Australia-New Zealand relations 1366851 224879577 2008-07-10T20:35:19Z Aldis90 1372173 /* History */ {{bilateral|Australia-New Zealand|Australia|New Zealand}} [[Image:Bowen House Beehive Parliament.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[New Zealand Government]] ([[Beehive (building)|Beehive]]) building in [[Wellington]].]] [[Image:NewParliamentHouseInCanberra.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Australian Government]] [[Parliament of Australia]] building in [[Canberra]].]] The '''relationship between Australia and New Zealand''' is somewhat similar to that of other neighbouring countries with a countries with a shared British colonial heritage, such as [[Canada – United States relations|Canada and the United States]]. Some have defined the relationship as less one of friendship than of brotherhood, beset by sibling rivalry.<ref name = "Time2001">{{cite news | first=Leora | last=Moldofsky | url= http://www.time.com/time/pacific/magazine/20010430/friends.html | title= Friends, Not Family: It's time for a new maturity in the trans-Tasman relationship | publisher= [[Time Magazine]] | date= 2001-04-30 | accessdate=2007-06-15}}</ref> '''[[Trans-Tasman]] relations''' is often used as a shorthand expression for the relationship between the two countries, since they are separated by the [[Tasman Sea]].<ref>http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/new_zealand/anz_cer_20years/</ref><ref>http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2003/fa033_03.html</ref><ref>http://www.seccom.govt.nz/speeches/2006/jds131106.shtml</ref> Relations between the two countries have been tense at times over relatively minor matters, such as sporting competitions involving rugby or cricket (for instance, the [[Underarm bowling incident of 1981|underarm delivery incident]]<ref>{{cite news | first= Will | last=Swanton | url= http://www.theage.com.au/news/cricket/25-years-along-kiwi-bat-sees-funnier-side-of-it/2006/01/22/1137864806682.html | title= 25 years along, Kiwi bat sees funnier side of it | work= Cricket | publisher= [[The Age]] | date= [[2006-01-23]] | accessdate=2006-06-27}}</ref>), or commerce between the two countries (for example, Australia's anger over the [[Air New Zealand]]/[[Ansett Australia|Ansett Airlines]] fiasco<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.asiatraveltips.com/travelnews2002/9May2002ANZ.shtml |title = Air New Zealand - speech by Paul Donovan, Vice President Australia, to key Melbourne Travel Industry Executives | last = Donovan | first = Paul | date = 2002-05-09 | publisher = ASIA Travel Tips.com | accessdate = 2008-03-20 | quote = ... Air New Zealand was seriously affected by the maintenance groundings of Ansett's Boeing 767s, and the eventual collapse of the carrier - which was not just our Australian subsidiary but our Australian partner. Everybody in this room will have an opinion about the Ansett crisis, and it is not my intention today to try to change your perceptions of the past. I also understand that those opinions will be stronger in this State [Victoria, Australia] than in any other, as this was not only the home of Ansett but the birthplace of the airline.}}</ref>). Despite this, relations between [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] are exceptionally close on both the national and interpersonal scales.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/nz-australia-should-consider-merger/2006/12/04/1165080875361.html | title = NZ, Australia 'should consider merger'| date = 2006-12-04 | publisher = Sydney Morning Herald | accessdate = 2008-03-20 | quote = The House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs [found] "While Australia and New Zealand are of course two sovereign nations, it seems to the committee that the strong ties between the two countries - the economic, cultural, migration, defence, governmental and people-to-people linkages - suggest that an even closer relationship, including the possibility of union, is both desirable and realistic," }}</ref> Former New Zealand Prime Minister [[Mike Moore]] declared that Australians and New Zealanders have more in common than New Yorkers and Californians. <ref>[http://allrecipes.com/Cooks/Australia-and-New-Zealand/Main.aspx Australia and New Zealand Cooks - Community - Allrecipes<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Relations are especially close given the number of tourists that travel between the two countries and the (generally) common economics policy. Immigration, employment, and residency policies are also very liberal and generous between citizens of either nation, similar to a two-nation model [[European Union]]. ==History== The modern nations of Australia and New Zealand are descended from [[Great Britain|British]] settler colonies established in the [[Australasian]] region in the 18th and 19th centuries. Although New Zealanders like to emphasise that their country was never a [[penal colony]], neither were all the Australian colonies. In particular, [[South Australia]] was founded and settled in a similar manner to New Zealand, both being influenced by the ideas of [[Edward Gibbon Wakefield]].<ref>Wakefield's influence on the new Zealand Company: {{cite web|title = Wakefield and the New Zealand Company | url = http://library.christchurch.org.nz/heritage/earlychristchurch/edwardgibbonwakefield.asp | work = Early Christchurch | publisher = Christchurch City Libraries | accessdate = 2008-03-21}} and in relation to Wakefield's connection with South Australia: {{cite web | url = http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=758&c=3249 | title = Edward Gibbon Wakefield | work = The Foundation of South Australia 1800-1851| publisher = State Library of South Australia | accessdate = 2008-03-20}}</ref> Both Australia and New Zealand experienced ongoing conflict with the indigenous populations - although this conflict took very different forms - and experienced nineteenth century gold rushes. During the nineteenth century there was extensive trade and travel between the colonies.<ref>There were shipping connections between relatively minor ports and New Zealand, for example "the schooner ''Huia'', which carried hardwood from [[Grafton, New South Wales|Grafton]] on the north coast of New South Wales to New Zealand ports and softwoods in the other direction until about 1940." + "Trans-Tasman passenger shipping operated as an extension of the Australian interstate services, most intensively between Sydney and Wellington, but also connecting other Australian and New Zealand ports. Most of the Australian coastal shipping companies were involved in the trans-Tasman trade at some stage" per {{cite book |chapterurl = http://www.ahc.gov.au/publications/linking-nation/chapter-2.html| title = Linking a Nation: Australia's Transport and Communications 1788 - 1970 | chapter = Chapter 2: Ports and Shipping, 1788-1970 | publisher = Australian Heritage Commission | date = 2003 | id = ISBN 0 642 23561 9}} Also illustrating the point are the many wrecks of the [[Union Company|Union Steam Ship Company]] "scattered around New Zealand, Australia and the South Pacific, but nowhere more thickly than in Tasmania and the dangerous bar harbours of Greymouth and Westport" per {{cite web | url = http://www.nzshipmarine.com/history/companies.aspx?id=8 | title = Union Steam Ship Company - History & Photos | last = McLean | first = Gavin | work = NZ Marine History | publisher = New Zealand Ship and Marine Society | accessdate = 2008-03-20}}</ref> While the colonies of Australia were [[federated]] together in 1901 as the [[Commonwealth of Australia]], the more isolated colony of New Zealand developed into a separate dominion and eventually an independent country of its own; New Zealand was invited to join the Federation but declined. Although the two countries continued to co-operate politically, both sought closer relations with Britain, particularly in the area of trade. This was helped by the development of refrigerated shipping, which allowed New Zealand in particular to base its economy on the export of meat and dairy (both of which Australia had in abundance) to Britain. In the 1908 London Olympics and the 1912 Stockholm Olympics Australia and New Zealand were represented by a unified team named "Australasia". In the precursor to the Empire (later Commonwealth) Games, the 1911 London "Festival of Empire", both Australia and New Zealand also fielded a unified Australasian team. The quantity of trans-Tasman trade has increased by 9% per annum since the early 1980s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/new_zealand/nz_country_brief.html|title=New Zealand Country Brief - January 2008|publisher=[[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]]|date=January 2008|accessdate=2008-04-21}}</ref>, with the [[Closer Economic Relations]] [[free trade]] agreement of 1983 being a major turning point. This was partially a result of Britain joining the [[European Economic Community]] in the early 1970s, thus restricting the access of both countries to their biggest export market. ==Relationships== ===Military=== [[Image:AS-NZ east.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Australia-New Zealand Memorial, Canberra]]: East or New Zealand side]] In the early twentieth century, both countries were enthusiastic members of the [[British Empire]] and both sent soldiers to the [[Boer War]], [[First World War]] and [[Second World War]] and to a lesser extent the [[Korean War]] and [[Vietnam War]]. In the First World War, the soldiers of both countries were formed into the [[Australian and New Zealand Army Corps]] (ANZACs). Together Australia and New Zealand saw their first major military action in the [[Battle of Gallipoli]], in which both (along with other allied nations) suffered major casualties. For many decades the battle was seen by both countries as the moment at which they came of age as nations<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1948606.stm|title=Australians march in honour of Gallipoli|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=[[25 April]] [[2002]]|first=Phil|last=Mercer}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsa.org.nz/remem/anzac_hist.html|title=History of ANZAC Day|publisher=[[Royal New Zealand Returned and Services' Association]]|first=Dr Stephen|last=Clarke}}</ref>. It continues to be commemorated annually in both countries on [[Anzac Day]], although since the 1960s there has been some questioning of the 'coming of age' idea{{Fact|date=July 2007}}. Despite this, Anzac Day has attracted increased numbers in recent years, in both Australia and New Zealand. World War Two was a major turning point for both countries, as they realised that they could no longer rely on the protection of Britain<ref>{{cite book |last=Bowen |first=George |authorlink= |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=Defending New Zealand |origdate= |origyear=1997 |origmonth= |url=www.pearsoned.co.nz |format= |accessdate= |accessyear= |accessmonth= |edition= |series= |date= |year=1997, 1999, 2000, 2001 |month= |publisher=Addison Wesley Longman |location=Auckland, New Zealand |language=English |isbn=0 582 73940 3 |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages=12 |chapter=4 |chapterurl= |quote= }}</ref>. Australia was particularly struck by this realisation, as it came close to being invaded by Japan, and the city of [[Darwin, Australia|Darwin]] was bombed and when [[Broome, Western Australia|Broome]] was attacked. Subsequently, both countries sought closer ties with the United States. This resulted in the [[ANZUS]] pact of 1951, in which Australia, [[New Zealand-United States relations|New Zealand]] and the [[New Zealand-United States relations|United States]] agreed to defend each other in the event of enemy attack. Although no such attack occurred until (arguably) [[September 11]] [[2001]], New Zealand and Australia both contributed troops to the [[Korean War|Korean]] and [[Vietnam War]]s. [[Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War|Australia's contribution to the Vietnam War]] in particular was much larger than New Zealand's; while Australia introduced [[Conscription in Australia|conscription]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/Encyclopedia/viet_app.htm|title=Encyclopedia - Appendix: The national service scheme, 1964-72|last=Langford|first=Sue|publisher=[[Australian War Memorial]]}}</ref> [[New Zealand in the Vietnam War|New Zealand sent only a token force]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/journal/j32/rabel.htm|title="We cannot afford to be left too far behind Australia": New Zealand's entry into the Vietnam War in May 1965|journal=Journal of the Australian War Memorial|last=Rabel|first=Robert|issue=32|date=March 1999}}</ref> Australia has continued to be more committed to the American alliance, [[ANZUS]], than New Zealand; although both countries felt considerable unease about American military policy in the 1980s, New Zealand angered the United States by refusing port access to nuclear ships from 1985 and in retaliation, the United States 'suspended' its obligations under the ANZUS treaty to New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A5648998| title = ANZUS Alliance| date = 2005-11-08| publisher = BBC| work = h2g2 edited guide| accessdate = 2008-04-22}}</ref> Australia has made a significant contribution to the [[Iraq War]], while New Zealand's much smaller military contribution was limited to [[UN Security Council Resolution 1483|UN-authorised]] reconstruction tasks.<ref>[http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0409/S00218.htm FAQs Re Light Engineer Group To Iraq], New Zealand Defence Force press release, 23 September 2004.</ref> In 2001 the [[Australia-New Zealand Memorial, Canberra|Australia-New Zealand Memorial]] was opened by the prime ministers of both countries on [[ANZAC Parade, Canberra]]. The memorial commemorates the shared effort to achieve common goals in both peace and war.<ref name = "NZMCH">{{cite web| url = http://www.mch.govt.nz/emblems/monuments/other-monuments.html|work = Historic Graves and Monuments|title = Other Monuments and Sites - New Zealand Memorial, Canberra| publisher = New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage| accessdate = 2008-04-24}}</ref> [[ANZAC Bridge]] in Sydney was given its current name on [[Remembrance Day]] in 1998 to honour the memory of the soldiers of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) served in World War I. An Australian Flag flies atop the eastern pylon and a New Zealand Flag flies atop the western pylon. A bronze memorial statue of an Australian ANZAC soldier ("digger") holding a [[Lee Enfield]] rifle pointing down was placed on the western end of the bridge on ANZAC Day in 2000. A statue of a New Zealand solider was added to a plinth across the road from the Australian Digger, facing towards the east, and unveiled by [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]] [[Helen Clark]] in the presence of [[Premier of New South Wales]] [[Morris Iemma]] on Sunday [[27 April]] [[2008]].<ref>{{cite news|url =http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/kiwi-joins-his-little-mate-on-anzac-bridge-watch/2008/04/27/1208743317129.html| title = Kiwi joins his little mate on Anzac Bridge watch| date = 2008-04-27| accessdate = 2008-04-29| publisher = Sydney Morning Herald| last = Samandar| first = Lema}}</ref> ===Intra-migration=== Many people have emigrated from New Zealand to Australia, including the former [[Premier of Queensland]], [[Joh Bjelke-Petersen]], the [[Premier of South Australia]], [[Mike Rann]], comedian turned psychologist [[Pamela Stephenson]] and actor Russell Crowe. Australians who have emigrated to New Zealand include [[Michael Joseph Savage]], the 23rd Prime Minister of New Zealand, [[Russel Norman]], co-leader of the [[Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand|Green Party]], and [[Matt Robson]], deputy leader of the [[New Zealand Progressive Party|Progressive Party]].<ref>{{cite news | first=Eugene | last=Bingham | url= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=128859 | title= No longer a 'foreign' minister | publisher= [[New Zealand Herald]] | date= 2006-05-13 | accessdate=2007-06-15}}</ref> From 1973 the [[Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement]], an informal agreement between Australia and New Zealand, has allowed for the free movement of citizens of one nation to the other. In recent decades, many New Zealanders have migrated to Australian cities such as [[Sydney]], [[Brisbane]], [[Melbourne]] and [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]].<ref name="ABS2001Stats">{{cite web |url = http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/KiwisOverseas/4/en#1 |title = Kiwis overseas - Migration to Australia |accessdate = 2007-09-12 |publisher = Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand }}</ref> The [[Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement]] of 1973 means that, unlike citizens of other countries, New Zealand passport holders are issued with 'special category' visas on arrival in Australia, which allow them to live and work there. Although officially reciprocal, the traffic is to a large extent in one direction only; fewer Australians have chosen to live and work in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news | first=Paul | last=Chapman | url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/05/13/wnz13.xml&sSheet=/news/2006/05/13/ixnews.html | title= New Zealand warned over exodus to Australia | publisher= [[Daily Telegraph]] | date= 2006-05-13 | accessdate=2007-06-15}}</ref> Consequently, 'Kiwis' in Australia are accused of taking local jobs or living on Australian social welfare benefits, although since 2001, New Zealanders must now wait two years before they are eligible for such payments.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.abc.net.au/am/stories/s251575.htm | title= Welfare Payments To Be Restricted For Kiwis In Australia | publisher= [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] | date= 2001-02-26 | accessdate=2006-06-27}}</ref> However, there are complaints in New Zealand that there is a [[brain drain]] to Australia.<ref>{{cite news | first= Christian | last=Mahne | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2148466.stm | title= New Zealand voters fear brain drain | work= Business | publisher= [[BBC]] | date= 2002-07-24 | accessdate=2006-06-27}}</ref> [[New Zealand Ministry of Education]] figures show the number of Australians at New Zealand tertiary institutions almost doubled from 1978 students in 1999 to 3916 in 2003. In 2004 more than 2700 Australians received student loans and 1220 a student allowance. Unlike other overseas students, Australians pay the same fees for higher education as New Zealanders and are eligible for student loans and allowances. New Zealand students are not treated on the same basis as Australian students in Australia.<ref>{{cite news |first= Tara |last= Ross |title= NZ foots bill for Aussie students|url= http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/NZ-foots-bill-for-Aussie-students/2005/02/06/1107625064508.html |work= |publisher= [[The Age]] |date= 2005-02-07 |accessdate= 2008-01-10}} </ref> Persons born in New Zealand continue to be the second largest source of immigration to Australia, representing 11% of total permanent additions in 2005–06 and accounting for 2.3% of Australia's population at June 2006.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/928AF7A0CB6F969FCA25732C00207852?opendocument#CHARACTERISTICS%20OF%20MIGRANTS| title = Migration: permanent additions to Australia's population | work = 4102.0 - Australian Social Trends, 2007 | date = 2007-08-07| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] | accessdate = 2008-05-30}}</ref> The only major exception to these travel privileges is for individuals with outstanding warrants or criminal backgrounds who are deemed dangerous or undesirable for the migrant nation and its citizens. ===Trading links=== New Zealand's economic ties with Australia are strong, especially since the demise of Britain as a trading partner following its decision to join the then [[European Economic Community]] in 1973, and in the 1980s, the two countries concluded the [[Closer Economic Relations]] agreement, allowing each country access to the other's markets. In 2005 and 2006 the Australian House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs inquired into the harmonisation of legal systems within Australia, and with New Zealand, with particular reference to those differences that have an impact on trade and commerce.<ref>{{cite web|| title = Harmonisation of legal systems Within Australia and between Australia and New Zealand |url = http://www.aph.gov.au/HOUSE/committee/laca/harmonisation/report.htm| author = House Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs | publisher = Australian House of Representatives | date = 2006-12-04 | accessdate = 2008-04-21}}</ref> The Committee stated that the already close relationship between Australia and New Zealand should be closer still and that 'In this era of globalisation, it makes sense for Australia and New Zealand to look at moving closer together and further aligning their regulatory frameworks'. Key recommendations on the Australia-New Zealand relationship included: * Establishment of a trans-Tasman parliamentary committee to monitor legal harmonisation and examine options including closer association or union; * Pursuit of a common currency; * Offering New Zealand Ministers full membership of Australian ministerial councils; * Work to advance harmonisation of the two banking and telecommunications regulation frameworks.<ref>{{cite press|url = http://www.aph.gov.au/HOUSE/committee/laca/harmonisation/media/media004.pdf|title = Report on Legal Harmonisation Tabled | date = 4 December 2006|publisher= Peter Slipper, MP, Chairman of the House of Representatives Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee|accessdate = 2008-04-21}}</ref> However, there are some trading issues between the countries, for example over the importation of [[apple]]s. Australia has restricted the import of apples from New Zealand owing to Australian growers' fears of introducing [[fire blight]] disease. A ban on importation of New Zealand apples into Australia has been in place since 1921, following the discovery of fire blight in New Zealand in 1919. New Zealand authorities applied for re-admittance to the Australian market in 1986, 1989 and 1995, but the ban continued.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/committee/RRAT_CTTE/completed_inquiries/1999-02/apples/report/c03.pdf | format = pdf| title = The Proposed Importation of Fresh Apple Fruit from New Zealand: Chapter three - The Apple and Pear Industries in Australia and New Zealand | publisher = Australian Senate - Senate Rural and Regional Affairs and Transport Committee | date = 2001-07-18 | accessdate = 2008-03-26}}</ref> In 2002, the United States filed an action with the World Trade Organisation (WTO) against Japan's restrictions on apple imports; New Zealand and Australia both joined the case as third parties.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Treaties-and-International-Law/02-Trade-law-and-free-trade-agreements/0-Japan-Apples | title = WTO disputes with New Zealand a third party complainant - Japan - Measures Affecting the Importation of Apples (WT/DS245) | publisher = New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade | date = 2007-07-19 | accessdate = 2008-04-20}}</ref> After the WTO Compliance Panel ruled in favour of the U.S. in 2003 and again in 2005,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.beehive.govt.nz/node/23482 | title = WTO ruling message for Australia | publisher = New Zealand Government | date = 2005-06-24 | accessdate = 2008-04-20}}</ref> Japan opened its market to U.S. apples.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://usinfo.state.gov/eap/Archive/2005/Sep/02-528295.html | title = Japan Ends Import Restrictions on Import of U.S. Apples | publisher = U.S. State Department | date = 2005-09-01 | accessdate = 2008-04-20}}</ref> Further talks over Australia's import restrictions on apples from New Zealand failed, and New Zealand initiated WTO dispute resolution proceedings in 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/nz+take+australia+wto+over+apple+access | title = NZ to take Australia to WTO over apple access | date = 2007-08-20 | publisher = New Zealand Government press release | accessdate = 2008-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.freshplaza.com/news_detail.asp?id=17580| title = Prime Minister Kevin Rudd offends apple growers; Australia: Apple pie jokes not funny for growers| date = 2008-03-05 | publisher = Freshplaza.com ("an independent news source for companies operating in the global fruit and vegetable sector around the world") Netherlands|accessdate = 2008-03-26}}</ref> ===Political union=== The 1901 [[Australian Constitution]] included provisions to allow New Zealand to join [[Australia]] as its seventh state, even after the government of New Zealand had already decided against such a move.<ref>http://www.geocities.com/nzstatehood/index.html</ref> Section 6 of the [[Preamble]] declares that: <blockquote>'' '[[States and territories of Australia|The States]]' shall mean such of the colonies of [[New South Wales]], '''[[New Zealand]],''' [[Queensland]], [[Tasmania]], [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]], [[Western Australia]], and [[South Australia]], including the [[Northern Territory, Australia|northern territory]] of South Australia, as for the time being are parts of the Commonwealth, and such colonies or territories as may be admitted into or established by the Commonwealth as States; and each of such parts of the Commonwealth shall be called 'a State'.''</blockquote> One of the reasons that New Zealand chose not to join Australia was due to perceptions that the indigenous [[Māori]] population would suffer as a result.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://web.archive.org/web/20050427004053/http://www.geocities.com/nzstatehood/index.html | title= Why New Zealand Did Not Become An Australian State | date= 2005-04-27 | accessdate=2007-09-23}}</ref> At the time of Federation, Australia had a strict [[White Australia policy]] and [[indigenous Australians]] were not granted citizenship and the vote as early as the Māori in New Zealand, who had full citizenship, and universal suffrage since 1893. [[Maori voting rights in Australia|Māori people had voting rights in Australia]] since 1902 as a result of the [[Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902]], part of the effort to allay New Zealand's concerns about joining the Federation.<ref>The 1891 draft of the Australian Constitution specified that "aboriginal native(s)" would not be counted as part of the population. It was argued that this "would have resulted in New Zealand's having one less seat in the House of Representatives than if Maori were counted in the New Zealand population." Irving (1999), pg 403.</ref> [[Indigenous Australians]] did not have the vote until 1962. During the parliamentary debates over the Act, [[King O'Malley]] supported the inclusion of Māori, and the exclusion of [[Australian Aboriginals]], in the franchise, arguing that "An aboriginal is not as intelligent as a Maori."<ref>[http://www.aph.gov.au/library/intguide/pol/women/Lynespeech.htm Commonwealth Franchise Bill], second reading. Australian House of Representatives Hansard. Retrieved on July 30, 2007.</ref> From time to time the idea of joining Australia has been mooted, but has been ridiculed by New Zealanders. When Australia's former [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal party]] leader, [[John Hewson]], raised the issue in 2000, [[Prime Minister of New Zealand|New Zealand's Prime Minister]] [[Helen Clark]] remarked that he could "dream on".<ref>{{cite news | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/714471.stm | title= New Zealand scoffs at statehood idea | publisher= [[BBC]] | date= 2002-07-24 | accessdate=2006-06-27}}</ref> A 2001 book by Australian academic Bob Catley, then at the [[University of Otago]], titled ''Waltzing with Matilda: should New Zealand join Australia?'', was described by New Zealand political commentator [[Colin James (journalist)|Colin James]] as "a book for Australians".<ref>{{cite news | first=Colin | last=James | url= http://www.colinjames.co.nz/other_articles/Australasia_NZ_Books_Jul_01.htm | title= How not to waltz Matilda | publisher= [[Colin James (journalist)|Colin James]] | date= 2001-07-24 | accessdate=2006-06-27}}</ref> Unlike Canadians and Americans, who share a land border, New Zealand and Australia are more than 1920&nbsp;km (1200 miles) apart, comparable with the distance from England to Africa. Arguing against Australian statehood, New Zealand's [[Premier of New Zealand|Premier]], [[John Hall (New Zealand)|Sir John Hall]], remarked that there were "1200 reasons" not to join the federation.<ref name = "Time2001"/> The distance between Wellington, New Zealand and Sydney, Australia, is 1,378 miles (2,218 km), making it seem even more obvious of Hall's remark. Both countries have contributed to the sporadic discussion on a [[Pacific Union]], although that proposal would include a much wider range of member-states than just Australia and New Zealand. While there is no prospect of political union now, there is still a great deal of similarity between the two cultures, with the differences often only obvious to Australians and New Zealanders themselves. However, in 2006 there was a recommendation from an Australian federal parliamentary committee that a full union should occur or Australia and New Zealand should at least have a single currency and more common markets.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/push-for-union-with-new-zealand/2006/12/04/1165080877899.html |title = Push for union with New Zealand | date = 2006-12-05 | last = Dick | first = Tim | publisher = Sydney Morning Herald | accessdate = 2008-03-20 | quote = Australia and New Zealand should work towards a full union, or at least have a single currency and more common markets, a federal parliamentary committee says}}</ref> New Zealand Government submissions to that committee concerning harmonisation of legal systems however noted <blockquote>Differences between the legal systems of Australia and New Zealand are not a problem in themselves. The existence of such differences is the inevitable product of well-functioning democratic decision-making processes in each country, which reflect the preferences of stakeholders, and their effective voice in the law-making process.<ref>NZG, Submission No. 23, pp. 2, 6. to {{cite book|chapterurl = http://www.aph.gov.au/HOUSE/committee/laca/harmonisation/report/chapter2.htm | chapter = Chapter 2 Basis and mechanisms for the harmonisation of legal systems | title = Harmonisation of legal systems Within Australia and between Australia and New Zealand |url = http://www.aph.gov.au/HOUSE/committee/laca/harmonisation/report.htm| author = House Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs | publisher = Australian House of Representatives | date = 4 December 2006 | accessdate = 2008-03-20}}</ref></blockquote> ===Membership of international organizations=== {{UKUSA}} {{Expand|date=April 2008}} New Zealand and Australia are exclusive members of a collection of five countries who participate in the highly secretive [[ECHELON]] program. New Zealand has known listening posts at [[GCSB Waihopai|Waihopai]] and [[GCSB Tangimoana|Tangimoana]] run by the [[Government Communications Security Bureau]] (GCSB) as part of the ECHELON spy network. Australia has a listening post at [[Geraldton, Western Australia#Australian Defence Satellite Communications Station|Australian Defence Satellite Communications Station at Geraldton, Western Australia]] run by staff from the American [[National Security Agency]] and the Australian [[Defence Signals Directorate]]. The ECHELON communications interception network includes the U.S., Britain and Canada as well as New Zealand and Australia and is known as the [[UKUSA Community]].<ref name = EP>{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/irp/program/process/rapport_echelon_en.pdf|title=On the existence of a global system for the interception of private and commercial communications (ECHELON interception system) - Temporary Committee on the ECHELON Interception System, (2001/2098(INI))|last=Schmid |first=Gerhard |date=[[2001-07-11]] | format = pdf - 194 pages | language = English | publisher= European Parliament: Temporary Committee on the ECHELON Interception System | accessdate=2008-04-24}} see for example page 50: ''In the case of the New Zealand station in Waihopai, the New Zealand Government has drawn up an official description of its tasks.''</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://mediafilter.autono.net/caq/echelon/|last = Hager|first = Nicky| authorlink = Nicky Hager |title = Exposing the Global Surveillance System based on his book ''Secret Power''| publisher = MediaFilter.org|accessdate = 2008-04-14|date = c. 1996}}</ref> Other joint defence arrangements between New Zealand and Australia include the [[Five Power Defence Arrangements]] and [[ANZUS]]. ==Similarities== [[Image:Commonwealth Realms map.png|thumb|300px|The [[Commonwealth realm]]s, shown in pink]][[Image:Commonwealth of Nations.svg|thumb|300px|The [[Commonwealth of Nations]] [[as of 2008]]]] Australia and New Zealand are both prosperous western democracies, and [[Constitutional monarchy|constitutional monarchies]] (with the [[Commonwealth realm|same monarch]]) situated in the [[Oceania]] region. Both countries are members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], a voluntary association of 53 independent sovereign states, most of which are former British colonies. New Zealand and Australia are characterised by political stability, relatively high incomes, egalitarian cultures, low levels of corruption, and a long tradition of representative democracy. Both cultures have high rates of home ownership<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.beehive.govt.nz/speech/home+ownership+-+protecting+kiwi+dream | title = Home ownership - protecting the Kiwi dream: Speech to Nelson Chamber of Commerce outlining the government's comprehensive action plan to improve the supply of affordable housing | last = Street | first = Maryan| work = Speeches by the Hon [[Maryan Street]], Minister for Housing|publisher = New Zealand Government|date = 2008-02-20|accessdate = 2008-03-20 | quote = Home ownership rates have fallen from 74 per cent to 67 per cent between 1991 and 2006. ... }} Also note {{cite web | url = http://www.infra.kth.se/BYFA/publikationer/engelskaUppsatserOchRapporter/54.pdf | title = Importance of government policies for home ownership rates: An international survey and analysis| format = pdf (34 pages)|last = Atterhög | first = Mikael | date = 2005 | publisher = Section for Building and Real Estate Economics, Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm | accessdate = 2008-03-20|quote = Only Australia and New Zealand have had a negative development of the home ownership rate during the selected period [1960-2003] but the change was below one percentage point. From Table 2: Australian rate in 2001 was 67.8% and NZ was 68%}}</ref> and value leisure time, especially sports and other outdoor pursuits{{Fact|date=July 2007}}. Although originally dominated by an [[Anglo-Celtic]] culture, both countries have become increasingly multi-cultural in the latter decades of the 20th century. ==Differences== ===Founding settlers=== Most of the colonies that later became Australia were set up as convict settlements, whilst New Zealand was settled by free settlers. The European population of Australia from early times contained a large [[Irish Catholic]] minority, many of whom were hostile to the British overclass, in comparison to New Zealand which was largely settled by [[English people|English]] and [[Scots]] loyal to the British Crown. This resulted in some significant differences in attitude to authority; New Zealand never had an equivalent to the [[Eureka Stockade]]{{Fact|date=July 2007}} revolt, and [[Republicanism in New Zealand|republicanism]] has been less of an issue than in Australia. In this respect, as well as in stereotypes (see below), the differences between New Zealand and Australia resemble those between Canada and the United States, respectively. ===Indigenous relations=== Since the beginning of European settlement, one of the major differences between Australia and New Zealand has been in the area of race relations. In part, this originated with the very different cultures of [[Māori]] and [[Indigenous Australians]]. When Europeans arrived, Australian Aboriginal culture was ancient and had been more or less unchanged for centuries, while [[Māori culture]] was relatively young. This was perhaps the reason why Indigenous Australians showed no interest in European goods and were thus reluctant to trade or otherwise co-operate with Europeans{{Fact|date=July 2007}}, while Māori enthusiastically adopted many European goods and ideas (including [[Christianity]])<ref>Sutherland, Ivan Lorin George, 1935. ''The Maori Situation''. Harry H. Tombs, Wellington.</ref>. As a result, Māori were seen as intelligent and capable of civilisation, whereas Aborigines were widely seen as primitive and unable to learn. <ref>http://www.janesoceania.com/australia_aboriginal_whitesettlers/index1.htm</ref> One result of this is that [[Maori voting rights in Australia|Māori gained voting rights in Australia]] six decades before [[Indigenous Australians]] (and indeed before any other non-white group). As [[James Belich (historian)|James Belich]] points out, it was not the case that white New Zealanders were less racist than white Australians, but rather that Māori were seen by both groups as superior to most other 'coloured' peoples.<ref>James Belich, ''Paradise Reforged''.</ref> Another difference was in the nature of early settlement. The first European settlements in Australia were penal colonies, and the brutality of these inevitably impacted on the indigenous population{{Fact|date=July 2007}}. The country was claimed by Britain by 'right of discovery' and was officially '[[terra nullius]]' (empty land) – a term which did not deny the existence of Aborigines but did deny their right to the land. In New Zealand, by contrast, some of the earliest settlers were missionaries who sought to convert Māori and protect them from less moral settlers<ref>http://beastrabban.wordpress.com/2008/04/15/missionaries-and-the-british-annexation-of-new-zealand/</ref>. By 1840, when the [[British Crown]] took possession of New Zealand, [[humanitarianism]] was a major force in Britain{{Fact|date=July 2007}}. This led to the creation of the [[Treaty of Waitangi]], which transferred sovereignty from Māori to the Crown but also recognised Māori rights to their land and other properties and gave them the rights of British citizens. Although the Treaty was more or less ignored for most of the next 150 years, it did provide an important precedent, and would enable Māori to gain reparations and cultural recognition in the late twentieth century. In both countries, there was major conflict between the races for much of the nineteenth century. In Australia this mainly took the form of skirmishes and raids, and was not widely considered to be a 'war'. In New Zealand, by contrast, much of the [[New Zealand Land Wars|conflict]] involved armies and actual battles, which Māori won often enough to be considered as serious opponents. The participation by some Māori groups on the British side of the wars gained them several concessions from the colonial government, the most important being the four [[Māori seats]] in parliament.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} The wars also helped Māori unity and co-operation; the lack of a shared language made this difficult for Aborigines to achieve.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} However both peoples became an under-class in the nineteenth century: suffering discrimination, losing much of their land, and going into population decline. Disease and alcohol abuse became problems for both.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} Male Māori land owners in New Zealand were [[History of voting in New Zealand|allowed to vote from 1852]] and full suffrage was granted to all Māori, including women, from 1893. In contrast, the [[Voting rights of Australian Aboriginals|situation in Australia]] was quite different. In 1901, the [[Constitution of Australia]] granted Aborigines the right to vote in Federal elections if their state granted them that right, however in practice that right was often illegally withheld from them. Australian Aborigines did not obtain universal suffrage until 1962. From those times, both groups established political movements aimed at regaining lost land, restoring culture and cultural pride, and educating the populace about their past{{Fact|date=July 2007}}. The [[Māori protest movement]] has been more successful than that of the Aborigines, mostly due to the [[Treaty of Waitangi]]. However decisions such as [[Mabo]] and [[Wik Peoples v Queensland|Wik]] have been important in Australia. Today there is a greater acceptance of the Māori culture in New Zealand than there is of the Aboriginal culture in Australia. The [[Māori language]] is taught in many schools in New Zealand. The [[haka]], a traditional Māori dance, is performed by both Māori and non-Māori in the [[All Blacks]]. No Aboriginal dance is performed by the [[Australia national rugby union team|Wallabies]]; in its place is often a rendition of "[[Waltzing Matilda]]", an iconic Australian song. ==Views and stereotypes== ===Australian views of New Zealand=== Australians tend to look upon New Zealand as quainter and more provincial than Australia<ref>http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Relationship_between_New_Zealand_and_Australia_-_Views_and_Stereotypes/id/5414807</ref>; New Zealand has only about a fifth of the population and is even further geographically isolated than Australia. Comparisons are drawn between the state of [[Tasmania]] and New Zealand due to their similar climates. Stereotypes focus on New Zealand as a pastoral land lacking in sophistication and without the modern cosmopolitan nature of contemporary Australia{{Fact|date=July 2007}}. New Zealand is inferred as lacking in economic opportunities due to significant numbers of New Zealand immigrants living in Australia. Australia outscores (Rank 3 – 0.957) New Zealand (Rank 19 – 0.943) on the [[Human Development Index]]. New Zealand citizens are also seen as being productive workers who are seeking greater opportunity within Australia. Those who live in Australia have a higher labour-force participation rate, this being 76.3 per cent, compared with Australian born who have a workforce participation rate of 68.2 per cent<ref>[http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/17nz.htm Australian Immigration Fact Sheet: New Zealanders in Australia], 30 September 2007</ref>. ===New Zealand views of Australia=== New Zealanders see Australia as larger, brasher and more obnoxious than their society{{Fact|date=July 2007}}. While conceding that Australia is bigger and wealthier, few New Zealanders view Australia as superior{{Fact|date=July 2007}}. New Zealanders point to the level of government and media corruption in their nearest neighbour (New Zealand outscores Australia in both the [[Corruption Perception Index]] and the [[Reporters without Borders]] [[Press Freedom Index]]). New Zealanders regard Australians as loud and opinionated, but New Zealanders and Australians have defended one another in times of war, epitomised by the [[Australian and New Zealand Army Corps|ANZAC]] tradition. Like Australians, New Zealanders have a 'love-hate' relationship with the [[United Kingdom|UK]], although anti-British sentiment is not as strong, and [[republicanism]] is not as emotive an issue as it is in Australia. Some of the banter between the two countries is typified by the response by the former New Zealand Prime Minister [[Robert Muldoon]] when questioned about increased levels of emigration to Australia, that these migrants "raised the average IQ of both countries". == References== <!-- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref> and </ref> tags, and the template below --> ===Sources=== <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:1; column-count:1;"> *{{cite book | first = Helen | last = Irving | year = 1999| title = The Centenary Companion to Australian Federation| page = | id = ISBN 0521573149}} *{{cite book | last = King | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael King | title = The Penguin History of New Zealand | publisher = Penguin Books | date = 2003 | location = New Zealand | isbn = 9780143018674}} *{{cite book| last = Mein Smith| first = Philippa| title = A Concise History of New Zealand| publisher = Cambridge University Press| date = 2005| location = Australia | isbn = 0521542286}} </div> ===Citations=== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== * [http://www.geocities.com/nzstatehood/index.html Why New Zealand Did Not Become An Australian State] {{Australia bilateral relations}} {{New Zealand bilateral relations}} [[Category:Bilateral relations of Australia]] [[Category:Bilateral relations of New Zealand]]