Baldwin V of Jerusalem 144686 213265846 2008-05-18T16:07:17Z TXiKiBoT 3171782 robot Adding: [[hu:V. Balduin jeruzsálemi király]] [[Image:BaldwinIVdeath-BaldwinVcrowned.jpg|frame|Top: Baldwin IV on his sickbed; Bottom: Baldwin V crowned. (From MS of William of Tyre's ''Historia'' and ''Old French Continuation'', painted in Acre, 13C. ''Bib. Nat. Française''.)]] '''Baldwin V of Jerusalem''' ('''Baldwin of Montferrat''', also known as '''Baudouinet''') ([[1177]] – [[1186]]) was the son of [[Sibylla of Jerusalem]] and her first husband, [[William of Montferrat, count of Jaffa and Ascalon|William of Montferrat]]. He was crowned co-[[Kingdom of Jerusalem|King of Jerusalem]] with his uncle, [[Baldwin IV of Jerusalem|Baldwin IV]] in [[1183]], and once his uncle died, became the nominal king from [[1185]] to 1186, under the regency of Count [[Raymond III of Tripoli]]. ==Baldwin V and the political factions== Baldwin, born a few months after his father's death, was little more than a pawn in the politics of the Kingdom. By the time he was born, the political situation had developed into two factions. Baldwin IV was dying slowly of [[leprosy]], and the succession was likely to be contested between his older sister Sibylla and their younger half-sister [[Isabella of Jerusalem|Isabella]]. Their extended family and leading nobles were divided in support for the two heiresses. Raymond III, first cousin of their father [[Amalric I of Jerusalem]], had been ''bailli'' or regent for Baldwin IV while the latter was a child, but once the king came of age in [[1176]] his power began to recede. He had a claim to the throne in his own right, but his childlessness hindered him advancing it. Instead, he acted as a power-broker, and aided the interests of the [[Ibelin]] family. Amalric's widow (Isabella's mother) [[Maria Comnena, Queen consort of Jerusalem|Maria Comnena]] had married [[Balian of Ibelin]], and Raymond attempted to regain influence with a project to marry Sibylla to Balian's older brother [[Baldwin of Ibelin]]. However, the king countered this by marrying her to [[Guy of Lusignan]] instead in [[1180]]. Guy, as a vassal of the [[Angevin]]s, from [[Poitou]], had the potential to attract aid from Baldwin IV's cousin [[Henry II of England]] to the kingdom. The other faction, more supportive of Sibylla, centred around her maternal uncle [[Joscelin III of Edessa]] and mother [[Agnes of Courtenay]], now the wife of [[Reginald of Sidon]]. Allied to them was [[Raynald of Chatillon]], who had been in the country since the [[Second Crusade]] and was the widower of [[Amalric I of Jerusalem|Amalric I]]'s cousin [[Constance of Antioch]]. [[Amalric II of Jerusalem|Amalric of Lusignan]], although a son-in-law of Baldwin of Ibelin, had been won over by the patronage of Agnes and the king, and had brought his younger brother Guy to prominence. [[Eraclius of Jerusalem|Eraclius]], appointed [[Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem]] in 1180, has sometimes been associated with this group, but also attempted to make peace between the shifting factions. ==Baldwin as co-king of Jerusalem== As Baldwin IV became increasingly incapacitated by his leprosy, Guy was appointed ''bailli'' of the kingdom. Along with Raynald of Chatillon, he provoked [[Saladin]], sultan of [[Egypt]] and [[Syria]], with raids on Muslim [[Caravan (travellers)|caravan]]s. However, in 1183, when Saladin invaded the kingdom, Guy hesitated to respond and was considered a weak commander. Baldwin IV deposed Guy and took back power to himself, although he was by now blind and bed-ridden. For the next few months he attempted unsuccessfully to have Sibylla's marriage to Guy annulled. Raymond III was invited back, and the ''[[Haute Cour of Jerusalem|Haute Cour]]'' was summoned to decide on Baldwin IV's successor. His legal heir was his sister, Sibylla, but it was decided that her son Baldwin of Montferrat would inherit the kingdom, preceding Sibylla's claim. Baldwin V, aged 5, was crowned co-king. The succession crisis also prompted a mission to the west to seek assistance: in 1184, Patriarch Eraclius, along with [[Roger de Moulins]], [[Grand Master (order)|Grand Master]] of the [[Knights Hospitaller]], and [[Arnaud de Toroge]], Grand Master of the [[Knights Templar]], travelled throughout the courts of Europe. Eraclius offered the kingship to both [[Philip II of France]] and [[Henry II of England]]: the former was the son of [[Louis VII of France|Louis VII]], a first cousin of Baldwin V's father; the latter was a first cousin of Baldwin IV and Sibylla, and had promised to go on crusade after the murder of [[Thomas Becket]]. However, no help was forthcoming from them. Some family support did arrive in the form of Baldwin V's paternal grandfather, [[William V of Montferrat|William V]] ("the Elder"), [[Marquess of Montferrat]], who established himself in the castle of St Elias. At around the same time, in the latter part of [[1184]], Baldwin's maternal grandmother, Agnes of Courtenay, died at [[Akka|Acre]]. ==Baldwin as sole monarch== Baldwin IV finally succumbed to his leprosy in spring [[1185]]. Shortly before his death, he ordered an official public crown-wearing for his nephew at the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] (since the little boy had already been crowned). Baldwin V was carried on the shoulders of [[Balian of Ibelin]], not only because Balian was particularly tall, but also to demonstrate that his aunt Isabella's family supported his accession. Baldwin V was now sole king, but being still a minor, Raymond III was his ''bailli'', and his great-uncle Joscelin III of Edessa his personal guardian. [[Image:Baldwin V of Jerusalem tomb.jpg|frame|18C drawing of Baldwin V's tomb in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, by Elzear Horn. ([[Vatican Library]])]] Baldwin's reign lasted just over a year, and he died in the summer of 1186, at Acre. His grandfather William and great-uncle Joscelin accompanied his coffin to [[Jerusalem]]. He was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in an elaborately carved tomb-chest, which was mostly destroyed in the early 19C. However, fragments of it have been identified by Zehava Jacoby in the possession of the [[Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem|Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem]]. It had been agreed that, should Baldwin V die as a child, the kingdom could be claimed either by his mother Sibylla or his aunt [[Isabella of Jerusalem|Isabella]], the only surviving children of his grandfather [[Amalric I of Jerusalem|Amalric I]]. The succession would be determined by a council consisting of Baldwin's kinsmen, the Kings of England and France, the [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor]], and the [[Pope]]: in the meantime, his "most rightful heir" would act as ''bailli''. This agreement was completely ignored once Baldwin was dead, although it was later invoked by his paternal uncle [[Conrad of Montferrat|Conrad]] (his nearest male relative) in his challenge to Guy's kingship after the [[Battle of Hattin]]. ==Consequences of Baldwin's death== Instead of attending the funeral, the ''bailli'' Raymond of Tripoli called an assembly of his supporters at [[Nablus]], the headquarters of the Ibelin family. This suggests that he was already aiming to advance the claim of Isabella (Balian of Ibelin's stepdaughter) and challenge Sibylla. Sibylla's succession was made conditional on the annulment of her marriage to Guy. (A similar condition had been imposed on her father, who had been forced to divorce her mother.) She was to be given a free choice of a new husband. However, no annulment took place. At her coronation, when Patriarch Eraclius asked her to summon her new consort, she brought Guy forward to be crowned. Raymond III and the nobles then attempted to stage a [[coup]] in order to place Isabella on the throne with her husband [[Humphrey IV of Toron]]. Humphrey, however, backed down (he was stepson of Guy's ally [[Raynald of Chatillon]]), and swore fealty to Sibylla and Guy. Raymond III, disgusted, returned home to Tripoli, and Baldwin of Ibelin went into self-imposed exile from the kingdom. Sibylla and Guy's rule proved to be disastrous, and the kingdom was nearly wiped out by [[Saladin]] after the [[Battle of Hattin]] in 1187. Baldwin V's paternal uncle, Conrad of Montferrat, saved [[Tyre (Lebanon)|Tyre]] and carried forward the Montferrat claim to the throne, reinforced by his marriage to Isabella. ==Baldwin V in fiction== Baldwin appears as a minor character in several novels, notably [[Zofia Kossak-Szczucka]]'s ''Król trędowaty'' (''The Leper King''), [[Graham Shelby]]'s ''The Knights of Dark Renown'', and [[Cecelia Holland]]'s ''Jerusalem'', as a sickly small child. Depending on the authors' depictions of Sibylla, he is variously shown as spoilt or neglected. He features in the Director's Cut of the [[2005 in film|2005 movie]] ''[[Kingdom of Heaven (movie)|Kingdom of Heaven]]'', but was edited out of the theatrical release. In the Director's Cut he is depicted as having leprosy, like his uncle Baldwin IV. His death in the film is attributed to poisoning at the hands of his mother, shown as a [[Euthanasia|merciful way to spare him his uncle's sufferings]]. There is no evidence for his having leprosy (which is neither hereditary nor easy to catch), nor for his mother killing him. == Sources == *''De Expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum'', translated by James A. Brundage, in ''The Crusades: A Documentary Survey'' (Marquette University Press, 1962). *M. R. Morgan (ed.), ''La Continuation de Guillaume de Tyr (1184-1197)'', (Paris, 1982), trans. by Peter W. Edbury as ''The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade: Sources in Translation'' (Ashgate, 1998). *Helen J. Nicholson (trans.), ''Chronicle of the Third Crusade, a Translation of "Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi"'' (Ashgate, 1997). *[[William of Tyre]], ''A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea''. E. A. Babcock and A. C. Krey, trans. ([[Columbia University Press]], 1943). *Bernard Hamilton, "Women in the Crusader States: The Queens of Jerusalem", in ''Medieval Women'', edited by Derek Baker. Ecclesiastical History Society, 1978 *Bernard Hamilton, ''The Leper King and his Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem'' ([[Cambridge University Press]], 2000). *Zehava Jacoby, “The Tomb of Baldwin V, King of Jerusalem (1185-1186) and the Workshop of the Temple Area”, in ''Gesta'', 18 (1979), pp. 3-14. *[[Steven Runciman]], ''A History of the Crusades, vol. II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem'' (Cambridge University Press, 1952). *Leopoldo Usseglio, ''I Marchesi di Monferrato in Italia ed in Oriente durante i secoli XII e XIII'' (Casale Monferrato, 1926) {{start box}} {{succession box | title=[[King of Jerusalem]] | before=[[Baldwin IV of Jerusalem|Baldwin IV]] | after=[[Sibylla of Jerusalem|Sibylla]] and [[Guy of Lusignan|Guy]] | years=1185–1186}} {{end box}} [[Category:1177 births]] [[Category:1186 deaths]] [[Category:Kings of Jerusalem]] [[Category:Rulers who died as children]] [[Category:Medieval child rulers]] [[cs:Balduin V. Jeruzalémský]] [[de:Balduin V. (Jerusalem)]] [[el:Βαλδουίνος Ε' της Ιερουσαλήμ]] [[es:Balduino V de Jerusalén]] [[fr:Baudouin V de Jérusalem]] [[ko:예루살렘의 보두앵 5세]] [[it:Baldovino V di Gerusalemme]] [[hu:V. Balduin jeruzsálemi király]] [[nl:Boudewijn V van Jeruzalem]] [[pl:Baldwin V (król Jerozolimy)]] [[pt:Balduíno V de Jerusalém]] [[ru:Балдуин V Иерусалимский]] [[zh:鲍德温五世 (耶路撒冷)]]