Austronesian languages
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[[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 225279647 by [[Special:Contributions/134.173.200.53|134.173.200.53]] ([[User talk:134.173.200.53|talk]])
{{Redirect|Austronesian}}
{{Infobox Language family
|name=Austronesian
|altname=
|region=[[Maritime Southeast Asia]], [[Oceania]], [[Madagascar]], [[Taiwan]]
|familycolor=Austronesian
|family=one of the world's major [[language family|language families]]; although links with other families have been proposed, none of these has received mainstream acceptance
|child1=[[Formosan languages|Formosan]] (composed of many branches)
|child2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
|iso2=map
|map=[[Image:Austronesia-02.jpg|center|255px]]<center><small>Map showing the distribution of Austronesian languages, which lie in the circled area.</small></center>}}
The '''Austronesian languages''' are a [[language family]] widely dispersed throughout the islands of [[Maritime Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]] and the [[Pacific]], with a few members spoken on continental [[Asia]]. It is on par with [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]], [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] and [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] as one of the best-established ancient language families. The name ''Austronesian'' comes from [[Latin]] ''auster'' "south wind" plus [[Greek language|Greek]] ''nêsos'' "island". The family is aptly named as the vast majority of Austronesian languages are spoken on islands: only a few languages, such as [[Malay language|Malay]] and the [[Chamic languages]], are [[Autochthonous language|autochthonous]] to mainland Asia. Many Austronesian languages have very few speakers, but the [[List of Austronesian languages|major Austronesian languages]] are spoken by tens of millions of people. Some Austronesian languages are [[official language]]s (see the [[list of Austronesian languages]]).
There is legitimate debate among linguists as to which language family comprises the largest number of languages. Austronesian is clearly one candidate, with 1268 (according to [[Ethnologue]]), or roughly one-fifth of the known languages of the world. The geographical span of the homelands of its languages is also among the widest, ranging from [[Madagascar]] to [[Easter Island]]. [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]], [[Rapa Nui language|Rapanui]], and [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]] (spoken on [[Madagascar]]) are the geographic outliers of the Austronesian family.
Austronesian has several primary branches, all but one of which are found exclusively on [[Taiwan]]. The [[Formosan languages]] of Taiwan are grouped into as many as nine first-order subgroups of Austronesian. All Austronesian languages spoken outside Taiwan (including its offshore [[Yami language]]) belong to the [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] branch, sometimes called ''Extra-Formosan''.
== Homeland ==
The protohistory of the Austronesian ''people'' can be traced farther back through time than can that of the [[Proto-Austronesian language|Proto-Austronesian ''language'']]. From the standpoint of [[historical linguistics]], the home of the Austronesian languages is the [[Taiwan|main island of Taiwan]], also known as Formosa; on this island the deepest divisions in Austronesian are found, among the families of the native [[Formosan languages]]. According to [[Robert Blust]], the Formosan languages form nine of the ten primary branches of the Austronesian language family {{Harvcoltxt|Blust|1999}}. [[Bernard Comrie|Comrie]] (2001:28) noted this when he wrote:
{{cquote|... the internal diversity among the... Formosan languages... is greater than that in all the rest of Austronesian put together, so there is a major [[Genetic (linguistics)|genetic]] split within Austronesian between Formosan and the rest... Indeed, the genetic diversity within Formosan is so great that it may well consist of several primary branches of the overall Austronesian family.}}
At least since [[Edward Sapir|Sapir]] (1968), linguists have generally accepted that the chronology of the dispersal of languages within a given language family can be traced from the area of greatest linguistic variety to that of the least. While some scholars suspect that the number of principal branches among the Formosan languages may be somewhat less than Blust's estimate of nine (e.g. Li 2006), there is little contention among linguists with this analysis and the resulting view of the origin and direction of the migration. [For a recent dissenting analysis, see {{Harvcol|Peiros|2004}}.]
To get an idea of the original homeland of the Austronesian ''people'', scholars can probe evidence from archaeology and genetics. Studies from the science of [[genetics]] have produced conflicting outcomes. Some researchers find evidence for a proto-Austronesian homeland on the Asian mainland (e.g., Melton et al., 1998), while others mirror the linguistic research, rejecting an East Asian origin in favor of Taiwan (e.g., Trejaut et al., 2005). Archaeological evidence (e.g., {{ Harvcolnb |Bellwood|1997}}) is more consistent, suggesting that the ancestors of the Austronesians spread from the South Chinese mainland to Taiwan at some time around 8,000 years ago. Evidence from historical linguistics suggests that it is from this island that seafaring peoples migrated, perhaps in distinct waves separated by millennia, to the entire region encompassed by the Austronesian languages {{ Harvcol |Diamond|2000}}. It is believed that this migration began around 6,000 years ago {{ Harvcol |Blust|1999}}. However, evidence from historical linguistics cannot bridge the gap between those two periods. The view that linguistic evidence connects Proto-Austronesian languages to the Sino-Tibetan ones, as proposed for example by Sagart (2002), is a minority view. As Fox (2004:8) states:
{{cquote|Implied in... discussions of subgrouping [of Austronesian languages] is a broad consensus that the homeland of the Austronesians was in Taiwan. This homeland area may have also included the [[Penghu|P'eng-hu]] (Pescadores) islands between Taiwan and China and possibly even sites on the coast of mainland China, especially if one were to view the early Austronesians as a population of related dialect communities living in scattered coastal settlements.}}
Linguistic analysis of the Proto-Austronesian language stops at the western shores of Taiwan; the related mainland language(s) have not survived. The sole exception, a Chamic language, is a more recent migrant {{ Harvcol |Thurgood|1999|p=225}}.
==Distant relations==
;[[Austric languages|Austric]] and Austro-Tai
Genealogical links have been proposed between Austronesian and various families of [[Southeast Asia]] in what is generally called an [[Austric languages|Austric]] [[phylum (linguistics)|phylum]]. However, the only one of these proposals that conforms to the [[comparative method]] is the "Austro-Tai" hypothesis, which links Austronesian to the [[Tai-Kadai languages]]. [[Roger Blench]] (2004:12) said about Austro-Tai that:
{{cquote|Ostapirat [in press] assumes a simple model of a primary split with Daic [Tai-Kadai] being the Austronesians who stayed at home. But this seems unlikely. Daic looks like a branch of proto-Philippines and does not share in the complexities of Formosan. It may be better to think of proto-Daic speakers migrating back across from the northern Philippines to the region of Hainan island; hence the distinctiveness of Hlai and Be, and Daic the result of radical restructuring following contact with Miao-Yao and Sinitic.}}
That is, in the classification below Tai-Kadai would be a branch of the Borneo-Philippines languages. However, neither form of Austro-Tai has gained general acceptance in the linguistic community.
;Japanese
It has also been proposed that [[Classification of the Japanese language|Japanese]] may be a distant relative of the Austronesian family, but this is rejected by all mainstream linguistic specialists. The evidence for any sort of connection is slight, and many linguists think it is more plausible that Japanese might have instead been influenced by Austronesian languages, perhaps by an Austronesian [[substratum]]. Those who propose this scenario suggest that the Austronesian family once covered the islands to the north of Formosa (western Japanese areas such as the [[Ryūkyū Islands]] and [[Kyūshū]]) as well as to the south. However, there is no genetic evidence for an especially close relationship between speakers of Austronesian languages and speakers of [[Japonic languages]], so if there was any prehistoric interaction between them, it is likely to have been one of simple cultural exchange without significant ethnic mixing. In fact, genetic analyses consistently show that the [[Ryukyuans]] between Taiwan and the main islands of [[Japan]] are genetically less similar to the Taiwanese aborigines than are the Japanese, which suggests that if there was any interaction between proto-Austronesian and proto-Japonic, it occurred on the mainland prior to the extinction of Austronesian languages on mainland China and the introduction of Japonic to Japan, not in the Ryukyus.
Other analyses place Japanese into the family of [[Altaic languages]]; however, these analyses are also not without controversy.
==Structure==
It is very difficult to make meaningful generalizations about the languages that make up a family as rich and diverse as Austronesian. Speaking very broadly, the Austronesian languages can be divided into three groups of languages: Philippine-type languages, Indonesian-type languages and post-Indonesian type {{Harvcol|Ross|2002}}. The first group is characterized by relatively strong verb-initial word order and [[Austronesian alignment|Philippine-type voice alternations]]. This phenomenon has frequently been referred to as ''focus.'' However, the relevant literature is beginning to avoid this term. Many linguists feel that the phenomenon is better described as voice, and that the terminology creates confusion with more common uses of the word [[focus (linguistics)|focus]] within linguistics.
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more info needed! where are the geo boundaries? what other features characterize? I'll try to add bit by bit, but jump in & do it if you want!! But I was tired of looking at the empty real estate.-->
The Austronesian languages tend to use [[reduplication]] (repetition of all or part of a word, such as [[Wiki Wiki Shuttle|wiki-wiki]]), and, like many [[East Asia|East]] and [[Southeast Asia]]n languages, have highly restrictive [[phonotactics]], with small numbers of [[phoneme]]s and predominantly consonant-vowel syllables.
==Classification==
The internal structure of the Austronesian languages is difficult to work out, as the family consists of many very similar and very closely related languages with large numbers of [[dialect continuum|dialect continua]], making it difficult to recognize boundaries between branches. In even the best classifications available today, many of the groups in the Philippines and Indonesia are geographic conveniences rather than reflections of relatedness. However, it is clear that the greatest genealogical diversity is found among the Formosan languages of Taiwan, and the least diversity among the islands of the Pacific, supporting a dispersal of the family from Taiwan or China. Below is a consensus opinion of Malayo-Polynesian, with the Western Malayo-Polynesian classification based on Wouk & Ross (2002). The Formosan languages are listed both with and without subgrouping.
===Formosan classification I===
<!-- (arranged approximately north to south)
'''Austronesian'''
*''[[Saisiyat]]''
*'''Atayalic''': [[Atayal]] and [[Truku|Sediq]] ([[Taroko Gorge]])
*'''Kulunic''': [[Popora]]-[[Hoanya]], [[Pazeh language|Pazeh]]
*'''Thaoic''': [[Thao]], [[Babuza]]
*''[[Bunun]]''
*'''Amic''': [[Amis|Amis]], [[Kavalan]], [[Basay]], [[Siraya people|Siraya]]
*'''Tsouic''': [[Tsou]], [[Kanakanabu language|Kanakanabu]], [[Saaroa language|Saaroa]]
*''[[Rukai]]''
*''[[Puyuma]]''
*''[[Paiwan]]''
*'''Malayo-Polynesian''' (see below)-->
The seminal article regarding the subgroupings of Formosan (and by extension, the top-level structure of Austronesian) is {{Harvcoltxt|Blust|1999}}. His proposed grouping was certainly not the first. In fact, he lists no less than seventeen others, discussing some of their features. Prominent Formosanists (linguists who specialize in Formosan languages) take issue with some of its details. However, it remains the point of reference for current linguistic analyses. Note that the first nine primary branches of Austronesian are composed entirely of Formosan languages:
'''Austronesian'''
* Atayalic ([[Atayal language|Atayal]], [[Truku language|Seediq]]) [note alternate names for Seediq:Truku, Taroko, Sediq]
* East Formosan
** Northern (Basai-Trobiawan, [[Kavalan language|Kavalan]])
** Central ([[Amis language|Amis]])
** Southwest ([[Siraya people|Siraya]])
* [[Puyuma language|Puyuma]]
* [[Paiwan language|Paiwan]]
* [[Rukai language|Rukai]]
* Tsouic ([[Tsou language|Tsou]], [[Saaroa language|Saaroa]], [[Kanakanabu language|Kanakanabu]])
* [[Bunun language|Bunun]]
* Western Plains
** Central Western Plains ([[Babuza language|Taokas-Babuza]], Papora-Hoanya)
** [[Thao language|Thao]]
* Northwest Formosan ([[Saisiyat language|Saisiyat]], [[Pazeh language|Kulon-Pazeh]])
* [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] ''(see below)''
However, there are no mainland China remnants of the Austronesian-speakers cited in this paper, and there are no identified immediate ancestor-languages, on the island, of Malayo-Polynesian, the single language sub-group proposed as the ancestor for all the other 1200+ recognised Austronesian languages, that spread to Madagascar and Easter Island, Hawaii and New Zealand.
Few attempts have been made to identify the origins of the Formosan tribes, allowing a prevailing assumption that they came from the Chinese mainland. The generally-accepted paradigm has to assume that the proto-Austronesians left the Chinese mainland, leaving no traces, and that the immediately ancestral proto-Malayo-Polynesian speakers later left Taiwan, also leaving no traces.
The Basay, Kavalan and Amis of Eastern Formosa share a homeland motif that has them coming originally from an island called “Sinasay” or “Sanasay” [http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/eip/files/journal/2007.3.9.89008729.7598608.pdf Paul Jen-kuei Li 2004 ]. The Amis, in particular (now the largest extant Formosan language group), consider they came from the East, and were treated by the Puyuma, amongst whom they settled, then in a minority, as a subservient group [http://academic.reed.edu/formosa/texts/Taylor1888.html George Taylor 1888].
Whether Taiwan/Formosa was a hostland or a homeland is still very much open to debate [http://www.ioe.sinica.edu.tw/chinese/r2711/061214/paper%203.1.pdf Mutsu Hsui, Shu-Juo Chen 2004]
===Formosan classification II===
'''Austronesian'''
*Atayalic
*[[Tsou language|Tsou]]-[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
**[[Rukai language|Rukai]]-[[Tsou language|Tsouic]]
**[[Paiwan language|Paiwan]]-[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
***Paiwanic [[linkage (linguistics)|linkage]]: [[Amis language|Amic]], [[Bunun language|Bunun]], Kulunic, [[Paiwan language|Paiwan]], [[Puyuma language|Puyuma]], [[Saisiyat language|Saisiyat]], [[Thao language|Thaoic]]
***[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] ''(see below)''
===Malayo-Polynesian classification===
''Quotations to {{Harvcoltxt|Wouk & Ross|2002}}.'' <br>
'''[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]'''
*[[Borneo-Philippines languages|Borneo-Philippines]], or Outer Western Malayo-Polynesian (Outer Hesperonesian): ''many small groups of languages, with the most important languages being [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]], [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]], [[Ilokano language|Ilokano]], [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]], [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], [[Tausug language|Tausug]]''
*[[Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages|Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian]] ''(possibly dispersed from [[Sulawesi]])''
**[[Sunda-Sulawesi languages|Sunda-Sulawesi]], or Inner Western Malayo-Polynesian (Inner Hesperonesian): ''Western Indonesia: [[Buginese]] (of [[Sulawesi]]), [[Achinese|Acehnese]], [[Cham people|Cham]] (of Vietnam), [[Malay language|Malay]] (Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei Darussalam), [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] (Indonesia), [[Iban]] (of Borneo), [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]], [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Balinese language|Balinese]]; also [[Chamorro language|Chamorro]] (of [[Guam]]), [[Palauan]]''
**[[Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages|Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian]]
***[[Central Malayo-Polynesian languages|Central Malayo-Polynesian linkage]], or Bandanesian: ''around the [[Banda Sea]]: languages of [[Timor]], [[Sumba]], [[Flores]], and the [[Maluku]]s''
***[[Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages|Eastern Malayo-Polynesian]], or "Melanesian", if this term is redefined to subsume Micronesian and Polynesian
****[[South Halmahera-Geelvink Bay languages|South Halmahera-Geelvink Bay]]: ''languages of [[Halmahera]] and western [[New Guinea]], the most important being [[Taba language|Taba]] and [[Biak language|Biak]]''
****[[Oceanic languages|Oceanic]]: ''A well-supported family that includes all the Austronesian languages of [[Melanesia]] from [[Jayapura]] east, [[Polynesia]], and most of [[Micronesia]]''
==Lexicon==
The Austronesian language family is established by the [[Linguistics|linguistic]] [[Comparative method]] on the basis of [[Cognate|cognate sets]], sets of words similar in sound and meaning which can be shown to be descended from the same ancestral word in [[Proto-Austronesian language|Proto-Austronesian]] according to regular rules. Some cognate sets are very stable. The word for ''eye'' in many Austronesian languages is '''mata''' (from the most northerly Austronesian languages, [[Formosan languages]] such as [[Bunun language|Bunun]] and [[Amis language|Amis]] all the way south to [[Maori language|Maori]]). Other words are harder to reconstruct. The word for ''two'' is also stable, in that it appears over the entire range of the Austronesian family, but the forms (e.g. Bunun '''rusya''', '''lusha'''; Amis '''tusa'''; Maori '''tua''', '''rua''') require some linguistic expertise to recognise. The [http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database] gives word lists (coded for cognacy) for approximately 500 Austronesian languages.
==Major languages==
{{main|List of major and official Austronesian languages}}
==See also==
*[[Austronesia]]
*[[Austronesian people]]
*[[List of Austronesian languages]]
*[[List of Austronesian countries by linguality]]
==References==
<!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes
for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags-->
{{reflist}}
* {{cite journal | author=Bellwood, Peter | title=The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages | journal=Scientific American | year=July 1991 | volume=265 | pages=88–93}}
* {{Harvrefcol | Surname=Bellwood| Given=Peter | Title=Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian archipelago | Publisher=University of Hawai'i Press| Place=Honolulu | Year=1997 }}.
*{{cite journal | author=Bellwood, Peter | title=''Taiwan and the Prehistory of the Austronesians-speaking Peoples'' | journal=Review of Archaeology | year=1998 | volume=18 | pages=39–48}}
* {{cite book | author=Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James; & Tryon, Darrell | title=''The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives'' | publisher=Department of Anthropology, Australian National University | year=1995 | id=ISBN 0-7315-2132-3}}
*{{cite journal | author=Bellwood, Peter & Alicia Sanchez-Mazas | title=Human Migrations in Continental East Asia and Taiwan: Genetic, Linguistic, and Archaeological Evidence | journal=Current Anthropology | year=June 2005 | volume=46:3 | pages=480–485}}
* Blench, Roger (2004). [http://homepage.ntlworld.com/roger_blench/Language%20data/Geneva%20paper%202004.pdf Stratification in the peopling of China: how far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology? (PDF)] Paper for the Symposium : Human migrations in continental East Asia and Taiwan: genetic, linguistic and archaeological evidence. Geneva, June 10-13.
*{{cite journal | author=Blundell, David | title=Austronesian Dispersal | journal=Newsletter of Chinese Ethnology | year= | volume=35 | pages=1–26}}
* {{cite journal | author=Blust, Robert | title=The Austronesian Homeland: A Linguistic Perspective | journal=Asian Perspectives | year=1985 | volume=20 | pages=46–67}}
*{{Harvrefcol|Surname=Blust|Given1=R.|Year= 1999|Chapter=Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics|Editor= E. Zeitoun & P.J.K Li| Title=Selected papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics|Pages=31-94| Publisher=Academia Sinica | Place=Taipei}}.
* Comrie, Bernard. (2001). Languages of the world. In Mark Aronoff and Janie Rees-Miller, eds.: The Handbook of Linguistics, 19-42. Oxford: Blackwell.
*{{Harvrefcol | Surname=Diamond|Given=Jared M| Title=[http://faculty.washington.edu/plape/pacificarchwin06/readings/Diamond%20nature%202000.pdf Taiwan's gift to the world. (PDF)] | Journal=Nature | Volume=403 |Year=2000 | Page=709-710}}.
* Fox, James J. (2004).[http://dspace.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/43158/1/Comparative_Austronesian_Studies.pdf Current Developments in Comparative Austronesian Studies (PDF)]. Paper prepared for Symposium Austronesia Pascasarjana Linguististik dan Kajian Budaya. Universitas Udayana, Bali 19-20 August.
* {{cite web | author=Fuller, Peter | title=Reading the Full Picture | publisher=Canberra, Australia: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies | year=2002 | work=Asia Pacific Research | url=http://rspas.anu.edu.au/qb/articleFile.php?searchterm=3-4-3| accessmonthday=July 28 | accessyear=2005 }}
*{{cite web | title=Homepage of linguist Dr. Lawrence Reid | url=http://www2.hawaii.edu/~reid/ | accessmonthday=July 28 | accessyear=2005 }}
* Li, Paul Jen-kuei. (2006). [http://www.sil.org/asia/philippines/ical/papers/Li-internal%20relationships%20formosan.pdf The Internal Relationships of Formosan Languages (PDF)]. Paper presented at Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (ICAL). 17-20 January 2006. Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines.
*[[John Lynch (linguist)|Lynch, John]], [[Malcolm Ross]] and [[Terry Crowley (linguist)|Terry Crowley]], ''The Oceanic languages.'' Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2002.
* Melton T., Clifford S., Martinson J., Batzer M., & Stoneking M. 1998. [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1377653&blobtype=pdf Genetic evidence for the proto-Austronesian homeland in Asia: mtDNA and nuclear DNA variation in Taiwanese aboriginal tribes. (PDF)] ''American Journal of Human Genetics'', 63:1807–1823.
* {{Harvrefcol| Surname=Peiros| Given=Ilia | Title= Austronesian: What linguists know and what they believe they know| Publisher=Paper presented at the workshop on Human migrations in continental East Asia and Taiwan | Place= Geneva, June 10-13.|Year=2004}}
*{{cite journal | author=[[Malcolm Ross|Ross, Malcolm]] & Andrew Pawley| title=Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history | journal=Annual Review of Anthropology | year=1993 | volume=22 | pages= 425–459 | issn = 0084-6570 | id = {{OCLC|1783647}}| doi=10.1146/annurev.an.22.100193.002233 }}
* {{Harvrefcol| Surname=Ross|Given=John|Chapter=Final words: research themes in the history and typology of western Austronesian languages|Editors=Wouk, Fay & Malcolm Ross|Title=The history and typology of Western Austronesian voice systems|Year=2002|Pages=451-474|Place=Canberra|Publisher=Pacific Linguistics}}
* Sagart, Laurent. (2002). [http://halshs.ccsd.cnrs.fr/docs/00/08/50/59/PDF/canberra.pdf Sino-Tibeto-Austronesian: An updated and improved argument (PDF)]. Paper presented at Ninth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (ICAL9). 8-11 January 2002. Canberra, Australia.
* Sapir, Edward. (1968). Time perspective in aboriginal American culture: a study in method. In Selected writings of Edward Sapir in language, culture and personality (D.G. Mandelbaum ed.), 389- 467. Berkeley: University of California Press.
*{{cite journal | author=Terrell, John Edward | title=Introduction: 'Austronesia' and the great Austronesian migration | journal=World Archaeology | year= December 2004 | volume=36:4 | pages=586–591}}
* {{Harvrefcol| Surname=Thurgood| Given=Graham| Title=From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects. Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications No. 28 | Publisher=University of Hawai'i Press| Place=Honolulu | Year=1999 }}.
* Trejaut JA, Kivisild T, Loo JH, Lee CL, He CL, et al. (2005) [http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv?request=get-pdf&file=10.1371_journal.pbio.0030247-p-S.pdf Traces of archaic mitochondrial lineages persist in Austronesian-speaking Formosan populations.] PLoS Biol 3(8): e247.
* Wouk, Fay and [[Malcolm Ross]] ,eds. (2002), ''The history and typology of western Austronesian voice systems.'' Pacific Linguistics. Canberra: Australian National University.
</div>
==Further reading==
* Sagart, Laurent, Roger Blench, and Alicia Sanchez-Nazas (Eds.) {2004). ''The peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics''. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-415-32242-1.
*Cohen, E. M. K. (1999). ''Fundaments of Austronesian roots and etymology''. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0858834367
*Tryon, D. T., & Tsuchida, S. (1995). ''Comparative Austronesian dictionary: an introduction to Austronesian studies''. Trends in linguistics, 10. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 110127296
*Pawley, A., & Ross, M. (1994). ''Austronesian terminologies: contiunity and change''. Canberra, Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University. ISBN 0858834243
*Blust, R. A. (1983). ''Lexical reconstruction and semantic reconstruction: the case of the Austronesian "house" words''. [Hawaii: R. Blust.
==External links==
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=89851 Ethnologue report for Austronesian.]
*[http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/ Basic vocabulary database for over 450 Austronesian Languages.]
*[http://www.sil.org/pacific/png Summer Institute of Linguistics site showing languages (Austronesian and Papuan) of Papua New Guinea.]
*[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rustyb/112/austronesian.htm Austronesian Language Resources] (''defunct?'' ''moved?'') ([http://web.archive.org/web/20041122214717/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rustyb/112/austronesian.htm @ ''archive.org''])
*[http://coconutstudio.com/Austro%20Nos%20Mar2008%2011-3.xls Spreadsheet of 1600+ Austronesian and Papuan number names and systems - ongoing study to determine their relationships and distribution]
{{Austronesian-speaking}}
[[Category:Austronesian languages| ]]
[[ast:Llingües austronésiques]]
[[zh-min-nan:Lâm-tó gí-hē]]
[[bg:Австронезийски езици]]
[[ca:Llengües austronèsies]]
[[da:Austronesiske sprog]]
[[de:Austronesische Sprachen]]
[[es:Lenguas austronesias]]
[[eo:Aŭstroneziaj lingvoj]]
[[fr:Langues austronésiennes]]
[[gl:Linguas austronesias]]
[[ko:오스트로네시아어족]]
[[id:Bahasa Austronesia]]
[[it:Lingue austronesiane]]
[[he:שפות אוסטרונזיות]]
[[jv:Basa Austronesia]]
[[kn:ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೋನೇಸ್ಯದ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು]]
[[la:Linguae Austronesiae]]
[[lt:Austronezinės kalbos]]
[[lij:Lengue austronesièn]]
[[hu:Ausztronéz nyelvcsalád]]
[[ms:Bahasa-bahasa Austronesia]]
[[nl:Austronesische talen]]
[[ja:オーストロネシア語族]]
[[no:Austronesiske språk]]
[[nn:Austronesiske språk]]
[[oc:Lengas austronesianas]]
[[pms:Lenghe austronesian-e]]
[[pl:Języki austronezyjskie]]
[[pt:Línguas austronésias]]
[[ru:Австронезийские языки]]
[[simple:Austronesian languages]]
[[sk:Austronézske jazyky]]
[[sl:Avstronezijski jeziki]]
[[sr:Аустронезијски језици]]
[[su:Austronésia]]
[[fi:Austronesialaiset kielet]]
[[sv:Austronesiska språk]]
[[th:ตระกูลภาษาออสโตรนีเซียน]]
[[yo:Austronesian]]
[[zh:南島語系]]