Baden
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2008-07-13T11:41:13Z
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{{Infobox Former Country
|conventional_long_name = Baden
|common_name = Baden
|continent = Europe
|country = Germany
|year_start = 1112
|year_end = 1945
|event_start = [[Margrave|Margraviate]] established
|date_start = [[1112]]
|event1 = Territory fragmented³
|date_event1 = [[1190]]–[[1771]]
|event2 = Elevated to [[Prince-elector|Electorate]]
|date_event2 = [[1803]]
|event3 = [[Grand Duchy of Baden]]
|date_event3 = [[1806]]
|event4 = [[Republic of Baden]]
|date_event4 = [[14 November]] [[1918]]
|event_end = [[Allied Occupation Zones in Germany|Split among Allies]]|date_end = [[September 19]] [[1945]]
|event_post = [[Baden-Württemberg]]
|date_post = [[25 April]] [[1952]]
|p1 = Duchy of Swabia
|image_p1 = [[Image:Coat of arms of Baden-Württemberg (lesser).svg|20px|Duchy of Swabia]]
|s1 = Württemberg-Baden
|flag_s1 = Flag of Germany (2-3).svg
|s2 = South Baden
|flag_s2 = Flagge Großherzogtum Baden (1891-1918).svg
|image_flag = Flagge Großherzogtum Baden (1891-1918).svg
|flag_type = Flag of Baden (1891-1952)
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Baden.svg
|image_map = Map-DR-Baden.svg
|image_map_caption = Baden, shown within the [[German Empire]] (1871-1918)
|capital = [[Baden-Baden]] (12th C.)<br/>[[Karlsruhe]] (1715-1945)
|national_motto =
|national_anthem = ''[[Badnerlied]]''
|common_languages = ([[Alemannic German|Alemannic]]) [[German language|German]]
|religion = [[Protestantism|Protestant]], [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]]
|currency =
|government_type = various
|title_leader = [[List of rulers of Baden|Margrave]]
|leader1 = [[Herman II, Margrave of Baden|Herman II]] (first)
|year_leader1 = 1074–1130
|leader2 = [[Karl Friedrich, Grand Duke of Baden|Karl Friedrich]] (last¹)
|year_leader2 = 1771–1806
|title_representative = [[List of rulers of Baden|Grand Duke]]
|representative1 = [[Karl Friedrich, Grand Duke of Baden|Karl Friedrich]] (first¹)
|year_representative1 = 1806–1811
|representative2 = [[Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden|Friedrich II]] (last)
|year_representative2 = 1907–1918
|title_deputy = [[List of rulers of Baden|President]]²
|deputy1 = [[Anton Geiß]] (first)
|year_deputy1 = 1918-1920
|deputy2 = [[Walter Köhler]] (last)
|year_deputy2 = 1933-1945
|stat_year1 = 1803
|stat_area1 = 3400
|stat_pop1 = 210000
|stat_year2 = 1905
|stat_area2 = 15082
|stat_pop2 = 2009320
|footnotes = 1: [[Karl Friedrich, Grand Duke of Baden|Karl Friedrich]] was [[Margrave]] of [[Baden-Durlach]] from 1746–71, when he inherited [[Baden-Baden]], becoming Margrave of unified Baden. In 1803, support for [[Napoleon]] saw him raised to [[Prince-Elector|Elector]] of Baden. He joined the [[Confederation of the Rhine]] in 1806, when he was raised to [[Grand Duke]] of Baden.<br>2: The position of ''Staatsminister'' was created in 1809 for the head of government in Baden. The presidents listed here are the heads of the 1918-1945 republic.<br>3: Baden was fragmented from 1190–1503, 1515–1620 and 1622–1771, though the eras of 1415–1503, 1604-1620 and 1666–1771 saw only two active branches of the margravine house.
}}
{{otheruses}}
'''Baden''' is a historical state in the southwest of [[Germany]], on the right bank of the [[Rhine]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Baden|publisher=''Encyclopædia Britannica''|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011696/Baden#232042.hook|accessdate=2008-04-26}}</ref>.
It came into existence in the [[12th century]] as the [[Margraviate]] of Baden and subsequently split into different lines, which were unified in 1771. It became the much-enlarged [[Grand Duchy of Baden]] through the dissolution of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in 1803–06 and remained a sovereign country until it joined the [[German Empire]] in 1871, remaining a Grand Duchy until 1918 when it became part of the [[Weimar Republic]] as the [[Republic of Baden]]. Baden was bounded to the north by the Kingdom of [[Bavaria]] and the [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Grand Duchy of Hessen-Darmstadt]]; to the west and practically throughout its whole length by the River [[Rhine]], which separated it from the [[Bavaria]]n [[Rhenish Palatinate]] and [[Alsace]] in [[France|modern France]] ; to the south by [[Switzerland]], and to the east by the [[Kingdom of Württemberg]], the Principality of [[Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen]] and partly by Bavaria.
After [[World War II]] in 1945, the French military government created the state of [[South Baden|Baden]] (originally known as "South Baden") out of the southern half of the former Baden, with [[Freiburg]] as capital. This southern half of Baden was declared in its 1947 constitution to be the true successor of the old Baden. The northern half of the old Baden was combined with northern [[Württemberg]] as part of the [[USA|American]] military zone and formed the state of [[Württemberg-Baden]]. Both states became states of [[West Germany]] upon its formation in 1949.
In 1952 Baden merged with Württemberg-Baden and [[Württemberg-Hohenzollern]] (southern Württemberg and the former [[Prussia]]n [[exclave]] of [[Province of Hohenzollern|Hohenzollern]]) to form [[Baden-Württemberg]]. This is the only merger of states that has taken place in the history of the [[Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]].
The anthem of Baden is "[[Badnerlied]]" ("song of the people of Baden") and consists of usually four or five traditional verses. However, over the years, many more verses have been added - there are collections with up to 591 verses of the anthem.
==Population==
At the beginning of the 19th century, Baden was only a [[margravate]], with an area of barely 1300 sq mi (3,400 km²) and a population of 210,000. Since then, the grand duchy acquired more territory so that, by 1905, it had 5823 sq mi (15,082 km²) and its population is 2,009,320, of whom 60% are [[Roman Catholics]], 37% [[Protestant]]s, 1.5% [[Jew]]s, and the remainder of other confessions. Of the population about half may have been said, at that time, to be rural, living in communities of less than 2,000, while the density of the rest is about {{Pop density mi2 to km2|num=330|precision=0}}.
The country was divided into the following districts:
*[[Mannheim]] district had the towns [[Mannheim]] (308,000), and [[Heidelberg]] (143,000) (as of 2004)
*[[Karlsruhe]] district included [[Karlsruhe]] (283,000) and [[Pforzheim]] (119,000) (as of 2004)
*[[Freiburg im Breisgau]] district included [[Freiburg]] (212,000, as of 2004)
*[[Konstanz]] district had [[Konstanz]] (24,818 as of 1900)
The capital of the duchy was Karlsruhe, and among important towns other than the above, there are [[Rastatt]], [[Baden-Baden]], [[Bruchsal]], [[Lahr]] and [[Offenburg]]. The population is most thickly clustered in the north and near the Swiss town of [[Basel]]. The inhabitants of Baden are of various origins, those to the south of [[Murg]] being descended from the [[Alemanni]] and those to the north from the [[Franks]], while the [[Swabian Plateau]] derives its name from the adjacent German tribe ([[Schwaben]]) living in [[Württemberg]].
Due to the traditional rivalry between the populations of Baden and [[Württemberg]], there was a strong opposition in Baden (predominantly in the South) against the unification of the two initially independent ''[[States of Germany|Länder]]''. In recent years patriotism in Baden has increased again, mainly due to discontent with the politics of the government in [[Stuttgart]] (situated in Württemberg).
==Geography==
[[Image:Map of Baden (1806-1945).png|thumb|left|Baden as it stood from [[1806]] to [[1945]]:
----
{{legend|#ee9a69| '''Grand Duchy of Baden''' }}
{{legend|#99ae6a| [[County Palatine of the Rhine]] (part of [[History of Bavaria#The Kingdom|Kgdm of Bavaria]]) }}
{{legend|#b8db7c| [[Grand Duchy of Hesse]] }}
{{legend|#8e84b7| [[Province of Hohenzollern|Hohenzollern]] (part of [[Kingdom of Prussia|Kgdm of Prussia]] from [[1850]]) }}
{{legend|#fffcc8| [[History of Württemberg#The Kingdom of Württemberg (1806–1918)|Kingdom of Württemberg]] }}
----
{{legend|#c0a062| ''[[First French Empire|French Empire]] ([[Bourbon Restoration|Kingdom]] from [[1814]]–[[1848|48]], etc)'' }}
{{legend|#e3556a| ''[[Switzerland|Swiss Confederation]]'' }} ]]
The Grand Duchy had an area of {{convert|15081|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} and consisted of a considerable portion of the eastern half of the fertile [[valley]] of the [[Rhine]] and of the [[mountain]]s which form its boundary.
The mountainous part was by far the most extensive, forming, indeed, nearly 80% of the whole area. From the [[Lake of Constance]] in the south to the river [[Neckar]] in the north is a portion of the [[Black Forest]] ({{lang-de|Schwarzwald}}), which is divided by the valley of the [[Kinzig (Baden-Württemberg)|Kinzig]] into two districts of different elevation. To the south of the Kinzig the mean height is {{convert|945|m|ft|abbr=on}}), and the loftiest summit, the [[Feldberg]], reaches about {{convert|1493|m|ft|abbr=on}}, while to the north the mean height is only 640 m (2100 ft), and the [[Belchen]], the culminating point of the whole, does not exceed 1365 m (4480 ft). To the north of the Neckar is the [[Odenwald]] Range, with a mean of 439 m (1440 ft), and in the [[Katzenbuckel]], an extreme of 603 m (1980 ft). Lying between the Rhine and the [[Dreisam]] is the [[Kaiserstuhl]], an independent [[volcanic]] group, nearly 16 km in length and 8 in breadth, the highest point of which is 536 m (1760 ft).
The greater part of Baden belongs to the basin of the Rhine, which receives upwards of twenty tributaries from the highlands; the north-eastern portion of the territory is also watered by the [[Main]] and the Neckar. A part, however, of the eastern slope of the Black Forest belongs to the basin of the [[Danube]], which there takes its rise in a number of mountain streams. Among the numerous lakes which belonged to the duchy are the [[Mummelsee]], [[Wildersee]], [[Eichenersee]] and [[Schluchsee]], but none of them is of any size. The [[Lake Constance]] (''Bodensee'') belongs partly to Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria (being [[States of Germany|German federal states]]: ''Länder''), furthermore to [[Austria]] and Switzerland.
Owing to its physical configuration Baden presents great extremes of heat and cold. The Rhine valley is the warmest district in Germany, but the higher elevations of the Black Forest record the greatest degrees of cold experienced in the South. The mean temperature of the Rhine valley is approximately 10[[°C]] and that, of the high table-land, 6°C. July is the hottest and January the coldest month.
The [[mineral]] wealth of Baden was not great, but [[iron]], [[coal]], [[lead]] and [[zinc]] of excellent quality were produced, and [[silver]], [[copper]], [[gold]], [[cobalt]], [[vitriol]] and [[sulfur]] were obtained in small quantities. [[Peat]] was found in abundance, as well as [[gypsum]], china [[clay]], [[potter's earth]] and [[salt]]. The [[mineral spring]]s of Baden are still very numerous and have acquired great celebrity, those of [[Baden-Baden]], [[Badenweiler]], [[Antogast]], [[Griesbach]], [[Friersbach]] and [[Peterthal]] being the most frequented.
In the valleys the soil is particularly fertile, yielding luxuriant crops of [[wheat]], [[maize]], [[barley]], [[spelt]], [[rye]], [[bean]]s, [[potato]]es, [[flax]], [[hemp]], [[Hop (plant)|hop]]s, [[beetroot]], and [[tobacco]]; and even in the more montainous part, [[rye]], wheat and [[oat]]s are extensively cultivated. There is a considerable extent of pasture-land, and the rearing of [[cattle]], [[sheep]], [[pig]]s, and [[goat]]s is extensively practised. Of [[game]], [[deer]], [[boar]], [[snipe]] and wild [[partridge]]s are fairly abundant, while the mountain streams yield [[trout]] of excellent quality. The growing of vines increases, and the [[wine]]s, are in good demand. The [[Baden (wine region)|Baden wine region]] is Germany's third largest in terms of vineyard surface. The [[garden]]s and the [[orchard]]s supply an abundance of fruit, especially [[almond]]s and [[walnut]]s, and [[bee-keeping]] is practised throughout the country. A greater proportion of Baden than any other south German state is occupied by forests. In these the predominant trees are [[fir]] and [[pine]], but many others, such as the [[chestnut]], are well-represented. A third, at least, of the annual [[timber]] production is exported.
==Industries==
Of the area, 56.8% is cultivated and 38% is [[forest]], but the [[agricultural sector]], which before 1870 yielded the bulk of the wealth, has been superseded by industrial production. The chief manufactures are [[machinery]], [[wool]]len and [[cotton]] goods, [[silk]] ribbons, [[paper]], [[tobacco]], [[china]], [[leather]], [[glass]], [[clock]]s, [[jewelry]], and [[chemical]]s. [[Beet sugar]] is also largely manufactured, as are wooden [[wood carving|ornaments]] and [[toy]]s, [[music box]]es and [[organ (music)|organ]]s.
The [[export]]s of Baden consisted mostly of the above goods, and were considerable, but the bulk of its trade consisted of transit. The country had many [[railway]]s and roads, as well as the [[Rhine]] for transporting good vis ship. Railways were run by the state. A rail-line ran mostly parallel with the Rhine, with oblique branches from East to West.
[[Mannheim]] was the great emporium for export down the Rhine and has much river traffic. It was also the chief manufacturing town for the duchy, and an important administrative centre for the northern part of the country.
''Note that the above info describes Baden industry ca. 1910.''
==Education and religion==
The educational institutions of Baden are numerous and flourishing, and public education is entirely in the hands of the government. There are five universities, one traditionally [[Protestant]] in [[Heidelberg]], one traditionally [[Roman Catholic]] in [[Freiburg im Breisgau]], one each in [[Konstanz]] and [[Mannheim]], and a well-known technical university in [[Karlsruhe]]. The grand-duke was a Protestant; under him, the [[German Evangelical Church|Evangelical Church]] was governed by a nominated council and a [[synod]] consisting of a "prelate", 48 elected and 7 nominated lay and clerical members. The Roman Catholic [[Archbishop]] of [[Freiburg]] is [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] of the Upper Rhine.
== History ==
{{main|History of Baden, Germany}}
The Lords of Baden benefited from the break-up of [[Swabia]] and, raised to the dignity of Margrave in 1112, were able to take their place as one of the four most important dynasts in southern Germany (along with [[Habsburg]], [[Wittelsbach]] and [[Württemberg]]). Baden was fragmented from 1190–1503, 1515–1620 and 1622–1771, though the eras of 1415–1503, 1604–20 and 1666–1771 saw only two active branches each.
After 1771 the only surviving branch retained full authority and in return for compliance with Napoleon, was raised to Electoral dignity in 1803, and then Grand Ducal status in 1806.
== Notable people ==
*[[Karl Benz]], ''[[inventor]] of the [[gasoline]]-powered [[automobile]]''
*[[Karl Drais]], ''[[inventor]] of [[velocipede]], [[draisine]], [[typewriter]] and [[stenograph]] machine''
*[[Friedrich Ebert]], ''first [[President of Germany]] during the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar period]]''
*[[Franz Joseph Gall]], ''[[neuroanatomist]] and [[physiologist]]''
*[[Kaspar Hauser]], ''[[Child abandonment|mysterious foundling]]''
*[[Friedrich Hecker]], ''[[Revolutions of 1848 in the German states|revolutionary]]''
*[[Oliver Kahn]], ''[[Football (soccer)|Football]] [[goalkeeper]] in the [[Germany national football team|German national team]]''
*[[Berthold Schwarz]], ''[[Alchemy|alchemist]], [[inventor]] of [[gunpowder]]''
*[[Franz Sigel]], ''[[Revolutions of 1848 in the German states|revolutionary]], [[Union Army|Union]] [[general]] in the [[American Civil War]]''
*[[Felix Wankel]], ''[[inventor]] of the [[Wankel engine]]''
:''See also [[Rulers of Baden]].''
==See also==
* [[Former countries in Europe after 1815]]
* [[Rulers of Baden]]
== Further reading ==
=== Publications in English ===
* Linda Herrick & Wendy Uncapher, ''Baden: Atlantic Bridge to Germany'', Origins, Janesville, WI, 2004.
==References==
{{Nofootnotes|date=April 2008}}
{{reflist}}
* {{1911}}
* ''Das Grossherzogtum Baden in geographischer ... Hinsicht dargestellt'' (Karlsruhe, 1885);
* Wielandt, ''Des Staatsrecht des Grossherzogtums Baden'' (Freiburg, 1895);
* F. von Weech ''Badische Geschichte'' (Karlsruhe, 1890);
* op. cit. ''Die Zahringer in Baden'' (Karlsruhe, 1881);
* ''Baden unter den Grossherzogen Karl Friedrich. Karl Ludwig'' (Freiburg, 1863);
* op. cit. ''Geschichte der badischen Verfassung'' (Karlsruhe, I868);
* op. cit, ''Baden in den Jahren 1852 bis 1877'' (Karlsruhe, 1877);
* [[Karl Friedrich Nebenius]] and [[Friedrich von Weech]], ''Karl Friedrich von Baden'' (Karlsruhe, 1868);
* L. H. Häusser, ''Denkwuerdigkeiten zur Geschichte der badischen Revolution'' (Heidelberg, 1851);
* L. Muller, ''Badische Landgeschichte'' (Berlin, 1899-1902);
* E. von Chrismar, ''Genealogie des Gesamthauses Baden 16. Jahrhundert bis heute'' (Gotha, 1892);
* E. H. Meyer, ''Badische Volksleben im 19. Jahrhundert'' (Strassbourg, 1900);
* F. J. Mone, ''Quellensammlng zur badischen Landesgeschichte'' (Karlsruhe, 1848-1867);
* ''Badische Biographien'', Ed. F. von Weech, (Karlsruhe, 1875-1891)
==External links==
*[http://www.badische-seiten.de/baden/ Badnerland]
*[http://www.baden-wuerttemberg.de Baden-Württemberg]
*[http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~slieble2/badnerland2000/badnerlied/badnerlied.html 80 verses of the Badnerlied]
{{Swabian League}}
{{Swabian Circle}}
{{States of the Confederation of the Rhine}}
{{States of the German Confederation}}
{{States of the German Empire}}
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