Bali
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{{Otheruses1|the Indonesian island}}
{{Infobox Provinces of Indonesia
| name = Bali
| country=Indonesia
| logo=[[Image:Bali emblem.jpg|100px]]
| motto =Bali Dwipa Jaya<br />("Glorious Bali Island")
| capital=[[Denpasar]]
| population=3150000
| population_as_of=2000
| area_in_km2= 5632.86
| Time=[[UTC+8]]
| ethnicity = [[Balinese people|Balinese]] (89%), [[Javanese people|Javanese]] (7%), [[Baliaga]] (1%), [[Madurese]] (1%)<ref>{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
| title =Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape
| date =
| year =2004
| url =
| accessdate = }}</ref>
| religion = [[Hindu]] (93.18%), [[Muslim]] (4.79%), [[Christian]] (1.38%), [[Buddhist]] (0.64%)
| language = [[Bahasa Indonesia|Indonesian]] (''official''), [[Balinese language|Balinese]]
| governor= [[Dewa Made Beratha]]
| site= [http://www.baliprov.go.id www.baliprov.go.id]
| map=[[Image:IndonesiaBali.png|300px|Map showing Bali within Indonesia]]
}}
'''Bali''' is an [[Indonesia]]n [[island]] located at {{coor at dms|8|25|23|S|115|14|55|E|region:ID-BA_type:state}}, the western most of the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], lying between [[Java (island)|Java]] to the west and [[Lombok]] to the east. It is one of the country's 33 [[Provinces of Indonesia|provinces]] with the provincial capital at [[Denpasar]] towards the south of the island.
With a population recorded as 3,151,000 in 2005, the island is home to the vast majority of Indonesia's small [[Hindu]] minority. 93.18% of Bali's population adheres to [[Balinese Hinduism]], while most of the remainder follow Islam. It is also the largest [[tourism|tourist]] destination in the country and is renowned for its highly developed arts, including dance, sculpture, painting, leather, [[metalworking]] and [[Balinese music|music]].
==History==
[[Image:Bali-Ubud 0704a.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Temple offering in predominantly Hindu Bali island.]]
Bali was inhabited by [[Austronesian peoples]] by about 2,000 BCE who migrated originally from [[Taiwan]] through [[Maritime Southeast Asia]].<ref>Taylor (2003), pp. 5, 7; Hinzler (1995)</ref> Culturally and linguistically, the Balinese are thus closely related to the peoples of the Indonesian archipelago, the Philippines, and Oceania.<ref>Hinzler (1995)</ref> Stone tools dating from this time have been found near the village of Cekik in the island's west.<ref>Taylor (2003), p. 12; Lonely Planet (1999), p. 15.</ref>
Balinese culture was strongly influenced by Indian, and particularly [[Hindu]] culture, in a process beginning around the 1st century AD. The name [[Balidwipa]] has been discovered from various inscriptions, including the [[Blanjong]] charter issued by [[Sri Kesari Warmadewa]] in 913 AD and mentioning [[Walidwipa]]. It was during this time that the complex irrigation system ''[[Subak (irrigation)|subak]]'' was developed to grow rice. Some religious and cultural traditions still in existence today can be traced back to this period. The Hindu [[Majapahit Empire]] (1293–1520 AD) on eastern [[Java (island)|Java]] founded a Balinese [[colony]] in 1343. When the empire declined, there was an exodus of intellectuals, artists, priests and musicians from Java to Bali in the 15th century.
The first [[European ethnic groups|European]] contact with Bali is thought to have been made by [[Netherlands|Dutch]] explorer [[Cornelis de Houtman]] who arrived in 1597, though a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] ship had foundered off the [[Bukit Peninsula]] as early as 1585.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Dutch colonial control was expanded across the Indonesian archipelago in the nineteenth century (see [[Dutch East Indies]]). Their political and economic control over Bali began in the 1840s on the island's north coast by playing various distrustful Balinese realms against each other.<ref name = "ctpqur">Vickers (1995)</ref> In the late 1890s, struggles between Balinese kingdoms in the island's south were exploited by the Dutch to increase their control. The Dutch mounted large naval and ground assaults at the Sanur region in 1906 and were met by the thousands of members of the royal family and their followers who marched to certain death against superior Dutch force in a suicidal ''puputan'' defensive assault rather than face the humiliation of surrender.<ref name = "ctpqur"/> Despite Dutch demands for surrender, an estimated 4,000 Balinese marched to their death against the invaders. In 1908, a similar massacre occurred in the face of a Dutch assault in [[Klungkung]]. Afterwards the Dutch governors were able to exercise little influence over the island, and local control over religion and culture generally remained intact.
Dutch rule over Bali had come later and was never as well established as in other parts of Indonesia such as Java and [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]]. [[Imperial Japan]] occupied Bali during [[World War II]] during which time a Balinese military officer, Gusti Ngurah Rai, formed a Balinese 'freedom army'. In the 1930s, anthropologists [[Margaret Mead]] and [[Gregory Bateson]], and artists [[Miguel Covarrubias]] and [[Walter Spies]], and musicologist [[Colin McPhee]] created a western image of Bali as "an enchanted land of aesthetes at peace with themselves and nature", and western tourism first developed on the island.<ref>Friend (2003), p. 111.</ref> Following Japan's Pacific surrender in August 1945, the Dutch promptly returned to Indonesia, including Bali, immediately to reinstate their pre-war colonial administration. This was resisted by the Balinese rebels now using Japanese weapons. On [[20 November]] [[1946]], the [[Battle of Marga]] was fought in Tabanan in central Bali. Colonel I Gusti Ngurah Rai, 29 years old, finally rallied his forces in east Bali at Marga Rana, where they made a [[suicide attack]] on the heavily armed Dutch. The Balinese battalion was entirely wiped out, breaking the last thread of Balinese military resistance. In 1946 the Dutch constituted Bali as one of the 13 administrative districts of the newly-proclaimed [[Republic of East Indonesia]], a rival state to the Republic of Indonesia which was proclaimed and headed by [[Sukarno]] and [[Mohammad Hatta|Hatta]]. Bali was included in the "Republic of the United States of Indonesia" when the Netherlands recognised Indonesian independence on [[29 December]] [[1949]].
The 1963 eruption of [[Mount Agung]] killed thousands, created economic havoc and forced many displaced Balinese to be [[Transmigration program|''transmigrated'']] to other parts of Indonesia. Mirroring the widening of social divisions across Indonesia in the 1950s and early 1960s, Bali saw conflict between supporters of the traditional [[caste system]], and those rejecting these traditional values. Politically, this was represented by opposing supporters of the [[Indonesian Communist Party]] (PKI) and the [[Indonesian Nationalist Party]] (PNI), with tensions and ill-feeling further increased by the PKI's land reform programs.<ref name = "ctpqur"/> [[30 September Movement|An attempted coup]] in Jakarta was put down by forces led by General Suharto. The army became the dominant power as it instigated [[Indonesian killings of 1965–66|a violent anti-communist purge]], in which the army blamed the PKI for the coup. Most estimates suggest that at least 500,000 people were killed across Indonesia, with an estimated 80,000 killed in Bali, equivalent to 5 per cent of the island's population.<ref>Friend (2003), p. 111; Ricklefs (1991), p. 289; Vickers (1995)</ref> With no Islamic forces involved as in Java and Sumatra, upper-caste PNI landlords lead the extermination of PKI members.<ref>Ricklefs, p. 289.</ref>
[[Image:Bali kuta blast monument ag1.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[2002 Bali bombings|Bali blast monument]].]]
As a result of the 1965/66 upheavals, Suharto was able to manoeuvre Sukarno [[Transition to the New Order|out of the presidency]], and his [[New Order (Indonesia)|"New Order"]] government reestablished relations with western countries. The Bali as a tourist paradise which was instigated during the pre World War II colonial time was revised in a modern form, and the resulting large growth in tourism has led to Balinese standards of living rise dramatically and significant foreign exchange earned for the country.<ref name = "ctpqur"/> [[2002 Bali bombings|A bombing in 2002]] by militant [[Islamist]]s in the tourist area of [[Kuta]] killed 202 people, mostly foreigners. This attack, and [[2005 Bali bombings|another in 2005]], severely affected tourism, bringing much economic hardship to the island.
==Geography==
''See also [[List of bodies of water in Bali]] and [[List of mountains in Bali]].''
[[Image:Bali Labeled.png|thumb|right|Topography of the island]]
The island of Bali lies 3.2 km (2 mi) east of Java, and is approximately 8 degrees south of the [[equator]]. East to west, the island is approximately 153 km (95 mi) wide and is approximately 112 km (69 mi) north to south; it's land area is [[1 E9 m²|5,632 km²]]. The highest point is [[Mount Agung]] at 3,142 m (10,308 feet) high, an active [[volcano]] that last erupted in March [[1963]]. Mountains cover centre to the eastern side, with Mount Agung the easternmost peak. [[Mount Batur]] (1,717 m) is also still active, an eruption 30,000 years was one of the largest known volcanic events on [[Earth]].{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
In the south the land descends to form an [[alluvial plain]], watered by shallow, north-south flowing rivers, drier in the [[dry season]] and overflowing during periods of heavy rain. The longest of these rivers, Sungai Ayung, is also the longest on the island (approx. 75 km).
The principal cities are the northern port of [[Singaraja]], the former colonial capital of Bali, and the present provincial capital and largest city, [[Denpasar]], near the southern coast. The town of [[Ubud]] (north of Denpasar), with its art market, [[museum]]s and galleries, is arguably the cultural centre of Bali.
[[Image:Agung.png|thumb|Southern Bali in the foreground and [[Mount Agung]] behind|left]]
There are major coastal roads and those that cross the island mainly north-south. Due to the mountainous terrain in the island's center, the roads tend to follow the crests of the ridges across the mountains. There are no railway lines.
The island is surrounded by [[coral reefs]]. [[Beach]]es in the south tend to have white sand while those in the north and west have [[black sand]]. The beach town of [[Padangbai]] in the south east has both{{Fact|date=May 2008}}. The Ho River is navigable by small ''[[sampan]]'' boats. Black sand beaches between Pasut and Klatingdukuh are being developed for tourism, but apart from the seaside temple of [[Tanah Lot]].
To the east, the [[Lombok Strait]] separates Bali from [[Lombok]] and marks the [[Biogeography|biogeographical]] division between the fauna of the [[Indomalaya]]n [[ecozone]] and the distinctly different fauna of [[Australasia]]. The transition is known as the [[Wallace Line]], named after [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], who first proposed transition zone between these two major [[biome]]s. When sea levels dropped during the [[Pleistocene]] [[ice age]], Bali was connected to [[Java (island)|Java]] and [[Sumatra]] and to the mainland of Asia and shared the Asian fauna, but the deep water of the Lombok Strait continued to keep Lombok and the [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Lesser Sunda archipelago]] isolated.
==Ecology==
{{Unreferencedsection|date=October 2007}}
[[Image:bali.starling.arp.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Bali Starling]] lives only on Bali. As few as six may exist in the wild]]
Bali has around 280 species of birds, including the [[critically endangered]] [[Bali Starling]]. The only endemic mammal of the island, the [[Bali tiger]], became [[extinct]] in the 1930s.
The [[Bali Barat National Park]], located on the north western side of the island, is a refuge for wildlife such as the [[pangolin]], [[Indian muntjac| common muntjac]], [[chevrotain]], [[leopard cat]], [[Black Giant Squirrel| black giant squirrel]], [[macaque]] and [[leaf monkey]].
==Administrative divisions==
The province is divided into 8 [[Regencies of Indonesia|regencies]] (''kabupaten'') and 1 [[Cities of Indonesia|city]] (''kota''):
*[[Badung]]
*[[Bangli]]
*[[Buleleng]]
*[[Denpasar]] (city)
*[[Gianyar]]
*[[Jembrana]]
*[[Karangasem]]
*[[Klungkung]]
*[[Tabanan]]
==Economy==
[[Image:Bali Rice Terrace.JPG|thumb|Rice terraces near Ubud; until the late-twentieth century tourist boom, agriculture dominated Bali's economy]]
Three decades ago, the Balinese economy was largely agriculture-based in terms of both output and employment. Tourism is now the largest single industry; and as a result, Bali is one of Indonesia’s wealthiest regions. The economy, however, has suffered significantly as a result of the terrorist bombings [[2002 Bali bombing|of 2002]] and [[2005 Bali bombing|2005]].
Although in terms of output, tourism is the economy’s largest industry, agriculture is still the island’s biggest employer {{Fact|date=February 2007}}, most notably [[rice]] cultivation. Crops grown in smaller amounts include fruit, vegetables and other [[cash crop|cash]] and subsistence crops.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} A significant number of Balinese are also fishermen. Bali is also famous for its [[artisan]]s who produce [[batik]] and [[ikat]] cloth and clothing, [[Woodworking|wooden carvings]], stone carvings and silverware.
Although significant tourism exists in the north, centre and east of the island, the tourist industry is overwhelmingly focused in the south. The main tourist locations are the town of [[Kuta]] (with its beach), and its outer suburbs (which were once independent townships) of Legian and [[Seminyak]], [[Sanur(Bali)|Sanur]], [[Jimbaran]], [[Ubud]], and the newer development of [[Nusa Dua]]. The [[Ngurah Rai Airport|Ngurah Rai International Airport]] is located near Jimbaran, on the [[isthmus]] joining the southernmost part of the island to the main part of the island. Another increasingly important source of income for Bali is what is called "Congress Tourism" from the frequent international conferences held on the island, especially after the terrorist bombings of [[2002]]; ostensibly to resurrect Bali's damaged tourism industry as well as its tarnished image.
Bali's tourism brand is ''Bali Shanti Shanti Shanti''.<ref>Kompas ('''Indonesian''') http://www.kompas.com/ver1/Nusantara/0711/29/210534.htm</ref> Where Shanti derived from Sanskrit "Çantih" meaning peace.
==Demographics==
The population of Bali is 3,151,000 ([[as of 2005]]).
===Religion===
[[Image:Mother Temple of Besakih.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Mother Temple of Besakih]] one of Bali's most significant [[Hindu]] temples.]]
Unlike most of [[Islam|Muslim]]-majority Indonesia, about 93.18% of Bali's population adheres to [[Balinese Hinduism]], formed as a combination of existing [[Balinese mythology|local beliefs]] and [[Hindu]] influences from mainland [[Southeast Asia]] and [[South Asia]]. Minority religions include [[Islam]] (4.79%), [[Christianity]] (1.38%), and [[Buddhism]] (0.64%). These figures do not include immigrants from other parts of Indonesia.
Bali consists of about three million people, nearly all of whom practice the Balinese Hindu religion, a heterogeneous amalgam in which gods and demigods are worshipped together with Buddhist heroes, with the spirits of ancestors and with indigenous deities associated with agriculture and with places considered sacred. Religion as it is practiced in Bali is a composite belief system that embraces not only theology, philosophy, and mythology, but ancestor worship, animism and magic. It is supposed to pervade every aspect of traditional life.
Bali Hinduism, which has roots in Indian Hinduism and in Buddhism, adopted the animistic traditions of the indigenous people, which inhabited the island around the first millennium BCE. This influence strengthened the belief that the gods and goddesses are present in all things. Every element of nature, therefore, possesses its own power, which reflects the power of the gods. A rock, tree, dagger, or woven cloth is a potential home for spirits whose energy can be directed for good or evil. Balinese Hinduism is deeply interwoven with art and ritual, and is less closely preoccupied with scripture, law, and belief than Islam in Indonesia. Ritualizing states of self-control are a notable feature of religious expression among the people, who for this reason have become famous for their graceful and decorous behavior.<ref>Slattum, J. (2003) ''Balinese Masks: Spirits of an Ancient Drama. Indonesia, Asia Pacific, Japan, North America, Latin America and Europe'' Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd</ref>
===Language===
[[Balinese language|Balinese]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] are the most widely spoken [[language]]s in Bali, and like most Indonesians, the vast majority of Balinese people are [[bilingual]] or [[trilingual]]. There are several indigenous Balinese languages, but most Balinese can also use the most widely spoken option: modern common Balinese. The usage of different Balinese languages was traditionally determined by the [[Balinese caste system]] and by clan membership, but this tradition is diminishing.
[[English language|English]] is a common third language (and the primary foreign language) of many Balinese, owing to the requirements of the large [[tourism industry]]. Staff working in Bali's tourist centres are often, by necessity, [[multilingual]] to some degree, speaking as many as 8 or 9 different languages to an often surprising level of competence.
==Culture==
[[Image:Ogoh-Ogoh---how-the-Balinese-see-the-tourist-girls.jpeg|thumb|[[Ogoh-ogoh]] monster in [[Ubud]]]]
Bali is renowned for its diverse and sophisticated art forms, such as painting, sculpture, woodcarving, handcrafts, and performing arts. Balinese percussion orchestra music, known as ''[[gamelan]]'', is highly developed and varied. Balinese dances portray stories from Hindu epics such as the [[Ramayana]] but with heavy Balinese influence. Famous Balinese dances include ''[[pendet]]'', ''[[legong]]'', ''[[baris (dance)|baris]]'', ''[[topeng]]'', ''[[barong (mythology)|barong]]'', and ''[[kecak]]'' (the monkey dance).
The Hindu New Year, ''[[Nyepi]]'', is celebrated in the spring by a day of silence. On this day everyone stays at home and tourists are encouraged to remain in their hotels. On the preceding day large, colorful sculptures of ''ogoh-ogoh'' monsters are paraded and finally burned in the evening to drive away evil spirits. Other festivals throughout the year are specified by the Balinese ''[[pawukon]]'' [[calendar|calendrical]] system.
National education programs, mass media and tourism continue to change Balinese culture. Immigration from other parts of Indonesia, especially Java, is changing the ethnic composition of Bali's population.
The Balinese eat with their right hand, as the left is impure, a common belief throughout Indonesia. The Balinese do not hand or receive things with their left hand and would not wave at anyone with their left hand.
==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:DewiSri.jpg | Statue of rice goddess [[Dewi Shri|Dewi Sri]] — [[Ubud]], Bali.
Image:Jan30244.JPG | Young Balinese dancers perform the ‘’Legong Keraton’’, created in the 18th century and based on a 13th century legend of the King of Lasem.
Image:Bali 0701a.jpg|The Balinese are renowned for their sculpting.
</gallery>
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==References==
*[[Miguel Covarrubias]], ''Island of Bali'', 1946. ISBN 962-593-060-4
*{{cite book |last=Friend |first=T. |title=Indonesian Destinies |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01137-6}}
*{{cite book | last = Greenway | first = Paul | authorlink = | coauthors = Lyon, James. Wheeler, Tony | title = Bali and Lombok | publisher = Lonely Planet | date = 1999 | location = Melbourne | isbn = ISBN-0-86442-606-2}}
*Hinzler, Heidi (1995) ''Artifacts and Early Foreign Influences''. From {{cite book
| last = Oey | first = Eric (Editor) | title = Bali | publisher = Periplus Editions | date = 1995 | location = Singapore | pages = pp. 24-25 | isbn = 962-593-028-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=M. C. |title=A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300, Second Edition |publisher=MacMillan |year=1991 |isbn=0-333-57689-X}}
*{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Jean Gelman |title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2003 |location= New Haven and London |isbn=0-300-10518-5}}
*Vickers, Adrian (1995), From {{cite book
| last = Oey | first = Eric (Editor) | title = Bali | publisher = Periplus Editions | date = 1995 | location = Singapore | pages = pp. 26-35 | isbn = 962-593-028-0}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last = Copeland| first = Jonathan in consultation with Ni Wayan Murni | coauthors = | title = Secrets of Bali, Fresh Light on the Morning of the World | publisher = Gateway Books International | date = 2008 | location = Jakarta | pages = | id = }}
* {{cite book | last = Grant| first = Gaia | coauthors = | title = A Patch of Paradise: A Women's Search for a Real Life on Bali | publisher = Bantam Books | date = 2002 | location = Sydney | pages = | id = ISBN 1-86325-360-2 }}
* {{cite book
| last = Helmi | first = Rio | authorlink = | coauthors = Walker, Barbara | title = Bali Style
| publisher = Times Editions Pte Ltd | date = 1995 | location = London | pages = | url = | doi = | id = ISBN 0-500-23714-X }}
* {{cite book|last=Lansing|first=J. Stephen|title=Perfect Order: Recognizing Complexity in Bali (Princeton Studies in Complexity) |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=1983| location = Princeton, NJ |id=ISBN 0691027277}}
* {{cite book|last=Lansing|first=J. Stephen|title=The Three Worlds of Bali |publisher=Praeger Publishers |date=1983|id=ISBN 003063816X}}
* {{cite book|last=McPhee|first=Colin|title=A House in Bali|publisher=Periplus Editions, Singapore, 2000 (first published in 1947 by Victor Gollancz Ltd., London)|date=2003|id=ISBN 0-7864-1572-X}}
* {{cite book|last=Shavit|first=David|title=Bali and the tourist industry: a history, 1906-1942|publisher=Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co|date=2003|id=ISBN 962-593-629-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Vaasmmiuyttredhft[114586632000254545]ickers|first=Adrian|title=Travelling to Bali: Four Hundred Years of Journeys|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=1994|id=ISBN 967-65-3081-6}}
* {{cite book | last = Whitten | first = T | coauthors = Soeriaatmadja, R. E., Suraya A. A. | title = The Ecology of Java and Bali | publisher = Periplus Editions Ltd | date = 1996 | location = Hong Kong | pages = | id = }}
* {{cite book|last=Wijaya|first=M.|title=Architecture of Bali: A source book of traditional and modern forms| date=2002| publisher=Archipelago Press, Singapore|id= ISBN 981-4068-25-X}}
==See also==
*[[Balinese people]]
*[[Balinese art]]
*[[Tourism in Indonesia]]
*[[2005 Java-Bali Blackout]]
*[[2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference]]
==External links==
{{portal|Indonesia}}
{{commonscat|Bali}}
* [http://www.baliprov.go.id Official website]
*{{wikitravel}}
*{{dmoz|/Regional/Asia/Indonesia/Provinces/Bali|Bali}}
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{{Regencies and cities of Bali}}
{{Indonesia}}
[[Category:Bali| ]]
[[Category:Islands of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Provinces of Indonesia]]
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[[map-bms:Propinsi Bali]]
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