Austro-Prussian War 142281 225833715 2008-07-15T16:44:11Z Thijs!bot 1392310 robot Adding: [[hu:Porosz–osztrák–olasz háború]] {{Refimprove|date=July 2007}} <div style="float: right; width: 315px; margin-left: 1em;">{{Infobox Military Conflict |image=[[Image:Battle of Koniggratz by Georg Bleibtreu.jpg|300px]] |caption=''Battle of Königgrätz'', by Georg Bleibtreu. Oil on canvas, 1869. |partof=the wars of German unification |conflict=Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks' War) |date=1866 |place=[[Bohemia]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]] and [[Adriatic Sea]] |result=[[Kingdom of Prussia|Prusso]]-[[Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)|Italian]] victory |territory=Prussia annexes [[Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover]], [[Province of Schleswig-Holstein|Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Hesse-Kassel]], [[Free City of Frankfurt|Frankfurt]], [[Duchy of Nassau|Nassau]] and parts of [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse-Darmstadt]];<br>[[Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)|Italy]] annexes [[Venetia (region)|Venetia]];<br>Prussia forms the [[North German Confederation]];<br>The [[Austrian Empire]] becomes [[Austria-Hungary]] |combatant1={{flagicon|Austrian Empire}} [[Austrian Empire|Austria]]<br> {{flagicon|Saxony|kingdom}} [[Kingdom of Saxony|Saxony]]<br> {{flagicon|Bavaria|striped}} [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]]<br> [[Image:Flagge Großherzogtum Baden (1871-1891).svg|22px]] [[Baden]]<br> {{flagicon|Württemberg}} [[Kingdom of Württemberg|Württemberg]]<br> [[Image:Flag of Hanover 1837-1866.svg|border|22px]] [[Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover]]<br> [[Image:Flagge Großherzogtum Hessen ohne Wappen.svg|border|22px]] [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse]]<br> [[Image:Flag of Hesse.svg|border|22px]] [[Hesse-Kassel]]<br> [[Image:Flagge Fürstentum Reuß ältere Linie.svg|border|22px]] [[Reuss Elder Line|Reuss]]<br> [[Image:Flagge Herzogtum Sachsen-Meiningen.svg|border|22px]] [[Saxe-Meiningen]]<br> [[Image:Flagge Fürstentum Schaumburg-Lippe.svg|border|22px]] [[Schaumburg-Lippe|Schaumburg]]<br> [[Image:Flagge der Freien Stadt Frankfurt.png|border|22px]] [[Free City of Frankfurt|Frankfurt]]<br> [[Image:Flag of Herzogtum Nassau.png|border|22px]] [[Nassau (state)|Nassau]]<br> |combatant2=[[Image:Flag of Preussen 1701-1918.jpg|border|22px]] [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]<br> {{flagicon|Italy|1861-state}} [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]]<br> [[Image:Flagge Großherzogtümer Mecklenburg.svg|border|22px]] [[Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Mecklenburg]]<br> [[Image:VlagOldb.png|22px]] [[Oldenburg (state)|Oldenburg]]<br> [[Image:Flagge Herzogtum Anhalt.svg|border|22px]] [[Anhalt]]<br> [[Image:Flagge Herzogtum Braunschweig.svg|border|22px]] [[Duchy of Brunswick|Brunswick]]<br> [[Image:Flagge Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha (1826-1911).svg|border|22px]] [[Saxe-Altenburg]]<br> [[Image:Flagge Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha (1911-1920).svg|border|22px]] [[Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Saxe-Coburg, Gotha]]<br> [[Image:VlagLauenburg.png|border|22px]] [[Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg|Saxe-Lauenburg]]<br> [[Image:Flagge Fürstentum Lippe.svg|border|22px]] [[Principality of Lippe|Lippe]]<br> [[Image:Flagge Fürstentümer Schwarzburg.svg|border|22px]] [[Schwarzburg-Sondershausen|Schwarzburg]]<br> [[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|border|22px]] [[Waldeck (state)|Waldeck]]<br> [[Image:Flag of Bremen (middle arms).svg|border|22px]] [[Bremen]]<br> [[Image:Flag of Hamburg.svg|border|22px]] [[Hamburg]]<br> [[Image:Flag of the Free City of Lübeck.svg|border|22px]] [[Lübeck]]<br> |commander1= |commander2= |strength1=600,000 Austrians and German allies |strength2=500,000 Prussians and German allies<br>300,000 Italians |casualties1=Austria: over 71,000<ref>According to 1867 Austrian military yearbook losses of the North Army were 62,789 killed, wounded and missing, South Army 8,470. Referenced e.g. in [[Světozor]], August 30, 1867 [http://archiv.ucl.cas.cz/index.php?path=Svetozor/1.1867/8/80.png].</ref> |casualties2=37,000 dead or wounded (German and Italian) }} {{Campaignbox Austro-Prussian War}}</div> <!--Third Attempt fix with {{Campaignbox Austro-Prussian War}} effect with battle infobox, after consulting with Kirill Lokshin. --> The '''Austro-Prussian War''' (also called the '''Seven Weeks War''', the '''Unification War'''[http://www.bnv-bamberg.de/home/ba3434/E_Bruderkrieg.htm], or the '''German Civil War''') was a [[war]] fought in 1866 between the [[Austrian Empire]] and its German allies on one side and the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] with its German allies and [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]] on the other, that resulted in Prussian dominance over the German states. In Germany and Austria it is called the ''Deutscher Krieg'' (German war), ''Österreichisch-preussischer Krieg'' (Austro-Prussian War) or ''Bruderkrieg'' (war of brothers). In the [[Italian unification]] process, this is called the '''Third Independence War'''. {{TOCnestright}} The major result of the war was a shift in power among the states of the [[German Confederation]] away from Austrian and towards Prussian [[hegemony]], and impetus towards the [[German unification|unification of all of the northern German states]] in a ''[[Kleindeutschland]]'' that excluded Austria. The war also strengthened the ideal of the [[nation state]] in Italy. Another result was the severance of the ties of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] royal family, the [[House of Hanover]], with government in Germany after the [[Kingdom of Hanover]] was annexed by Prussia as a result of the war (however, some members of the British royal family continued to hold German allegiance and titles until the declaration of the [[First World War]]). ==Causes== For centuries, the [[Holy Roman Emperor]]s who mostly came from the [[Habsburg]] family had nominally ruled all of 'Germany' - the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. In fact, however, the territory of Central Europe was split into a few large states and hundreds of tiny entities (principalities, bishropics and free cities), each jealously maintaining its ''[[de facto]]'' sovereignty and independence with the assistance of outside powers, particularly [[France]]. Austria - the personal territory of the Habsburg Emperors - was traditionally considered the leader of the German states, but Prussia was becoming increasingly powerful and by the late 18th century was ranked as one of the [[great power]]s of Europe. After the [[Napoleonic Wars]] had ended in 1815, the [[Germanic states]] of the defunct Holy Roman Empire were reorganized into a loose confederation: the [[German Confederation]], under Austrian leadership. [[Image:Battle of Koniggratz.png|thumb|left|Battle of Koniggrätz between [[Prussian]] and [[Austria-Hungary|Austrian]] soldiers (1866)]]In the meantime, partly in reaction to the triumphant French nationalism of Napoleon, and partly as an organic feeling of commonality glorified during the [[Romanticism|romantic era]], [[German nationalism]] became a potent force during this period. The ultimate aim of most German nationalists was the union of all Germans into one state. Two different ideas of national unification eventually came to the fore. One was a ''[[Grossdeutschland]]'' that would include all German-speaking lands, including and dominated by the multi-national empire of Austria; the other (preferred by Prussia) was a ''[[Kleindeutschland]]'' that would exclude even the German parts of Austria and be dominated by Prussia. There are many different interpretations of [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck's]] behavior prior to the Austrian-Prussian war, which concentrate mainly on whether the 'Iron chancellor' had a master plan that resulted in this war, the North German confederation, and eventually the unification of Germany. Bismarck maintained that he orchestrated the conflict in order to bring about the North German Confederation, the Franco-Prussian War and the eventual unification of Germany. However, historians such as [[A.J.P Taylor]] dispute this interpretation and believe that Bismarck did not have a master plan, but rather was an opportunist who took advantage of the favourable situations that presented themselves. Taylor thinks Bismarck manipulated events into the most beneficial solution possible for Prussia. Possible evidence can be found in Bismarck's orchestration of the Austrian alliance during the [[Second War of Schleswig]] against Denmark, which can be seen as his diplomatic ‘masterstroke.’ Taylor also believes that the alliance was a "test for Austria rather than a trap", and that the goal was not war with Austria, contradicting what Bismarck later gave in his memoirs as the main reason for establishing the alliance. It was in Prussia’s best interests to gain an alliance with Austria so that the combined allied force could easily defeat Denmark and as a result settle the [[History of Schleswig-Holstein|issue]] of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. The alliance can therefore be regarded as an aid to Prussian expansion, rather than a provocation of war against Austria. Many historians believe that Bismarck was simply a Prussian [[Expansionism|expansionist,]] rather than a German nationalist who sought the unification of Germany. It was later at the convention of Gastein that the Austrian alliance was set up to lure Austria into war. Bismarck had also set up an alliance with Italy committing them to war if Prussia went to war within three months. This treaty virtually guaranteed a commitment on Bismarck's side to muster up a war with Austria within these 3 months in order to ensure Austria's full strength would not be attacking Prussia. The timing of declaration was perfect, because all other European powers were bound by alliances that forbade them from entering, or had domestic problems that had priority. Britain had no stake economically or politically in a potential war between Prussia and Austria. Russia was unlikely to enter on the side of Austria due to ill will following Austrian support of the anti-Russian alliance during the [[Crimean War]], and Prussia had stood by Russia during the [[Greater Poland Uprising (1846)|Polish revolts]] whereas Austria had not. France was also unlikely to enter on the side of Austria because Bismarck and Napoleon III met in Biarritz and allegedly discussed whether or not France would intervene in a potential Austro-Prussian war. Nobody knows what was discussed, but many historians think Bismarck was guaranteed French neutrality in the event of a war. Finally, Italy was already in an alliance with Prussia, which meant that Austria would be fighting their combined power with no allies of its own. Bismarck was aware of his numerical superiority, but still “he was not prepared to advise it immediately even though he gave a favourable account of the international situation." ===Military factors=== [[Image:Baterie-Mrtvých.jpg|thumb|right|Memorial to Battery of the Dead at Chlum commemorates one of heaviest fights during Battle of Königgrätz (July 3, 1866).]]Bismarck may well have been encouraged to go to war by the advantages which the Prussian army enjoyed over that of the Austrian Empire. To oppose this view, A.J.P Taylor believes that Bismarck was reluctant to go to war as it ''"deprived him of control and left the decisions to the generals whose ability he distrusted"''. Taylor suggested that Bismarck was hoping to force Austrian leaders into concessions in Germany rather than provoke war. The two most important personalities within the Prussian army were War Minister [[Albrecht Graf von Roon]] and Chief of the General Staff [[Helmuth Graf von Moltke]]. The truth may be more complicated than simply that Bismarck, who famously said "Politics is the art of the possible," initially sought war with Austria, or that he was initially against the idea of going to war with Austria. ====Rival military systems==== In 1862, von Roon had implemented several army reforms (and to do so had been instrumental in ensuring that Bismarck was appointed Chancellor). Roon ensured that all Prussian citizens were liable to conscription. Before this date, the size of the army had been fixed by earlier laws which had not taken population growth into account, making conscription inequable and unpopular for this reason. While some Prussian men remained in the army or the reserves until they were forty years old, about one in three (or even more in some regions where the population had expanded greatly as a result of industrialisation) escaped with only token service in the [[Landwehr]], a loosely organized "Home Guard". Universal conscription, combined with an increase in the term of active service from two years to three years, dramatically increased the size of the army. It also provided Prussia with a reserve army equal in size to that which Moltke actually deployed against Austria. Had France under Napoleon III attempted to intervene in force on Austria's side, the Prussians could have faced him with equal or superior numbers of troops. The three-year term of active service, during which troops were continually trained and drilled, also ensured a better standard of training and discipline than that of the Austrian army, particularly in the infantry. Some Austrian commanders still dismissed infantry conscripts to their homes on permanent leave soon after their induction into the army, retaining a cadre of long-term soldiers for formal parades and routine duties. The conscripts sent on leave had to be trained almost from scratch when they were recalled to their units on the outbreak of war. The Austrian cavalry and artillery however were as well-trained as their Prussian counterparts. Austria possessed two incomparable divisions of heavy cavalry, but weapons and tactics had advanced since the Napoleonic Wars and heavy cavalry were no longer a decisive arm on the battlefield. ====Speed of mobilization==== [[Image:1866 prinz-friedrich-karl-bei-koeniggraetz 1b-640x428.jpg|thumb|left|Battle of Königgrätz: Prince Friedrich Karl cheers on his Prussian troops.]] An important difference in the Prussian and Austrian military systems was that the Prussian army was locally based, organised as ''Kreise'' (lit. circles), each containing a Korps headquarters and its component units. The vast majority of reservists lived within a few hours' journey from their corps' depots, and mobilisation to full strength would take very little time. By contrast, the Austrians deliberately ensured that units were stationed far from the areas from which their soldiers were recruited - to prevent army units taking part in separatist revolts. Conscripts on leave or reservists recalled to their units as a result of mobilisation faced a journey which might take weeks before they could report for duty. The Prussian army was therefore able to mobilise far more quickly than the Austrian army. ====Speed of concentration==== The railway system of Prussia was more extensively developed than that within Austria. Railways made it possible to supply larger numbers of troops than had previously been possible, and also allowed the rapid movement of troops within friendly territory. The better Prussian rail network therefore allowed the Prussian army to concentrate more rapidly than the Austrians. Von Moltke, reviewing his plans to von Roon stated, ''"We have the inestimable advantage of being able to carry our Field Army of 285,000 men over five railway lines and of virtually concentrating them in twenty-five days ... Austria has only one railway line and it will take her forty-five days to assemble 200,000 men"''. Von Moltke had also said earlier, ''"Nothing could be more welcome to us than to have now the war that we must have"''. The Austrian army under [[Ludwig von Benedek]] in Bohemia (the present-day [[Czech Republic]]) might previously have been expected to enjoy the advantage of the "central position", being able to concentrate on successive attacking armies strung out along the frontier. The Prussian ability to concentrate faster nullified this advantage. By the time the Austrians were fully assembled, they would be unable to concentrate against any one Prussian army without having the other two instantly attack their flank and rear, threatening their lines of communication. ====Armaments and tactics==== [[Image:Needle Gun.jpg|thumb|right|[[Needle gun|Dreyse needle gun]]]]Finally, the Prussian infantry were equipped with the [[Needle gun|Dreyse needle gun]], a [[breech-loading rifle]] capable of far more rapid fire than the muzzle-loading rifles with which the Austrians were equipped. In the [[Second Italian War of Independence|Franco-Austrian War]] of 1859, French troops had taken advantage of the fact that the rifles of the time fired high if sighted for long range. By rapidly closing the range, French troops could come to close quarters without sustaining too many casualties from the Austrian infantry. In the aftermath of this war, the Austrians had adopted the same methods, which they termed the ''"Stosstaktik"''. Although they had some warnings of the German weapon, they ignored these and retained the crude ''"Stosstaktik"'' as their main method. In one respect, the Austrian army had superior equipment in that their artillery consisted of breech-loading rifled guns, while the Prussian army retained many muzzle-loading smoothbore cannon. New [[Krupp]] breech-loading guns were only slowly being introduced. In the event, the other shortcomings of the Austrian army were to prevent their artillery from being decisive. ===Economic factors=== [[Image:Batalha sadowa 1866.jpg|thumb|right|The battle of Sadowa]]In 1866 the Prussian economy was rapidly growing, partly as a result of the [[Zollverein]], and this gave her an advantage in the war. It enabled Prussia to supply her armies with breech-loading rifles, and later with new Krupp breach loading artillery. In contrast, the Austrian economy was suffering after the [[Revolutions of 1848 in Hungary|1848 revolutions in Hungary]] and the [[Second Italian War of Independence]]. Austria only had one bank, the [[Creditanstalt]], and the nation was heavily in debt. Many historians, including [[Andrina Stiles]], believe that Prussia's economic success had an impact on the outbreak of war. The conflict between Austria and Prussia for mastery in Germany had an important economic dimension, suggesting that conflict between Austria and Prussia on the battlefield was related to their long term struggle for economic supremacy.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} ===Political and dynastic factors=== The most important cause for war apart from Bismarck was the Prussian king. The King had decided on war reluctantly. [[A.J.P Taylor]] said “William 1st, not German nationalists made the war of 1866 possible”. It wasn’t Bismarck who was the sole cause for the war 1866 as the king made the final decision and made the war possible. {{Fact|date=July 2007}} ==Alliances== Most of the German states sided with Austria against Prussia, even though Austria had declared war. Those that sided with Austria included the Kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Saxony|Saxony]], [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]], [[Kingdom of Württemberg|Württemberg]], and [[Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover]]. Southern states such as, [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]], [[Hesse-Kassel]], [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse-Darmstadt]], and [[Duchy of Nassau|Nassau]] also joined with Austria. Some of the northern German states joined Prussia, in particular [[Oldenburg (state)|Oldenburg]], [[Mecklenburg-Schwerin]], [[Mecklenburg-Strelitz]], and [[Duchy of Brunswick|Brunswick]]. The [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]] participated in the war with Prussia, because Austria still held the territory of [[Venetia]] wanted by Italy to complete the process of [[Italian Unification]]. In return for Italian aid against Austria, Bismarck agreed not to make a separate peace until Italy had obtained Venetia. Notably, the other foreign powers abstained from this war. [[Second French Empire|French]] Emperor [[Napoleon III]], who expected a Prussian defeat, chose to remain out of the war to strengthen his negotiating position for territory along the [[Rhine]], while the [[Russian Empire]] still bore a grudge against Austria from the [[Crimean War]]. {| style="background:transparent; text-align:left; table-layout:auto; border-collapse:collapse; padding:0; font-size:100%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |colspan=3 style="border:solid 1px #ccd2d9; font-size:135%; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 0; line-height:1.1em; text-align:center" |'''Alliances of the Austro-Prussian War, 1866''' |- |colspan=3|[[Image:Map-AustroPrussianWar.svg|550px|Aliances in the Austro-Prussia War]] |- |style="background:navy; border:solid 1px #ccd2d9; color:white; text-align:center"|'''Kingdom of Prussia''' |style="background:red; border:solid 1px #ccd2d9; color:white; text-align:center"|'''Austrian Empire''' |style="background:green; border:solid 1px #ccd2d9; color:white; text-align:center"|'''neutral''' |- |rowspan=2 style="background:#aaeeff; border:solid 1px #ccd2d9; text-align:center; vertical-align:top"| [[Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)|Kingdom of Italy]]<br/>[[Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] <br/> [[Mecklenburg-Strelitz]] <br/>[[Oldenburg (state)|Oldenburg]]<br/> [[Anhalt]] <br/> [[Duchy of Brunswick|Brunswick]] <br/> [[Saxe-Altenburg]] <br/> [[Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] <br/> [[Duchy of Lauenburg|Lauenburg]] </br> [[Lippe (state)|Lippe-Detmold]]<br/>[[Schwarzburg-Sondershausen]]<br/> [[Waldeck-Pyrmont]]<br/>[[Bremen (state)|Bremen]]<br/>[[Hamburg]]<br/>[[Free City of Lübeck|Lübeck]] |rowspan=2 style="background:pink; border:solid 1px #ccd2d9; text-align:center; vertical-align:top"| [[History of Bavaria#The Kingdom|Kingdom of Bavaria]] <br/> [[Kingdom of Hanover]]<br/> [[Kingdom of Saxony]]<br/> [[Kingdom of Württemberg]] <br/> [[Baden]] <br/> [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse-Darmstadt]] <br/> [[Duchy of Nassau|Nassau]] <br/> [[Hesse-Kassel]] <br/> [[Saxe-Meiningen]] <br/> [[Reuss-Greiz]] <br/> [[Schaumburg-Lippe]] <br/> [[Free City of Frankfurt|Frankfurt]] |style="background:#aaffaa; border:solid 1px #ccd2d9; text-align:center; vertical-align:top"| [[Duchy of Limburg|Limburg]] <br/> [[Liechtenstein]] <br/> [[Luxembourg]] <br/> [[Reuss-Schleiz]] <br/> [[Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]] <br/> [[Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt]] |- |style="background:yellow; border:solid 1px #ccd2d9; text-align:center; vertical-align:top"|'''Disputed Territory'''<p>[[Schleswig]]<br/>[[Holstein]] |} ==Course of the war== The first major war between two continental powers in many years, this war used many of the same technologies as the [[American Civil War]], including [[Rail transport|railroads]] to concentrate troops during mobilization and [[Telegraphy|telegraphs]] to enhance long distance communication. The Prussian Army used [[Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse|von Dreyse]]'s breech-loading [[needle-gun]], that could be rapidly loaded while the soldier was seeking cover on the ground, whereas the Austrian muzzle-loading rifles could only be loaded slowly, and generally from a standing position. [[Image:AdilfDresslerOesterrGefangene inBreslau(Ausschnitt)1866.jpg|thumb|left|Prussian troops heading to the front from [[Breslau]]]]The main campaign of the war occurred in [[Bohemia]]. Prussian Chief of the General Staff [[Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke|Helmuth von Moltke]] had planned meticulously for the war. He rapidly mobilized the Prussian army and advanced across the border into Saxony and Bohemia, where the Austrian army was concentrating for an invasion of [[Silesia]]. There, the Prussian armies led nominally by [[Wilhelm I of Germany|King Wilhelm]] converged, and the two sides met at the [[Battle of Königgrätz]] (Sadová) on [[July 3]]. The Prussian Elbe Army advanced on the Austrian left wing, and the First Army on the centre, prematurely; they risked being counter-flanked on the left. Victory therefore depended on the timely arrival of the Second Army on the left wing. This was achieved through the brilliant staffwork of its Chief of Staff, [[Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal]]. Superior Prussian organization and élan decided the battle against Austrian numerical superiority, and the victory was near total, with Austrian battle deaths nearly seven times the Prussian figure. Austria rapidly sought peace after this battle.[[Image:Die Seeschlacht bei Lissa.jpg|thumb|right|Austrian victory at the [[Battle of Lissa (1866)|Battle of Lissa]]]] Except for Saxony, the other German states allied to Austria played little role in the main campaign. Hanover's army defeated Prussia at the [[Second Battle of Langensalza]] on [[June 27]], but within a few days they were forced to surrender by superior numbers. Prussian armies fought against Bavaria on the [[Main River]], reaching [[Nuremberg]] and [[Frankfurt]]. The Bavarian fortress of [[Würzburg]] was shelled by Prussian artillery, but the garrison defended its position until armistice day. The Austrians were more successful in their war with Italy, defeating the Italians on land at the [[Battle of Custoza (1866)|Battle of Custoza]] ([[June 24]]) and on sea at the [[Battle of Lissa (1866)|Battle of Lissa]] ([[July 20]]). [[Giuseppe Garibaldi|Garibaldi]]'s "[[Hunters of the Alps]]" defeated the Austrians at the [[Battle of Bezzecca]], on [[21 July]], conquered the lower part of [[Trentino]], and moved towards [[Trento]]. Prussian peace with Austria–Hungary forced the Italian government to seek an armistice with Austria, on [[12 August]]. According to [[Treaty of Vienna (1866)|Treaty of Vienna]], signed on [[October 12]], Austria ceded [[Venetia]] to France, which in turn ceded it to Italy (for details of operations in Italy, see [[Third Italian War of Independence]]). ==Aftermath and consequences == [[Image:Map-AustroPrussianWar-annexed.svg|thumb|right|Aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War. Prussia (dark blue) and its allies (blue) against Austria (red) and its allies (pink). Neutral members of the German Confederation are in green, Prussia’s territorial gains after the war are in light blue]] In order to forestall intervention by France or Russia, Bismarck pushed King [[William I, German Emperor|William I]] to make peace with the Austrians rapidly, rather than continue the war in hopes of further gains. The Austrians accepted mediation from France's [[Napoleon III]]. The [[Peace of Prague (1866)|Peace of Prague]] on [[August 23]], [[1866]] resulted in the dissolution of the [[German Confederation]], Prussian annexation of many of Austria’s former allies, and the permanent exclusion of Austria from German affairs. This left Prussia free to form the [[North German Confederation]] the next year, incorporating all the German states north of the [[Main|Main River]]. Prussia chose not to seek Austrian territory for itself, and this made it possible for Prussia and Austria to ally in the future, since Austria was threatened more by Italian and [[Pan-Slavic]] irredentism than by Prussia. The war left Prussia dominant in Germany, and German nationalism would compel the remaining independent states to ally with Prussia in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] in 1870, and then to accede to the crowning of King Wilhelm as [[German Empire|German Emperor]]. United Germany would become one of the most powerful of the European countries. ===For the defeated parties=== In addition to war reparations, the following territorial changes took place: *Austria – Surrendered the province of [[Venetia]] to France, but then [[Napoleon III]] handed it to Italy as agreed in a secret treaty with Prussia. Austria then lost all official influence over member states of the former German Confederation. Austria’s defeat was a telling blow to Habsburg rule; the Empire was transformed via the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]] to the dual monarchy of [[Austria-Hungary]] in the following year. *Schleswig and Holstein – Became the Prussian [[Province of Schleswig-Holstein]] *Hanover – Annexed by Prussia, became the [[Province of Hanover]] *Hesse-Darmstadt – Surrendered some of its northern territory (the Hessian Hinterland) to Prussia. The northern half of the remaining land (Upper Hesse) joined the [[North German Confederation]] *Nassau, Hesse-Kassel, Frankfurt – Annexed by Prussia. Combined with the territory surrendered by Hesse-Darmstadt to form the new [[Province of Hesse-Nassau]] *Saxony, Saxe-Meiningen, Reuss-Greiz, Schaumburg-Lippe – Spared from annexation but joined the [[North German Confederation]] in the following year ===For the neutral parties=== [[Image:Map-NDB.svg|thumb|right|The [[North German Confederation]] after the war]]The war meant the end of the German Confederation. Those states who remained neutral during the conflict took different actions after the Prague treaty: *Liechtenstein – Became an independent state and declared permanent neutrality, while maintaining close political ties with Austria. This neutrality was respected during both World Wars. *Limburg and Luxembourg – The [[Treaty of London, 1867|Treaty of London]] in 1867 declared both of these states to be part of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]]. Limburg became the Dutch province of [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]]. Luxembourg was guaranteed independence and neutrality from its three surrounding neighbors (Belgium, France and Prussia) but it rejoined the German customs union, the [[Zollverein]], and remained a member until its dissolution in 1919. * Reuss-Schleiz, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt – Joined the North German Confederation ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==See also== *[[Third Italian War of Independence]] ==External links== {{Commonscat}} *[http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/deutscher_krieg.htm Further information about the war] {{de icon}} [[Category:Austro-Prussian War| ]] [[Category:1866 in Austria]] [[ca:Guerra austroprussiana]] [[cs:Prusko-rakouská válka]] [[da:Preussisk-østrigske krig]] [[de:Deutscher Krieg]] [[es:Guerra de las Siete Semanas]] [[eo:Prusia-Aŭstria milito]] [[fr:Guerre austro-prussienne]] [[ko:프로이센-오스트리아 전쟁]] [[it:Guerra austro-prussiana]] [[he:מלחמת שבעת השבועות]] [[la:Bellum Germanicum]] [[lt:Austrijos-Prūsijos karas]] [[hu:Porosz–osztrák–olasz háború]] [[nl:Pruisisch-Oostenrijkse Oorlog]] [[ja:普墺戦争]] [[no:Den østerriksk-preussiske krig]] [[pl:Wojna siedmiotygodniowa]] [[pt:Guerra Austro-prussiana]] [[ru:Австро-прусско-итальянская война]] [[sk:Rakúsko-pruská vojna]] [[sl:Avstrijsko-pruska vojna]] [[fi:Preussin–Itävallan sota]] [[sv:Tyska enhetskriget]] [[vi:Chiến tranh Áo-Phổ]] [[uk:Австро-Прусська війна]] [[vec:Guera austro-prusiana]] [[zh:普奥战争]]