B-25 Mitchell
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226147408
2008-07-17T01:06:53Z
The PIPE
710065
/* Operational history */
{{contradict-other|Doolittle Raid}}
{{redirect|B-25|other meanings|B25}}
{{Infobox Aircraft
|name= B-25 Mitchell
|image= Image:North_American_B-25_Mitchell.JPG
|caption= North American B-25 Mitchell
|type= [[Medium bomber]]
|manufacturer= [[North American Aviation]]
|designer= John Leland "Lee" Atwood
|first flight= [[19 August]] [[1940 in aviation|1940]]
|introduction= [[1941 in aviation|1941]]
|status=
|retired= 1979 (Indonesia)
|primary user= [[United States Army Air Forces]]
|more users = [[United States Navy]] <br/>[[Royal Air Force]] <br/>[[Soviet Air Force]]
|number built= 9,984
|unit cost=
|developed from= [[North American XB-21|XB-21]]
|variants with their own articles= [[North American XB-28]]
}}
The '''North American B-25 Mitchell''' ('''NA-62''') was an [[United States|American]] twin-engined [[medium bomber]] manufactured by [[North American Aviation]]. It was used by many [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] air forces, in every theater of [[World War II]], as well as many other air forces after the war ended, and saw service across four decades.
The B-25 was named in honor of General [[Billy Mitchell]], a pioneer of U.S. military aviation. The B-25 is the only American military aircraft named after a specific person. By the end of its production, nearly 10,000 B-25s in numerous models had been built. These included a few limited variations, such as the [[United States Navy|US Navy]]'s PBJ-1 patrol bomber and the [[United States Army Air Forces|Army Air Forces]]' F-10 [[reconnaissance|photo reconnaissance]] aircraft.
==Design and development==
[[Image:B25-1 300.jpg|right|thumb|Flight Performance School also included work in evaluating the performance of this B-25 Mitchell medium bomber]]
The B-25 was a descendant of the earlier [[North American XB-21|XB-21]] (North American-39) project of the mid-[[List of years in aviation#1930s in aviation|1930s]]. Experience gained in developing that aircraft was eventually used by North American in designing the B-25 (called the NA-40 by the company). One NA-40 was built, with several modifications later being done to test a number of potential improvements. These improvements included [[Wright R-2600]] [[radial engine]]s, which would become standard on the later B-25.
In 1939, the modified and improved NA-40B was submitted to the [[United States Army Air Corps]] for evaluation. This aircraft was originally intended to be an attack bomber for export to the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]], both of which had a pressing requirement for such aircraft in the early stages of World War II. However, those countries changed their minds, opting instead for the also-new [[Douglas]] Douglas DB-7 (later to be used by the US as the [[A-20 Havoc]]). Despite this loss of sales, the NA-40B re-entered the spotlight when the Army Air Corps evaluated it for use as a medium bomber. Unfortunately, the NA-40B was destroyed in a crash on [[11 April]] [[1939]]. Nonetheless, the type was ordered into production, along with the Army's other new medium bomber, the [[Martin]] [[B-26 Marauder]].
===Early production===
[[Image:B25-mitchell-assembly.jpg|thumb|right|Mitchell production in Kansas City in 1942]]
An improvement of the NA-40B, dubbed the '''NA-62''', was the basis for the first actual B-25. Due to the pressing need for medium bombers by the Army, no experimental or service-test versions were built. Any necessary modifications were made during production runs, or to existing aircraft at field modification centers around the world.
A significant change in the early days of B-25 production was a re-design of the wing. In the first nine aircraft, a constant-[[dihedral]] wing was used, in which the wing had a consistent, straight, slight upward angle from the fuselage to the wing tip. This design caused stability problems, and as a result, the dihedral angle was nullified on the outboard wing sections, giving the B-25 its slightly [[gull wing]] configuration. Less noticeable changes during this period included an increase in the size of the tail fins and a decrease in their inward cant.
A total of 6,608 B-25s were built at North American's [[Fairfax Airport]] plant in [[Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City]], [[Kansas]].
A descendant of the B-25 was the [[North American XB-28]], meant to be a high-altitude version of the B-25. Despite this premise, the actual aircraft bore little resemblance to the Mitchell. It had much more in common with the [[B-26 Marauder]].
==Operational history==
[[Image:01140102 081.jpg|right|thumb|Lt. Peddy and crew, showing how many people were required to keep a B-25 flying]]
[[Image:060415-F-0000G-022.jpg|thumb|right|[[Doolittle Raid]] B-25Bs aboard USS ''Hornet'']]
[[Image:B-25 refuelling.jpg|thumb|right|A B-25C being refueled]]
[[Image:B-25s in New Guinea.jpg|thumb|right|B-25 of 13th Squadron, 3rd Bomb Group, on low-level "[[Skip bombing|skip-bombing]]" mission in New Guinea]]
[[Image:040315-F-9999G-005.jpg|thumb|right|B-25G Mitchell from the AAF TAC Center, Orlando, Florida, [[17 April]] [[1944]]]]
The B-25 first gained fame as the bomber used in the April 1942 [[Doolittle Raid]], in which 16 B-25Bs, led by the legendary Lt. Col. [[Jimmy Doolittle]], took off from the carrier [[USS Hornet (CV-8)|USS ''Hornet'']] and successfully bombed [[Tokyo]] and four other Japanese cities without loss. However, 15 subsequently crash-landed ''en route'' to recovery fields in Eastern [[China]]. These losses were the result of fuel exhaustion, stormy nighttime conditions with zero visibility, and lack of electronic homing aids at the recovery bases. Only one landed intact; it came down in the [[Soviet Union]], where its five-man crew was interned and the aircraft confiscated. 71 of 80 aircrew survived their historic mission and eventually made it back to American lines.
Following a number of additional modifications, including the addition of [[Plexiglas]] windows for the navigator and radio operator, heavier nose armament, and [[De-icing Tests on B-25|de-icing]] and anti-icing equipment, the '''B-25C''' was released to the Army. This was the second mass-produced version of the Mitchell, the first being the lightly-armed B-25B used by the Doolittle Raiders. The B-25C and '''B-25D''' differed only in location of manufacture: -Cs at [[Inglewood, California|Inglewood]], [[California]], -Ds at [[Kansas City, Kansas]]. A total of 3,915 B-25Cs and -Ds were built by North American during World War II.
Although the B-25 was originally designed to bomb from medium altitudes in level flight, it was used frequently in the [[South West Pacific theatre of World War II|Southwest Pacific theater]] (SWPA) on treetop-level [[strafing]] and parafrag (parachute-retarded fragmentation bombs) missions against Japanese airfields in [[New Guinea]] and the [[Philippines]]. These heavily-armed Mitchells, field-modified by Major Paul I. "Pappy" Gunn, were also used on strafing and skip-bombing missions against Japanese shipping trying to re-supply their land-based armies. Under the leadership of Lt. Gen. [[George C. Kenney]], B-25s of the Fifth and Thirteenth Air Forces devastated Japanese targets in the SWPA from 1942 to 1945, and played a significant role in pushing the Japanese back to their home islands. B-25s were also used with devastating effect in the [[Pacific Ocean Areas (command)|Central Pacific]], [[Battle of the Aleutian Islands|Alaska]], [[North African campaign|North Africa]], [[Battle of the Mediterranean|Mediterranean]] and [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II|China-Burma-India]] (CBI) theaters.
Because of the urgent need for hard-hitting strafer aircraft, a version dubbed the '''B-25G''' was developed, in which the standard-length transparent nose and the bombardier were replaced by a shorter, solid nose containing two fixed .50-calibre [[machine gun]]s and a 75 mm M4 cannon, one of the largest weapons fitted to an aircraft, similar to the experimental British [[de Havilland Mosquito|Mosquito Mk. XVIII]], and German [[Junkers Ju 88|Ju 88P]] heavy cannon carrying aircraft. The cannon was manually loaded and serviced by the navigator, who was able to perform these operations without leaving his crew station just behind the pilot. This was possible due to the shorter nose of the G-model and the length of the M4, which allowed the breech to extend into the navigator's compartment.
The B-25G's successor, the '''B-25H''', had even more firepower. The M4 gun was replaced by the lighter T13E1, designed specifically for the aircraft. The 75 mm gun fired at a muzzle velocity of 2,362 [[feet per second|fps]] (about 720 [[metre per second|m/s]]). Due to its low rate of fire (approximately four rounds could be fired in a single [[strafing]] run) and relative ineffectiveness against ground targets, as well as substantial recoil, the 75 mm gun was sometimes removed from both G and H models and replaced with two additional .50-caliber machine guns as a field modification.<ref>Kinzey 1999, p. 51, 53.</ref> The -H also mounted four fixed forward-firing .50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns in the nose, four more fixed ones in forward-firing cheek blisters, two more in the top turret, one each in a pair of new waist positions, and a final pair in a new tail gunner's position. Company promotional material bragged the B-25H could "bring to bear 10 machine guns coming and four going, in addition to the 75mm cannon, a brace of eight [[unguided rocket|rockets]] and 3,000 pounds of bombs."<ref>Yenne 1989, p.40.</ref>
The B-25H also featured a redesigned cockpit area, with the top turret moved forward to the navigator's compartment (thus requiring the addition of the waist and tail gun positions), and a heavily modified cockpit designed to be operated by a single pilot, the co-pilot's station and controls deleted, and the seat cut down and used by the navigator/cannoneer, the radio operator being moved to the aft compartment, operating the waist guns.<ref>Kinzey 1999, p. 52–53.</ref> A total of 1,400 B-25Gs and B-25Hs were built in all.
The final version of the Mitchell, the '''B-25J''', looked much like the earlier B, C and D, having reverted to the longer nose. The less-than-successful 75 mm cannon was deleted on the J model. Instead, 800 of this version were built with a solid nose containing eight .50 machine guns, while other J-models featured the earlier "greenhouse" style nose containing the bombardier's position. Regardless of the nose style used, all J-models also included two .50 caliber guns in a "fuselage package" located directly under the pilot's station, and two more such guns in an identical package just under the co-pilot's compartment. The solid-nose B-25J variant carried an impressive total of 18 .50s: eight in the nose, four in under-cockpit packages, two in an upper turret, two in the waist, and a pair in the tail. No other bomber of World War II carried as many guns. However, the first 555 B-25Js (the B-25J-1-NC production block) were delivered without the fuselage package guns, because it was discovered muzzle blast from these guns was causing severe stress in the [[fuselage]];<!--IIRC, this was cured with heavier fuselage skin patches--> while later production runs returned these guns, they were often removed as a field modification for the same reason.<ref>Kinzey 1999, p. 60.</ref> In all, 4,318 B-25Js were built.
The B-25 was a safe and forgiving aircraft to fly. With an engine out, 60° banking turns into the dead engine were possible, and control could be easily maintained down to 145 [[miles per hour|mph]] (230 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]]). The tricycle landing gear made for excellent visibility while taxiing. The only significant complaint about the B-25 was the extremely high noise level produced by its engines; as a result, many pilots eventually suffered from various degrees of [[hearing loss]].<ref name = "dbvxho"> Higham 1978</ref>
The Mitchell was also an amazingly sturdy aircraft and could withstand tremendous punishment. One well-known B-25C of the [[321st Bombardment Group|321st Bomb Group]] was nicknamed "Patches" because its crew chief painted all the aircraft's [[flak]] hole patches with high-visibility [[zinc chromate]] paint. By the end of the war, this aircraft had completed over 300 missions, was belly-landed half a dozen times and sported over 400 patched holes. The airframe was so bent, straight-and-level flight required 8° of left [[aileron]] trim and 6° of right rudder, causing the aircraft to "crab" sideways across the sky.
An interesting characteristic of the B-25 was its ability to extend range by using one-quarter wing flap settings. Since the aircraft normally cruised in a slightly nose-high attitude, about 40 U.S. gallons (150 l) of fuel was below the fuel pickup point and thus unavailable for use. The flaps-down setting gave the aircraft a more level flight attitude, which resulted in this fuel becoming available, thus slightly extending the aircraft's range.<ref name = "dbvxho"/>
===Empire State Building accident===
On Saturday, [[28 July]] [[1945]], at 9:49 am (while flying in thick [[fog]]), a B-25D crashed into the north side of [[Empire State Building]], hitting between the 79th and 80th floor. Fourteen people were killed - 11 in the building, along with Colonel [[William F. Smith (US Army Air Corps)|William Smith]] and the other two occupants of the bomber.<ref>Roberts, William. [http://www.esbnyc.com/tourism/tourism_facts_esbnews_mar1996.cfm?CFID=14220&CFTOKEN=1408 ''Elevator World, March 1996.''] Retrieved: [[1 December]] [[2006]].</ref> In part, it was due to this incident that the Towers 1 and 2 of the World Trade Center were designed to withstand the impact of a 707 aircraft.<ref name="FEMA"> Hamburger, Ronald, et al. [http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch1.pdf "World Trade Center Building Performance Study."] ''Federal Emergency Management Agency''.Retrieved: [[27 July]] [[2006]].</ref>
==Variants==
[[Image:00910460 178.jpg|thumb|right|B-25C Mitchell]]
[[Image:77BS B-25.jpg|thumb|right|USAAF B-25C/D. Note the early radar fitted to the nose]]
[[Image:B-25 Mitchell 50-calibre machine gun blister mounts.jpg|thumb|right|Closeup of an early model B-25 [[gun pod]]]]
[[Image:00910460 117.jpg|thumb|right|B-25J]]
[[Image:B-25-J35 Mitchell 45-8811 a.jpg|thumb|right|B-25J warbird]]
[[Image:B25mitchellkrj.JPG|thumb|right|B-25J N345BG '44-86777']]
;B-25
:The first version of the B-25 delivered. It was so badly needed that no prototype stages were ordered. The first nine aircraft were built with constant [[dihedral]] angle. Due to low stability, the wing was redesigned so that the dihedral angle was eliminated on the outboard section. (Number made: 24.)
;B-25A
:Version of the B-25 modified to make it combat ready; additions included [[self-sealing fuel tank]]s, crew armour, and an improved tail gunner station. No changes were made in the armament. Re designated obsolete ('''RB-25A''' designation) in 1942. (Number made: 40.)
;B-25B
:Tail gunner eliminated; dorsal and ventral turrets added, each with a pair of .50-caliber [[machine gun]]s. The ventral turret was retractable, but the increased drag still reduced the cruise speed by 30 mph (48 km/h). 23 were delivered to the RAF as the '''Mitchell Mk I'''. [[Doolittle Raid|The Doolittle Raiders]] flew B-25Bs on their famous mission. (Number made: 120.)
;B-25C
:Improved version of the B-25B: upgraded from [[Wright R-2600]]-9 radials to R-2600-13 radials; de-icing and anti-icing equipment was added; the navigator received a sighting blister; and nose armament was increased to two .50-caliber machine guns, one fixed and one flexible. The B-25C model was the first mass produced B-25 version; it was also used in the [[United Kingdom]] as the Mitchell II, and in [[Canada]], [[People's Republic of China|China]], the [[Netherlands]], and the [[Soviet Union]]. First mass-produced B-25. (Number made: 1,625.)
;ZB-25C
;B-25D
:Identical to the B-25C. The only difference was that the B-25C was made in [[Inglewood, California]], whereas the B-25D was made in [[Kansas City, Kansas]]. First flew on [[3 January]] [[1942]]. (Number made: 2,290.)
;ZB-25D
;[[De-icing Tests on B-25|XB-25E]]
:Single B-25C modified to test de-icing and anti-icing equipment that circulated exhaust from the engines in chambers in the leading and trailing edges and empennage. The aircraft was tested for almost two years, beginning in [[1942 in aviation|1942]]; while the system proved extremely effective, no production models were built that used it before the end of World War II. Many prop aircraft today use the XB-25E system. (Number made: 1, converted.)
;ZXB-25E
;XB-25F-A
:Modified B-25C that tested the use of insulated electrical de-icing coils mounted inside the wing and empennage leading edges as a de-icing system. The hot air de-icing system tested on the XB-25E was more practical. (Number made: 1, converted.)
;XB-25G
:Modified B-25C in which the transparent nose was replaced by a solid one, with two fixed .50-caliber machine guns and a 2.95-inch (75 mm) M4 Cannon, then the largest weapon ever carried on an American bomber. (Number made: 1, converted.)
;B-25G
:To satisfy the dire need for ground-attack and strafing aircraft, the B-25G was made following the success of the prototype XB-25G. The production model featured increased armour and a greater fuel supply than the XB-25G. One B-25G was passed to the British, who gave it the name '''Mitchell II''' that had been used for the B-25C. (Number made: 420.)
;B-25H
:An improved version of the B-25G. It featured two more fixed .50-caliber machine guns in the nose, and four in fuselage-mounted pods; the heavy M4 cannon was replaced by a lighter 2.95-inch (75 mm) T13E1. (Number made: 1,000; number left flying in the world: 1.)
;B-25J
:The last production model of the B-25, often called a cross between the B-25C and the B-25H. It had a transparent nose, but many of the delivered aircraft were modified to have a solid nose. Most of its 14–18 machine guns were forward-facing for strafing missions. 316 were delivered to the [[Royal Air Force]] as the '''Mitchell III'''. (Number made: 4,318.)
;CB-25J
:Utility transport version.
;VB-25J
:A number of B-25s were converted for use as staff and VIP transports. [[Henry H. Arnold]] and [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] both used converted B-25Js as their personal transports.
===Trainer variants===
Most models of the B-25 were used at some point as training aircraft.
;TB-25D
:Originally designated '''AT-24A''' (Advanced Trainer, Model 24, Version A). Trainer modification of B-25D. In total, 60 AT-24s were built.
;TB-25G
:Originally designated '''AT-24B'''. Trainer modification of B-25G.
;TB-25C
:Originally designated '''AT-24C'''. Trainer modification of B-25C.
;TB-25J
:Originally designated AT-24D. Trainer modification of B-25J. Another 600 B-25Js were modified after the war.
;TB-25K
:Hughes E1 fire-control radar trainer (Hughes). (Number made: 117.)
;TB-25L
:Hayes pilot-trainer conversion. (Number made: 90.)
;TB-25M
:Hughes E5 fire-control radar trainer. (Number made: 40.)
;TB-25N
:Hayes pilot-trainer conversion. (Number made: 47.)
===U.S. Navy variants===
;PBJ-1C
:Similar to the B-25C for the US Navy; often fitted with airborne search radar and used in the anti-submarine role.
;PBJ-1D
:Similar to the B-25D for the US Navy. Differed in having a single .50 caliber M2 in the tail turret and beam gun positions similar to the B-25H. Often fitted with airborne search radar and used in the anti-submarine role.
;PBJ-1G
:US Navy designation for the B-25G
;PBJ-1H
:US Navy designation for the B-25H
;PBJ-1J
:US Navy designation for the B-25J-NC (Blocks -1 through -35) with improvements in radio and other equipment. Often fitted with "package guns" and wingtip search radar for the anti-shipping/anti-submarine role.
==Operators==
[[Image:18 sqn (AWM P01818.011).jpg|thumb|right|B-25 Mitchell bombers from [[No. 18 (Netherlands East Indies) Squadron RAAF|No. 18 (NEI) Squadron RAAF]] on a training flight near [[Canberra]] in 1942]]
[[Image:B25 CWHM Hamilton Ontario 1.jpg|thumb|right|B-25J in 98 RAF Squadron markings]]
;{{AUS}}
*[[Royal Australian Air Force]]
** [[No. 2 Squadron RAAF]]
;{{ARG}}
;{{flag|Biafra}}
*[[Biafran Air Force]] operated two aircraft.
;{{BOL}}
;{{BRA}}
;{{flag|Canada|1921}}
*[[Royal Canadian Air Force]] - bomber, light transport, training aircraft, "special" mission roles
;{{China as ROC}}
;{{PRC}}
*[[People's Liberation Army Air Force]] operated captured Nationalist Chinese aircraft.
;{{CHI}}
;{{COL}}
;{{CUB}}
;{{DOM}}
;{{FRA}}
;{{IDN}}
*[[Indonesian Air Force]] received some B-25 Mitchell from Netherlands, last example retired in 1979.
;{{MEX}}
;{{NLD}}
*[[Royal Netherlands Air Force]]
** [[No. 18 (Netherlands East Indies) Squadron RAAF]]
** [[No. 119 (Netherlands East Indies) Squadron RAAF]]
** No. 320 Dutch Bomber Squadron
;{{PER}}
;{{POL}}
*[[Polish Air Forces in France and Great Britain|Polish Air Forces on exile in Great Britain]]
**[[No. 305 Polish Bomber Squadron]]
;{{flagicon|Spain|1939}} [[Spanish State]]
*[[Spanish Air Force]] former USAAF serial number 41-30338 interned in 1944 and operated between 1948-1956.<ref>[http://www.ruudleeuw.com/cuatro_vientos04.htm Cuatro Vientos - Madrid<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
;{{flag|Soviet Union|1923}}
*[[Soviet Air Force]] received a total of 866 B-25s (of types C/D/S/G/J).<ref>{{cite book |last=Hardesty |first=Von |title=Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945 |origdate=1982 |year=1991 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=0874745101 |pages=253 |chapter=Appendixes}}</ref>
;{{UK}}
*[[Royal Air Force]] received more than 900 aircraft.
** [[No. 98 Squadron RAF]]
** [[No. 180 Squadron RAF]]
** [[No. 226 Squadron RAF]]
** [[No. 342 Squadron RAF]]
** [[No. 681 Squadron RAF]]
** [[No. 684 Squadron RAF]]
;{{flag|United States|1912}}
* [[United States Army Air Force]]
* [[United States Navy]]
* [[United States Marine Corps]]
;{{URU}}
;{{VEN}}
==Survivors==
{{main|North American B-25 Survivors}}
==Specifications (B-25J)==
{{aircraft specifications
<!-- if you do not understand how to use this template, please ask at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Aircraft]] -->
|plane or copter?=plane
|jet or prop?=prop
|ref=''Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II''<ref name=jane>Bridgman 1946, p. 249–251.</ref>
|crew=six (two pilots, navigator/bombardier, turret gunner/engineer, radio operator/waist gunner, tail gunner
|length main=52 ft 11 in
|length alt=16.1 m
|span main=67 ft 6 in
|span alt=20.6 m
|height main=17 ft 7 in
|height alt=4.8 m
|area main=610 sq ft
|area alt=57 m²
|empty weight main=21,120 lb
|empty weight alt=9,580 kg
|loaded weight main=33,510 lb
|loaded weight alt=15,200 kg
|max takeoff weight main=41,800 lb
|max takeoff weight alt=19,000 kg
|engine (prop)=[[Wright R-2600]] "Cyclone"
|type of prop=[[radial engine|radials]]
|number of props=2
|power main=1,850 hp
|power alt=1,380 kW
|max speed main=275 mph
|max speed alt=239 knots, 442 km/h
|cruise speed main=230 mph
|cruise speed alt=200 knots, 370 km/h
|combat radius main=1,350 mi
|combat radius alt=1,170 nm, 2,170 km
|ferry range main=2,700 mi
|ferry range alt=2,300 nm, 4,300 km
|ceiling main=25,000 ft
|ceiling alt=7,600 m
|climb rate main=790 ft/min
|climb rate alt=4 m/s
|loading main=55 lb/sq ft
|loading alt=270 kg/m²
|power/mass main=0.110 hp/lb
|power/mass alt=182 W/kg
|guns=12× .50 in (12.7 mm) [[Browning M2|machine gun]]s
|bombs=6,000 lb (2,700 kg)
|rockets=3,000 lb (1,360 kg) bombs + eight 5-inch high velocity aircraft rockets (HVAR)
}}
==Popular culture==
The B-25 is featured in the 1961 novel ''[[Catch-22]]'' translated into the 1971 ''[[Catch-22 (film)]]'' which had a large number of B-25s in flying condition. The B-25 also had feature roles in the movies: ''[[Thirty Seconds over Tokyo]]'' (1944) (one pilot's account of the Doolittle Raid), ''[[Hanover Street (film)|Hanover Street]]'' (1979) based a fictional B-25 unit stationed in England, ''[[Forever Young (film)|Forever Young]]'' (1992), following a B-25 test pilot's story both in the past and present, and ''[[Pearl Harbor (film)|Pearl Harbor]]'' (2001) which culminates in a depiction of the Doolittle Raid.
==See also==
{{portalpar|Military of the United States|Flag of the United States.svg|65}}
{{aircontent
|related=
* [[North American XB-21]]
* [[North American XB-28]]
|similar aircraft=
* [[B-26 Marauder]]
|see also=
* [[Ivor Parry Evans]] (B-25 use near Anzio, Italy, World War II)
}}
==References==
=== Notes ===
{{reflist|2}}
=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* Bridgman, Leonard, ed. “The North American Mitchell.” ''Jane’s Fighting Aircraft of World War II''. London: Studio, 1946. ISBN 1-85170-493-0.
* Green, William. ''Famous Bombers of the Second World War''. New York: Doubleday & Company, 1975. ISBN 0-385-12467-8.
* Higham, Roy and Williams, Carol, eds. ''Flying Combat Aircraft of USAAF-USAF (Vol.1)''. Andrews AFB, Maryland: Air Force Historical Foundation, 1975. ISBN 0-8138-0325-X.
* Higham, Roy and Williams, Carol, eds. ''Flying Combat Aircraft of USAAF-USAF (Vol.2)''. Andrews AFB, Maryland: Air Force Historical Foundation, 1978. ISBN 0-8138-0375-6.
* Johnsen, Frederick A. ''North American B-25 Mitchell''. Stillwater, Minnesota: Voyageur Press, 1997. ISBN 0-933424-77-9.
* Kinzey, Bert. ''B-25 Mitchell In Detail''. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications Inc., 1999. ISBN 1-888974-13-3.
* Kit, Mister and De Cock, Jean-Pierre. ''North American B-25 Mitchell'' (in French). Paris, France: Éditions Atlas, 1980.
* McDowell, Ernest R. ''B-25 Mitchell in Action (aircraft number 34)''. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications Inc., 1978. ISBN 0-89747-033-8.
* McDowell, Ernest R. ''North American B-25A/J Mitchell (Aircam No.22)''. Canterbury, Kent, UK: Osprey Publications Ltd., 1971. ISBN 0-85045-027-6.
* Mizrahi, J.V. ''North American B-25: The Full Story of World War II's Classic Medium''. Hollywood, California: Challenge Publications Inc., 1965.
* Pace, Steve. ''Warbird History: B-25 Mitchell''. Osceola, Wisconsin: Motorbooks International, 1994. ISBN 0-87938-939-7.
* Scutts, Jerry. ''B-25 Mitchell at War''. London: Ian Allan Ltd., 1983. ISBN 0-71101219-9.
* Scutts, Jerry. ''North American B-25 Mitchell''. Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press, 2001. ISBN 1-86126-394-5.
* Swanborough, Gordon. ''North American, an Aircraft Album No. 6''. New York: ArcoPublishing Company Inc., 1973. ISBN 0-668-03318-5.
* Yenne, Bill, ''Rockwell: The Heritage of North American''. New York: Crescent Books, 1989. ISBN 0-517-67252-9.
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{commons|B-25 Mitchell}}
* [http://www.warbird-central.com/ Warbird Central - Warbird Information Website]
* [http://www.boeing.com/history/bna/b25.htm Boeing: History -- Products - North American Aviation B-25 Mitchell Bomber]
* [http://www.aerovintage.com/b25loc.htm Aero Vintage B-25 locator]
* [http://www.b25.net Site of the B-25J "Heavenly Body" - detailed B-25 historical overview, many pictures and a forum for asking questions]
* [http://www.fantasyofflight.com/aircraftpages/b25.htm Fantasy of Flight's B-25]
* [http://www.jaf.ch/jaf06f/news.php?lng=en Russell's Raiders B25 - Jet Alpine Fighter]
* [http://www.vmb-613.com VMB-613 - a marine bombing squadron that used the naval version of the B-25 known as the PBJ-1]
* [http://www.militaireluchtvaartmuseum.nl/ Militaire Luchtvaart Museum, Kamp Zeist, Soesterberg, Netherlands]
* [http://www.warbirdsunlimited.org/ Warbirds Unlimited Foundation - Mesa, AZ - operators of the last flying H-model B-25 with 75mm cannon]
{{North American Aviation aircraft}}
{{USAF bomber aircraft}}
{{USAAF reconnaissance aircraft}}
{{USAF trainer aircraft}}
{{USN patrol aircraft}}
{{aviation lists}}
[[Category:United States bomber aircraft 1930-1939]]
[[Category:North American Aviation aircraft]]
[[cs:North American B-25 Mitchell]]
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[[ja:B-25 (航空機)]]
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[[zh:B-25米切尔型轰炸机]]