.S. President, Lt. [[Jimmy Carter|James "Jimmy" Carter]]) were employed in the cleanup and disposal of the reactor debris.[http://www.ccnr.org/paulson_legacy.html]
The NRX was repaired, upgraded, and returned to service 14 months later and operated for another 40 years, finally being shut down in 1992. Throughout the 1950s the NRX was used by many researchers in the pioneering fields of [[neutron]] condensed matter physics, including Dr. [[Bertram Brockhouse]], who shared the 1994 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his work in developing the neutron scattering techniques.
On [[November 3]], [[1957]] the NRU ([[National Research Universal Reactor]]) first went critical. This is a natural-uranium, heavy-water-moderated and heavy-water-cooled research reactor which is a world-renowned research facility, producing about 60% of the world's supply of molybdenum-99, the principle isotope used for nuclear medical diagnosis. Canada also pioneered use of Cobalt-60 for medical diagnosis in 1951 and currently the NRU reactor produces the medical-use Cobalt-60, while selected [[CANDU]] reactors produce industrial-use Cobalt-60, comprising 85% of the world's supply. NRU was primarily a Canadian design, and a significant improvement on NRX.
On [[May 24]], [[1958]] the NRU suffered a major accident. A damaged uranium fuel rod caught fire and was torn in two as it was being removed from the core, due to inadequate cooling. The fire was extinguished, but not before releasing a sizeable quantity of radioactive combustion products that contaminated the interior of the reactor building and, to a lesser degree, an area of the surrounding laboratory site. Over 600 people were employed in the clean-up.[http://www.ccnr.org/paulson_legacy.html][http://www.nuclearfaq.ca/cnf_sectionD.htm#nru1958]
A few men were over-exposed to radiation, but no direct injuries resulted from AECL's two accidents.
===1960s===
In 1954 AECL partnered with the [[Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario]] to build Canada's first [[nuclear power plant]] at Rolphton, Ontario, which is 30km upstream from Chalk River. On [[June 4]], [[1962]] the NPD ([[Nuclear Power Demonstration]]) first reactor went critical to demonstrate the [[CANDU]] concept, generating about 20 MWe. In 1963, AECL established the Whiteshell Nuclear Research Establishment (now [[Whiteshell Laboratories]]) in [[Pinawa, Manitoba|Pinawa]], [[Manitoba]] where an organic-cooled and organic-operated research reactor was built. Later work on developing a Slow Poke reactor, [[Thorium]] Fuel Cycle, and a proposal for safe storage of Nuclear waste were carried out at this site.
AECL built a larger [[CANDU]] prototype (200 MWe) at [[Douglas Point]] on Lake Huron, first going critical on [[November 15]], [[1966]]. Douglas Point experienced significant problems with leakage of [[heavy water]], which were eventually solved by much-improved valve design. Other important design refinements worked out at Douglas Point opened the way for upscaling to commercial power CANDU reactors in subsequent years.
===1970s===
In 1971 the first commercial [[CANDU]] reactor, [[Pickering Nuclear Generating Station|Pickering]] A 1, began commercial operation. By 1973 the other three reactors of the A group at Pickering were online and constituted the most powerful nuclear facility in the world at that time. Each Pickering unit produces about 600 MWe of power.
On [[May 18]] [[1974]], [[India]] detonated a nuclear bomb made from plutonium manufactured by the [[CIRUS reactor|CIRUS]] research reactor built by AECL in 1956, which was a commercial version of its [[NRX]] research reactor. In addition AECL built two power reactors in India based on the Douglas Point design, and many of India's other reactors are domestic variants of this design. The connection between India's nuclear weapons program and its CIRUS research reactor led to a severance of nuclear technological cooperation between Canada and India. [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-75-104-898/science_technology/candu/clip4]
In 1977-1978 the [[Bruce Nuclear Generating Station|Bruce]] A group went online and began commercial operation. Each Bruce unit produces about 800 MWe of power. In 1978, Whiteshell Labs began research into fuel waste disposal.
===1980s===
Between 1983 and 1986, the Pickering B group went online and also in 1983 the single [[CANDU]] reactor at [[Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station|Point Lepreau]] began operation, as did the [[Gentilly Nuclear Generating Station|Gentilly]] 2 [[CANDU]] reactor. Between 1984-1987 the Bruce B group began commercial operation, and also in 1987 the [[CANDU]] design was ranked one of Canada's top-10 engineering achievements.
Douglas Point was decommissioned in May, 1984.
Between 1985 and 1987, a series of design flaws in AECL's [[Therac-25]] medical accelerator [http://sunnyday.mit.edu/papers/therac.pdf caused massive overdoses of radiation] on 6 different occasions, resulting in five deaths. In 1987 the machine was found defective by the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) and recalled by AECL.
===1990s===
Between 1990 and 1993, the 4 [[CANDU]] reactors at [[Darlington Nuclear Generating Station|Darlington]] went online and represent the most recent reactor construction in Canada.
In 1991, AECL decided to spin-off its medical isotope production business under the name [[Nordion|Nordion International Inc.]] The unit was sold to [[MDS Inc.|MDS Health Group]] and now operates under the name [http://www.mds.nordion.com MDS Nordion]
With a contract signed in 1991, AECL, in partnership with MDS Nordion, began construction of the [[MAPLE]] dedicated isotope-production facility. Constructed on-site at AECL's [[Chalk River Laboratories]] this facility will house two reactors and an isotope processing facility. Each reactor is designed to be able to produce at least 100% of the world's [[nuclear medicine|medical isotopes]], meaning that the second reactor will be used as a back-up to ensure an uninterupptable supply. Although slated to be commissioned in 2000, construction and licensing delays have so far prevented the facility from opening (As of June, 2005).
Unit 1 of the [[Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant]] was commissioned on [[December 2]], [[1996]]. Rated at 706 MWe, it currently supplies approximately 10% of Romania's electrical needs. Unit Two achieved criticality on [[6 May]] [[2007]] and was connected to the national grid on [[7 August]]. It began operating at full capacity on [[12 September]] [[2007]], also producing 706 MW.
In the late 1990s, several reactors were built by AECL in [[South Korea]]. Wolsong 2 was commissioned [[July 1]], [[1997]]. Wolsong 3 was commissioned on [[July 1]], [[1998]]. Wolsong 4 was commissioned [[October 1]], [[1999]]. All three reactors were rated at 715MWe Gross Output. They currently have some of the highest lifetime capacity factors of nuclear reactors.
===2000s - present===
In 2001, AECL began tests at Chalk River Labs to determine the feasibility of using surplus MOX (mixed oxide) fuel from the [[Russia]]n and [[United States|U.S.]] defence programs (which contains plutonium) as a fuel in [[CANDU]] facilities.
Currently, AECL is developing the [[Advanced CANDU Reactor]], or "ACR". This design is meant to improve the commercial CANDU 6 design in terms of capital cost and construction schedule, while maintaining the classic design and safety characteristics of the [[CANDU]] concept.
[[Cernavoda Nuclear Power Plant]] Unit 2 began operation on [[May 6, 2007]]. Preparatory work required for the completion of Units 3 and 4 is scheduled to begin by the end of 2007.
The Province of Ontario has announced plans to build a new nuclear station. The leading candidate is AECL's [[Advanced CANDU Reactor]]. Environmental assessments are currently underway at [[Bruce Power]]'s [[Bruce Nuclear Generating Station]] in [[Tiverton, Ontario|Tiverton]] and a site next to [[Ontario Power Generation]]'s [[Darlington Nuclear Generating Station]].
Company president [[Robert Van Adel]] has announced that he will be stepping down from the position of president and retire from the company effective [[November 11]], [[2007]].<ref>[http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectionCode=132&storyCode=2045334 Nuclear Engineering International<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
[[Energy Alberta Corporation]] announced [[August 27]][[2007]] that they had filed application for a license to build a new nuclear plant at Lac Cardinal (30 km west of the town of [[Peace River (Alberta)|Peace River]]. The application would see an initial twin [[AECL]] [[ACR-1000]] plant go online in 2017, producing 2.2 [[gigawatt]] (electric).<ref>[http://www.albertaindex.com/content/view/213/1/ Lac Cardinal plant (Alberta Index)]</ref><ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/money/story/2007/08/28/alberta-nuclear.html Lac Cardinal plant (CBC)]</ref>
Point Lepreau, New Brunswick Candu 6 plant refurbishment to begin as of [[April 1]], [[2008]].
===Funding deficiencies, safety concerns, political developments===
[[National Research Universal Reactor|NRU]] safety concerns created a political firestorm in December 2007. AECL extended a planned maintenance outage to complete the installation of safety upgrades, after the [[Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission]] (CNSC) confirmed that AECL was out of compliance with its operating licence (granted by the CNSC in August 2006) by not having these safety upgrades completed. It became clear that a misunderstanding had taken place between AECL and the CNSC regarding whether the completion of these safety upgrades was, in fact, a licence condition in the first place. The misunderstanding was partly due to the fact that several communications between AECL and the CSNC in the time period 2005-2007 accurately describe the incomplete nature of the safety upgrades, up to and after the granting of the August 2006 licence.
The one-month shutdown of NRU created a shortage of medical [[radioisotopes]]; Canada produces about 60 per cent of the world's supply. Parliament passed emergency legislation, winning all-party support, to order the reactor to be restarted, and NRU resumed operations on [[December 16]], [[2007]].
Subsequently, federal Conservative Energy and Natural Resources Minister [[Gary Lunn]] indicated in a letter that he wished to fire CNSC chair Linda Keen over the matter. ''[[The Ottawa Citizen]]'' obtained and published Lunn's letter to Keen on [[January 8]], [[2008]]. Keen responded by going public with her own criticism of Lunn, publishing a letter on CNSC's website on [[January 9]]. Canadian media further developed the story.
Under the ''Financial Administration Act'', AECL and other federal Crown corporations are subject to a special examination by the [[Auditor General of Canada]][http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca] once every five years. In September 2007, the Office of the Auditor General of Canada submitted a special examination report to AECL's board of directors, indicating also that the report would be provided to Natural Resources Minister Gary Lunn, who oversees AECL at the political level. Fraser's report pinpointed serious government funding deficiencies for AECL, which had held back necessary expansion, upgrading, and replacement of its facilities. Opposition politicians defended Keen, called for Lunn to be fired, and for the report to be made public (''Auditor-General's report identified 'deficiency' at AECL'', by [[Juliet O'Neill]], ''[[The National Post]]'', [[January 10]], [[2008]], p. A1).
Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] backed Lunn, (http://www.theglobeandmail.com, [[January 10]], [[2008]]). and Linda Keen was dismissed as chair of the CNSC at 10pm Tuesday [[January 15]] - 12 hours before she was to appear before a Commons committee. She remains a member of the CNSC board. [http://www.edmontonsun.com/News/Canada/2008/01/16/4776760.html EdmontonSun], [http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/01/16/keen-firing.html CBC News]
On January 29, 2008, the former President of the CNSC, Linda Keen, testified before a Parliamentary Committee that the risk of fuel failure in the NRU reactor was "1 in 1000", and claimed this risk to be a thousand times greater than the "international standard of 1 in one million". These claims are refuted by AECL.<ref>[http://www.aecl.ca/NewsRoom/News/Press-2008/080129.htm 2008 News Releases - AECL Clarifies Inaccurate Statements by Former CNSC CEO Linda Keen<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Canadian government scientific research organizations]]
* [[Canadian university scientific research organizations]]
* [[Canadian industrial research and development organizations]]
==References==
*[[Nancy G. Leveson|Leveson, Nancy G.]]; Turner, Clark S. (July, 1993) An Investigation of the Therac-25 Accidents. ''[[Computer (magazine)|Computer]]'' 26 (7), 18-41.
*[[Whitlock]], Jeremy J., "The Canadian Nuclear FAQ" [http://www.nuclearfaq.ca]
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://www.aecl.ca/ Official website]
* [http://www.nuclearfaq.ca/cnf_sectionD.htm#nru-safety "Why was a Chalk River reactor shut down in November 2007, causing a shortage in medical radioisotopes?" (Canadian Nuclear FAQ)]
[[Category:Atomic Energy of Canada Limited| ]]
[[Category:Canadian federal Crown corporations]]
[[Category:Nuclear organizations]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1952]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Canada]]
[[Category:Nuclear power companies]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mississauga]]
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