Baltic Sea 3335 224586752 2008-07-09T15:15:57Z 141.20.241.22 /* History */ {{otheruses2|Baltic}}{{coor title dm|59|30|N|23|00|E|type:waterbody_scale:5000000}} [[Image:Phytoplankton bloom in the Baltic Sea (July 3, 2001).jpg|thumb|[[Phytoplankton]] bloom in the Baltic Proper, [[July 3]] [[2001]].]] The '''Baltic Sea''' is a [[brackish]] inland sea located in [[Northern Europe]], from 53°N to 66°N [[latitude]] and from 20°E to 26°E [[longitude]]. It is bounded by the [[Scandinavian Peninsula]], the mainland of [[Europe]], and the [[Denmark|Danish]] islands. It drains into the [[Kattegat]] by way of the [[Øresund]], the [[Great Belt]] and the [[Little Belt]]. The Kattegat continues through the [[Skagerrak]] into the [[North Sea]] and the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. The Baltic Sea is artificially linked to the [[White Sea]] by the [[White Sea Canal]] and to the North Sea by the [[Kiel Canal]]. The Baltic is bordered on its northern edge by the [[Gulf of Bothnia]], on its northeastern edge by the [[Gulf of Finland]], and on its eastern edge by the [[Gulf of Riga]]. == Etymology == [[Image:Baltic Sea map.png|thumb|right|300px|Map of the Baltic Sea]] While [[Tacitus]] called it [[Mare Suebicum]]<ref>[[Tacitus]], [[Germania (book)]]: ''Ergo iam dextro Suebici maris litore Aestiorum gentes adluuntur, quibus ritus habitusque Sueborum, lingua Britannicae propior.''[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/tacitus/tac.ger.shtml#45] - ''Upon the right of the Suevian Sea the AEstyan nations reside, who use the same customs and attire with the Suevians; their language more resembles that of Britain.''[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2995/2995-h/2995-h.htm]</ref> after the Germanic people of the [[Suebi]], the first to name it also as the ''Baltic Sea'' (''[[wikt:Mare Balticum|Mare Balticum]]'') was eleventh century German chronicler [[Adam of Bremen]]. The origin of the latter name is speculative. It might be connected to the Germanic word ''belt'', a name used for two of the Danish straits, [[the Belts]], while others claim it to be derived from [[Latin]] ''balteus'' (belt).<ref name="Latin-etymology">{{sv_icon}} [http://www.lysator.liu.se/runeberg/nfbb/0435.html Project Runeberg].</ref> However it should be noted that the name of the Belts might be connected to Danish ''bælte'', which also means belt. Furthermore [[Adam of Bremen]] himself compared the Sea with a belt stating that the Sea is named so because it stretches through the land as a belt (''Balticus, eo quod in modum baltei longo tractu per Scithicas regiones tendatur usque in Greciam''). He might also have been influenced by name of legendary island mentioned in [[Natural History (Pliny)|The Natural History]] by [[Pliny the Elder]]. Pliny mentions an island named [[Baltia]] (or ''Balcia'') with reference to accounts of [[Pytheas]] and [[Xenophon]]. It is possible that Pliny refers to island named ''Basilia'' ("kingdom" or "royal") in ''On the Ocean'' by Pytheas. ''Baltia'' also might be derived from "belt" and means "near belt of sea (strait)". Meanwhile others have concluded that the name of the island originates from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European]] root [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/ie/piet&text_number=+129&root=config *''bhel''] meaning ''white, fair'' (note that 'baltas' means 'white' in today [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]], while 'balts' means the same in modern [[Latvian language]]). The latter name could have influenced the [[Baltica]] myth because Baltic tribes lived on the shores of the Baltic Sea in ancient times and had contacts with the [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]] civilizations, being a well-known source of [[amber]] for ancient [[History of Greece|Greece]] and later for the [[Roman Empire]]. Yet another explanation is that, while derived from the afore mentioned root, the name of the sea is related to naming for various forms of water and related substances in several European languages, that might have been originally associated with colors found in swamps.<!-- this sentence means that possible meanings range from white and pale to lake, swamp and puddle --> Another explanation is that the name was related to swamp and originally meant "enclosed sea, bay" as opposed to open sea.<ref name="baltu valodas">{{cite book |last=Dini |first=Pierto Umberto |editor= |others=Translated from Italian by Dace Meiere |title= Baltu valodas |origyear=1997 |year=2000 |publisher=Jānis Roze |location=Riga |language=Latvian |isbn= 9984-623-96-3}}</ref> In the Middle Ages the sea was known by variety of names, the name ''Baltic Sea'' started to dominate only after 16th century. Usage of ''Baltic'' and similar terms to denote the region east from the sea started only in 19th century. ===Name in other languages=== {{wiktionary}} The Baltic Sea, in ancient sources known as [[Mare Suebicum]] (also known as [[Mare Germanicum]]<ref> [[Hartmann Schedel]] 1493 map[http://www.nada.kth.se/~ovidiu/maps/images/1493-schedel-europa.jpg]</ref>), is also known by the equivalents of "East Sea", "West Sea", or "Baltic Sea" in different languages: *In ''[[Germanic languages]]'', except English, '''''East Sea''''' is used: [[Danish language|Danish]] (''Østersøen''), [[Dutch language|Dutch]] (''Oostzee''), [[German language|German]] (''Ostsee''), [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] (''Østersjøen''), [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] (''Eystrasalt''), and [[Swedish language|Swedish]] (''Östersjön''). In [[Old English]] it was known as ''Ostsæ''. *In addition, [[Finnish language|Finnish]], a ''[[Baltic-Finnic languages|Baltic-Finnic language]]'' has [[calque]]d the Swedish term as ''Itämeri'' "East Sea", disregarding the geography (the sea is west of Finland). In another Baltic-Finnic language, [[Estonian language|Estonian]], it is called the '''''West Sea''''' (''Läänemeri''), with the correct geography (the sea is west of Estonia). *'''''Baltic Sea''''' is used in ''[[English language|English]]''; in the ''[[Baltic languages]]'' [[Latvian language|Latvian]] (''Baltijas jūra'') and [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] (''Baltijos jūra''); in ''[[Latin]]'' (''Mare Balticum'') and the ''[[Romance languages]]'' [[French language|French]] (''Mer Baltique''), [[Italian language|Italian]] (''Mar Baltico''), [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (''Mar Báltico''), [[Romanian language|Romanian]] (''Marea Baltică'') and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] (''Mar Báltico''); in the ''[[Slavic languages]]'' [[Polish language|Polish]](''Morze Bałtyckie'' or ''Bałtyk''), [[Croatian language|Croatian]] (''Baltičko more''), [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] (''Baltijsko More'' (''Балтийско море'')), [[Kashubian language|Kashubian]] (''Bôłt''), and [[Russian (language)|Russian]] (''Baltiyskoye Morye'' (''Балтийское море'')); and also in the [[Hungarian language]] (''Balti-tenger''). == Geophysical data == [[Image:BalticSea March2000 NASA-S2000084115409 md.jpg|thumb|Baltic Sea in winter]] The Baltic Sea is a [[brackish water|brackish]] inland sea, alleged to be the largest body of brackish water in the world (other possibilities include the [[Black Sea]]). It occupies a basin formed by glacial erosion. ===Dimensions=== The Baltic sea is about 1600&nbsp;km (1000 [[Mile|mi]]) long, an average of 193&nbsp;km (120&nbsp;mi) wide, and an average of 55&nbsp;m (180&nbsp;ft, 30 [[fathom]]s) deep. The maximum depth is 459&nbsp;m (1506&nbsp;ft), on the Swedish side of the center. The surface area is about 377,000&nbsp;km² (145,522 [[Square mile|sq&nbsp;mi]]) and the volume is about 21,000 [[Cubic kilometre|km³]] (5040 [[Cubic mile|cubic&nbsp;mile]]s). The periphery amounts to about 8000&nbsp;km (4968&nbsp;mi) of coastline.&nbsp;<ref>http://www.envir.ee/baltics/geograph.htm</ref> These figures are somewhat variable because a number of different estimates have been made. ===Sea ice=== As a long-term average the Baltic Sea is ice covered for about 45% of its surface area at maximum annually. The ice-covered area during such a typical winter includes the [[Gulf of Bothnia]], the [[Gulf of Finland]], [[Gulf of Riga]] and Väinameri in the Estonian archipelago. The remainder of the Baltic itself does not freeze during a normal winter, with the exception of sheltered bays and shallow lagoons such as the [[Curonian Lagoon]]. The ice reaches its maximum extent in February or March; typical ice thickness in the northernmost areas in the [[Bothnian Bay]], the northern basin of the Gulf of Bothnia, is about 70&nbsp;cm for landfast sea ice. The thickness decreases further south. Freezing begins in the northern coast of Gulf of Bothnia typically in middle of November, reaching the open waters of [[Bothnian Bay]] in early January. The [[Bothnian Sea]], the basin south of it, freezes on average in late February. The Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Riga freeze typically in late January. The ice extent depends on whether the winter is mild, moderate or severe. Severe winters can lead to ice formation around [[Denmark]] and southern [[Sweden]], and on rare occasions the whole sea is frozen, such as in 1942 and 1966. In 1987, some 96% of the Baltic Sea was ice-covered, leaving only a small patch of open water in the south-west around [[Bornholm]]. However, in milder winters only restricted parts of the Bay of Bothnia and Gulf of Finland are ice covered, in addition to coastal fringes in more southerly locations such as the Gulf of Riga. In recent years a typical winter produces only ice in the northern and eastern extremities of the Sea. In 2007 there was almost no ice formation except for a short period in March. <ref>Sea Ice survey, Space Science and Engineering Centre, University of Wisconsin, http://www.ssec.wisc.edu </ref> In spring, the Gulf of Finland and of Bothnia normally thaw during late April, with some ice ridges persisting until May in the eastern Gulf of Finland. In the northernmost reaches of the Bothnian Bay ice usually stays until late May; by early June it is practically always gone. During winter, [[fast ice]] which is attached to the [[shoreline]], develops first, rendering the ports unusable without the services of [[icebreaker]]s. [[Level ice]], [[ice sludge]], [[pancake ice]] or [[rafter ice]] form in the more open regions. The gleaming expanse of ice is similar to the [[Arctic]], with wind-driven pack ice and ridges up to 15&nbsp;m, and was noted by the ancients. Offshore of the landfast ice the ice remains very dynamic all year, because of its thickness it is relatively easily moved around by winds and therefore makes up large ridges and pile up against the landfast ice and shores. The ice cover is the main habitat only for a few larger species. The largest of them are the seals that both feed and breed on the ice, although the sea ice also harbors several species of algae that live in the bottom and inside brine pockets in the ice. ===Hydrography=== The Baltic Sea flows out through the [[Danish straits]]; however, the flow is complex. A surface layer of brackish water discharges 940&nbsp;km³ per year into the [[North Sea]]. Due to the difference in [[salinity]], a sub-surface layer of more saline water moving in the opposite direction brings in 475&nbsp;km³ per year. It mixes very slowly with the upper waters, resulting in a salinity gradient from top to bottom, with most of the salt water remaining below 40 to 70&nbsp;m deep. The general circulation is counter-clockwise: northwards along its eastern boundary, and south along the western one (Alhonen 88). The difference between the outflow and the inflow comes entirely from fresh water. More than 250 streams drain a basin of about 1.6 million km², contributing a volume of 660&nbsp;km³ per year to the Baltic. They include the major rivers of north Europe, such as the [[Oder]], the [[Vistula]], the [[Neman River|Neman]], the [[Daugava]] and the [[Neva]]. Some of this water is polluted. Additional fresh water comes from the difference of [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] less evaporation, which is positive. An important source of salty water are infrequent inflows of [[North Sea]] water into the Baltic. Such inflows, important to the Baltic ecosystem because of the oxygen they transport into the Baltic deeps, used to happen on average every four to five years until the 1980s. In recent decades they have become less frequent. The latest three occurred in 1983, 1993 and 2003 suggesting a new inter-inflow period of about ten years. The water level is generally far more dependent on the regional wind situation than on tidal effects. However, tidal currents occur in narrow passages in the western parts of the Baltic Sea. The [[significant wave height]] is generally much lower than that of the [[North Sea]]. Violent and sudden storms often sweep the surface, due to large transient temperature differences and a long reach of wind. Seasonal winds also cause small changes in sea level, of the order of 0.5&nbsp;m (Alhonen 88). ===Salinity=== The Baltic Sea's [[salinity]] is much lower than that of ocean water (which averages 3.5%, or 35 parts per thousand), as a result of abundant freshwater runoff from the surrounding land; indeed, runoff contributes roughly one-fortieth its total volume per year, as the volume of the basin is about 21,000&nbsp;km³ and yearly runoff is about 500&nbsp;km³. The open surface waters of the central basin have salinity of 6 to 8&nbsp;[[parts per thousand|‰]]. At the semienclosed bays with major freshwater inflows, such as head of Finnish Gulf with Neva mouth and head of Bothnian gulf with close mouths of Lule, Tornio and Kemi, the salinity is considerably lower. Below 40 to 70&nbsp;m, the salinity is between 10 and 15&nbsp;‰ in the open Baltic Sea, and more than this near Danish Straits. The flow of fresh water into the sea from rivers and the flow of salt from the South builds up a gradient of salinity in the Baltic Sea. Near the [[Danish straits]] the salinity is close to that of the Kattegat, but still not fully oceanic, because the saltiest water that passes the straits is still already mixed with considerable amounts of outflow water.. The salinity steadily decreases towards North and East. At the northern part of the [[Gulf of Bothnia]] the water no longer tastes salty and many fresh water species live in the sea. The salinity gradient is paralleled by a temperature gradient. These two factors limit many species of animals and plants to a relatively narrow region of Baltic Sea. The most saline water remains on the bottom, creating a barrier to the exchange of [[oxygen]] and nutrients, fostering totally different maritime environments. ===Regional emergence=== The land is still emerging [[isostasy|isostatically]] from its subsident state, which was caused by the weight of the last glaciation. The phenomenon is known as [[post-glacial rebound]]. Consequently, the surface area and the depth of the sea are diminishing. The uplift is about eight millimetres per year on the Finnish coast of the northernmost Gulf of Bothnia. In the area, the former seabed is only gently sloped, leading to large areas of land being reclaimed in, geologically speaking, relatively short periods (decades and centuries). == Geographic data == ===Subdivisions=== The northern part of the Baltic Sea is known as the [[Gulf of Bothnia]], of which the northernmost part is the Bay of Bothnia <!-- redirects to: --> or [[Bothnian Bay]]. The more rounded southern basin of the gulf is called [[Bothnian Sea]] and immediately to the south of it lies the [[Sea of Åland]]. The [[Gulf of Finland]] connects the Baltic Sea with [[Saint Petersburg]]. The [[Gulf of Riga]] lies between the [[Latvia]]n capital city of [[Riga]] and the [[Estonia]]n island of [[Saaremaa]]. The [[Northern Baltic|Northern Baltic Sea]] lies between the [[Stockholm]] area, southwestern Finland and Estonia. The [[Gotland Basin|Western and Eastern Gotland Basins]] form the major parts of the Central Baltic Sea or Baltic proper. The [[Bornholm Basin]] is the area east of [[Bornholm]], and the shallower [[Arkona Basin]] extends from Bornholm to the Danish isles of [[Falster]] and [[Zealand]]. In the south, the [[Bay of Gdańsk]] lies east of the [[Hel peninsula]] on the Polish coast and west of [[Sambia]] in [[Kaliningrad Oblast]]. The [[Bay of Pomerania]] lies north of the islands of [[Usedom]] and [[Wolin]], east of [[Rügen]]. Between Falster and the German coast lie the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] and [[Bay of Lübeck]]. The westernmost part of the Baltic Sea is the [[Bay of Kiel]]. The three [[Danish straits]], the [[Great Belt]], the [[Little Belt]] and [[Öresund|The Sound]] (''Øresund''), connect the Baltic Sea with the [[Kattegat]] bay and [[Skagerrak]] strait in the [[North Sea]]. The confluence of these two seas at [[Skagen]] on the northern tip of [[Denmark]] is a visual spectacle visited by many tourists each year. ===Land use=== [[Image:2 SPN 01.jpg|thumb|right|290px|Polish coast [[dunes]].]] The Baltic sea drainage basin is roughly four times the surface area of the sea itself. About 48% of the region is forested, with Sweden and Finland containing the majority of the forest, especially around the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland. About 20% of the land is used for agriculture and pasture, mainly in Poland and around the edge of the Baltic Proper, in Germany, Denmark and Sweden. About 17% of the basin is unused open land with another 8% of wetlands. Most of the latter are in the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland. The rest of the land is heavily populated. ===Demographics=== About 85 million people live in the Baltic drainage basin, 15 million within 10&nbsp;km of the coast and 29 million within 50&nbsp;km of the coast. Around 22 million live in population centers of over 250,000. 90% of these are concentrated in the 10&nbsp;km band around the coast. Of the nations containing all or part of the basin, Poland includes 45% of the 85 million, Russia 12%, Sweden 10% and the others (see below) less than 6% each. == Geologic history== The Baltic Sea somewhat resembles a [[river]]bed, with two tributaries, the [[Gulf of Finland]] and [[Gulf of Bothnia]]. [[Geology|Geological]] surveys show that before the [[Pleistocene]] instead of the Baltic Sea, there was a wide plain around a big river called the [[Eridanos (geology)|Eridanos]]. Several [[glaciation]] episodes during the [[Pleistocene]] scooped out the river bed into the sea basin. By the time of the last, or [[Eemian]] interglacial ([[Marine isotopic stage|MIS&nbsp;5e]]), the Eemian sea was in place. From that time the waters underwent a geologic history summarized under the names listed below. Many of the stages are named after marine animals (e.g. the [[Littorina]] [[mollusk]]) that are clear markers of changing water temperatures and salinity. The factors that determined the sea’s characteristics were the submergence or emergence of the region due to the weight of ice and subsequent isostatic readjustment, and the connecting channels it found to the [[North Sea]]-[[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], either through the straits of [[Denmark]] or at what are now the large lakes of [[Sweden]], and the [[White Sea]]-[[Arctic Sea]]. * [[Eemian Sea]], 130,000–115,000 (years ago) * [[Baltic ice lake]], 12,600–10,300 * [[Yoldia Sea]], 10,300–9500 * [[Ancylus Lake]], 9,500–8,000 * [[Mastogloia Sea]] 8,000–7,500 * [[Littorina Sea]], 7,500–4,000 * [[Baltic Sea|Post-littorina Sea]] 4,000–present == History == At the time of the [[Roman Empire]], the Baltic Sea was known as the ''Mare Suebicum'' or ''Mare Sarmaticum''. [[Gaius Cornelius Tacitus|Tacitus]] in his AD&nbsp;98 ''Agricola'' and ''Germania'' described the Mare Suebicum, named for the [[Suebi]] tribe, during the spring months, as a [[Brackish water|brackish]] [[sea]] when the ice on the Baltic Sea broke apart and chunks floated about. The Suebi eventually migrated south west to reside for a while in the Rhineland area of modern Germany, where their name survives in the historic region known as [[Swabia]]. The [[Sarmatian]] tribes inhabited Eastern Europe and southern Russia. [[Jordanes]] called it the ''Germanic Sea'' in his work the [[Getica]]. Since the [[Viking age]], the Scandinavians have called it "the Eastern Lake" (''Austmarr'', "Eastern Sea", appears in the [[Heimskringla]] and ''Eystra salt'' appears in [[Sörla þáttr]]), but [[Saxo Grammaticus]] recorded in [[Gesta Danorum]] an older name ''[[Gandvik]]'', ''"-vik"'' being [[Old Norse]] for "bay", which implies that the Vikings correctly regarded it as an inlet of the sea. (Another form of the name, "Grandvik", attested in at least one English translation of Gesta Danorum, is likely to be a misspelling.) In addition to [[fish]] the sea also provides [[amber]], especially from its southern shores. The bordering countries have traditionally provided [[lumber]], [[Tar|wood tar]], [[flax]], [[hemp]], and [[fur]]s. Sweden had from early medieval times also a flourishing [[mining]] industry, especially on [[iron]] ore and [[silver]]. [[Poland]] had and still has extensive [[salt]] mines. All this has provided for rich trading since the Roman times. In the [[early Middle Ages]], [[Vikings]] of Scandinavia buildt their trade emporia all around the Baltic. Later, there were fights for control over the sea with [[Wends|Wendish tribes]] dwelling on the southern shore. The Vikings also used the rivers of Russia for trade routes, finding their way eventually to the [[Black Sea]] and southern Russia. This Viking-dominated period is also referred to as [[Viking Age]]. Lands next to the sea's eastern shore were among the last in Europe to be converted into [[Christianity]] in the [[Northern Crusades]]: [[Finland]] in the twelfth century by the Swedes, and what are now [[Estonia]] and [[Latvia]] in the early thirteenth century by the Danes and the Germans ([[Livonian Brothers of the Sword]]). The [[Teutonic Knights]] gained control over parts of the southern and eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, where they set up [[Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights|their monastic state]] while fighting the [[Poles]], the [[Danes]], the [[Sweden|Swedes]], the [[Russians]] of ancient [[Novgorod Republic|Novgorod]], and the [[Lithuanians]] (the [[Christianization of Lithuania|last Europeans to convert to Christianity]]). Starting in the 11th century, the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic were settled by [[Germans]] (and to a lesser extend by [[Dutch]], [[Danes]] and [[Scots]]) in the course of the [[Ostsiedlung]]. [[Denmark]] gradually gained control over most of the Baltic coast, until she lost much of her possessions after being defeated in the 1227 [[Battle of Bornhöved]]. In the 13th to 17th centuries, the strongest economic force in Northern Europe became the [[Hanseatic league]], which used the Baltic Sea to establish trade routes between its member cities. In the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]], [[Denmark]] and [[Sweden]] fought wars for ''Dominium Maris Baltici'' ("Ruling over the Baltic Sea"). Eventually, it was the [[Swedish Empire]] that virtually encompassed the Baltic Sea. In Sweden the sea was then referred to as ''Mare Nostrum Balticum'' ("Our Baltic Sea"). In the eighteenth century, [[Imperial Russia|Russia]] and [[Prussia]] became the leading powers over the sea. The [[Great Northern War]], ending with [[Sweden]]'s defeat, brought Russia to the eastern coast. Since then, Russia was a dominating power in the Baltic. Russia's [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] saw the strategic importance of the Baltic and decided to found his new capital, [[Saint Petersburg]] at the mouth of the [[Neva]] river at the east end of the [[Gulf of Finland]]. There was much trading not just within the Baltic region but also with the North Sea region, especially eastern [[England]] and the [[Netherlands]]: their fleets needed the Baltic timber, tar, flax and hemp. During the [[Crimean War]], a joint [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[France|French]] fleet attacked the Russian fortresses by bombarding [[Sveaborg]], which guards [[Helsinki]]; [[Kronstadt, Russia|Kronstadt]], which guards Saint Petersburg; and by destroying [[Bomarsund]] in the [[Åland Islands]]. After the unification of [[Germany]] in 1871, the whole southern coast became German. The [[World War I|First World War]] was partly fought in the Baltic Sea. After 1920 [[Poland]] was connected to the Baltic Sea by the [[Polish Corridor]] and enlarged the port of [[Gdynia]] in rivalry with the port of the [[Free City of Danzig]]. During [[world War II|the Second World War]], Germany reclaimed all of the southern shore and much of the eastern by occupying Poland and the [[Baltic states]]. In 1945, the Baltic Sea became a mass grave for drowned people on torpedoed [[Operation Hannibal | refugee ships]]. As of 2004, the sinking of the [[Wilhelm Gustloff (ship)|Wilhelm Gustloff]] remains the worst maritime disaster, killing (very roughly) 9,000 people. In 2005, a Russian group of scientists found over five thousand airplane wrecks, sunken warships, and other [[material]] mainly from [[world War II|the Second World War]], lying at the bottom of the sea. After 1945, the [[German exodus from Eastern Europe|German population was expelled]] from all areas east of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], making room for Polish and Russian settlers. [[Poland]] gained a vast [[Former eastern territories of Germany|stretch of the southern shore]], Russia gained another access to the Baltic with the [[Kaliningrad oblast]]. The [[Baltic states]] on the eastern shore were again incorporated in the [[Soviet Union]], Poland and [[GDR|East Germany]] became [[communist]] states. The sea then was a border between opposing military blocks: in the case of military conflict, in parallel with a Soviet offensive towards the [[Atlantic Ocean]], communist Poland's fleet was prepared to invade the Danish isles. This border status also impacted trade and travel, and came to an end only after the clash of the communist regimes in Eastern and Central Europe in the late 1980s. Since May 2004, on the accession of the [[Baltic states]] and [[Poland]], the Baltic Sea has been almost entirely surrounded by countries of the [[European Union]] (EU). The only remaining non-EU areas are the Russian [[Metropolitan area|metropolis]] of Saint Petersburg and the [[Kaliningrad Oblast]] [[exclave]]. Winter storms begin arriving in the region during October. These have caused numerous shipwrecks, such as the sinking of the ferry ''[[M/S Estonia]]'' en route from [[Tallinn]], Estonia, to [[Stockholm]], Sweden, in 1994, which claimed the lives of hundreds. Older, wood-based shipwrecks such as the ''[[Vasa (ship)|Vasa]]'' tend to remain well-preserved, as the Baltic's cold and brackish water does not suit the [[shipworm]]. == Biology == Approximately 100,000&nbsp;km² of the Baltic's seafloor (a quarter of its total area) is a variable dead zone. The more saline (and therefore denser) water remains on the bottom, isolating it from surface waters and the atmosphere. This leads to decreased oxygen concentrations within the zone. It is mainly bacteria that grow in it, digesting organic material and releasing hydrogen sulfide. Because of this large anaerobic zone, the seafloor ecology differs from that of the neighbouring Atlantic. The low salinity of the Baltic sea has led to the evolution of many slightly divergent species, such as the Baltic Sea [[herring]], which is a smaller variant of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] herring. The [[benthos|benthic fauna]] consists mainly of ''[[Monoporeia affinis]]'', which is originally a freshwater species. The lack of [[tides]] has affected the marine species as compared with the Atlantic. == Economy == {{seealso|Baltic Sea ferries}} [[Image:Palangos tiltas1.jpg|thumb|Bridge into the sea in [[Palanga]], the most popular sea resort in [[Lithuania]]]] Construction of the [[Great Belt Bridge]] (1997) and [[Oresund Bridge]] (1999) over the [[international waterway]] of the [[Danish Straits]] has limited the Baltic Sea to medium-sized vessels {{Fact|date=October 2007}}. The Baltic Sea is the main trade route for export of Russian oil. Many of the neighboring countries are concerned about this, since a major oil leak would be disastrous in the Baltic given the slow exchange of water and the many unique species. The tourism industries, especially in economies dependent on tourism like northeastern Germany, are naturally very concerned. Shipbuilding is practiced in many large shipyards around the Baltic: [[Gdańsk]], [[Szczecin]] in Poland, [[HDW]] in [[Kiel]], Germany, [[Karlskrona]] and [[Kockums]] in [[Malmö]], Sweden, and [[Rauma, Finland|Rauma]], [[Turku]], [[Helsinki]] in Finland, [[Rīga]], [[Liepāja]] in Latvia and [[Klaipėda]] in Lithuania. There are several cargo and passenger [[ferry]] operators on the Baltic Sea, such as [[Silja Line]], [[Polferries]], [[Viking Line]], [[Tallink]] and [[Superfast Ferries]]. == The Helsinki Convention == ===1974 Convention=== For the first time ever, all the sources of pollution around an entire sea were made subject to a single convention, signed in 1974 by the then seven Baltic coastal states. The 1974 Convention entered into force on 3 May 1980. ===1992 Convention=== In the light of political changes and developments in international environmental and maritime law, a new convention was signed in 1992 by all the states bordering on the Baltic Sea, and the European Community. After ratification the Convention entered into force on 17 January 2000. The Convention covers the whole of the Baltic Sea area, including inland waters and the water of the sea itself, as well as the sea-bed. Measures are also taken in the whole catchment area of the Baltic Sea to reduce land-based pollution. The Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area, 1992, entered into force on 17 January 2000. The governing body of the Convention is the Helsinki Commission<ref>http://www.helcom.fi/home/en_GB/welcome/</ref>, also known as HELCOM, or Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission. The present contracting parties are Denmark, Estonia, the European Community, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia and Sweden. The ratification instruments where deposited by the European Community, Germany, Latvia and Sweden in 1994, by Estonia and Finland in 1995, by Denmark in 1996, by Lithuania in 1997 and by Poland and Russia in November 1999. == Countries == {{main|Baltic Sea countries}} {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} Countries that border on the sea: *[[Denmark]] *[[Estonia]] *[[Finland]] *[[Germany]] *[[Latvia]] *[[Lithuania]] *[[Poland]] *[[Russia]] *[[Sweden]] {{col-2}} Countries that are in the [[drainage basin]] but do not border on the sea: *[[Belarus]] *[[Czech Republic]] *[[Norway]] *[[Slovakia]] *[[Ukraine]] {{col-end}} == Islands and archipelagoes == {{main|List of islands in the Baltic Sea}} *[[Åland Islands]] ([[Ahvenanmaa]]) ([[Finland]], [[autonomous entity|autonomous]]) *[[Archipelago Sea]] ([[Finland]]) **[[Pargas]] **[[Nagu]] **[[Korpo]] **[[Houtskär]] **[[Kustavi]] *[[Bornholm]] ([[Denmark]]) *[[Gotland]] ([[Sweden]]) *[[Hailuoto]] ([[Finland]]) *[[Hiiumaa]] ([[Estonia]]) *[[Kotlin]] ([[Russia]]) *[[Muhu]] ([[Estonia]]) *[[Öland]] ([[Sweden]]) *[[Rügen]] ([[Germany]]) *[[Saaremaa]] ([[Estonia]]) *[[Stockholm archipelago]] ([[Sweden]]) ** [[Värmdön]] ([[Sweden]]) *[[Usedom]] or Uznam (split between [[Germany]] and [[Poland]]) *[[Kvarken]] archipelago, including [[Valassaaret]]/Valsörarna ([[Finland]]) *[[Wolin]] ([[Poland]]) == Cities == {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} The biggest coastal cities (by population): *[[Saint Petersburg]] (Russia) 4,700,000 *[[Stockholm]] (Sweden) 798,898 (metropolitan area 1,927,128) *[[Copenhagen]] (Denmark) 502,204 (metropolitan area 1,823,109) (facing the [[Oresund|Sound]]) *[[Helsinki]] (Finland) 559,716 (metropolitan area 1,200,000) *[[Gdańsk]] (Poland) 462,700 ([[Tricity|metropolitan area]] 1,041,000) *[[Riga]] (Latvia) 760,000 *[[Szczecin]] (Poland) 413,600 *[[Tallinn]] (Estonia) 401,774 *[[Kaliningrad]] (Russia) 400,000 *[[Malmö]] (Sweden) 259,579 (facing the [[Oresund|Sound]]) *[[Gdynia]] (Poland) 255,600 *[[Kiel]] (Germany) 250,000 *[[Espoo]] (Finland) 234,400 (part of Helsinki metropolitan area) *[[Lübeck]] (Germany) 216,100 *[[Rostock]] (Germany) 212,700 *[[Klaipėda]] (Lithuania) 194,400 *[[Turku]] (Finland) 175,000 *[[Oulu]] (Finland) 130,000 {{col-2}} Important ports (though not big cities): *[[Liepāja]] (Latvia) 85,000 *[[Pori]] (Finland) 76,000 *[[Kotka]] (Finland) 55,000 *[[Świnoujście]] (Poland) 50,000 *[[Ventspils]] (Latvia) 44,000 *[[Police, Poland]] (The [[Seaport]] on The [[Oder]] River) (34,319) *[[Baltiysk]] (Russia) 20,000 *[[Maardu]] (Estonia) 16,570 *[[Władysławowo]] (Poland)15,000 *[[Mariehamn]] (Finland) 11,000 *[[Hanko]] (Finland) 10,000 {{col-end}} == See also == *[[Baltic (disambiguation)|Baltic]] *[[Baltic region]] *[[Baltic states]] *[[Council of the Baltic Sea States]] *[[List of rivers of the Baltic Sea]] *[[Nord Stream]] *[[Northern Europe]] *[[Ports of the Baltic Sea]] *[[Scandinavia]] ==References== <div class="references-small"> {{reflist}} *Fairbridge, Rhodes. ''The Encyclopedia of Oceanography''. Pentti Alhonen, "Baltic Sea", pp. 87-91. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1966. </div> == External links == *[http://www.baltic.vtt.fi/demo/baltmap.htm Baltic Sea clickable map and details.] *[http://www.balticsea.lt/en Protect the Baltic Sea while it's still not too late.] *[http://www.balticseaportal.fi The Baltic Sea Portal] - a site maintained by the [http://www.fimr.fi/en.html Finnish Institute of Marine Research] (FIMR) (in English, Finnish, Swedish and Estonian) *[http://depts.washington.edu/baltic/encyclopedia.html Encyclopedia of Baltic History] *[http://www.abc.se/~pa/uwa/wrecks.htm Old shipwrecks] in the Baltic *[http://www.pgi.gov.pl/pgi_en/index.php?option=news&task=viewarticle&sid=4&Itemid=2 How the Baltic Sea was changing] - Prehistory of the Baltic from the [http://www.pgi.gov.pl/ Polish Geological Institute] *[http://www.helsinki.fi/maantiede/geofi/fennia/demo/pages/oksanen.htm Late Weichselian and Holocene shore displacement history of the Baltic Sea in Finland] - more prehistory of the Baltic from the [http://www.helsinki.fi/geography/ Department of Geography] of the [[University of Helsinki]] *[http://maps.grida.no/baltic Baltic Environmental Atlas: Interactive map of the Baltic Sea region] *[http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,524139,00.html Can a New Cleanup Plan Save the Sea? - ''spiegel.de''] *[http://www.ferrylines.com/en/routes/ferries-in-the-baltic-sea/ List of all ferry lines in the Baltic Sea] *[http://www.helcom.fi/ The Helsinki Commission (HELCOM)] HELCOM is the governing body of the "Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area" *[http://www.baltice.org/ Baltice.org] - information related to winter navigation in the Baltic Sea. <br/> {{Countries bordering the Baltic Sea}} <!--Categories--> [[Category:Baltic Sea| ]] [[Category:Seas]] <!--Other languages--> [[af:Oossee]] [[ang:Baltisc Sǣ]] [[ar:بحر البلطيق]] [[an:Mar Baltico]] [[frp:Mar Baltica]] [[ast:Mar Bálticu]] [[az:Baltik dənizi]] [[be:Балтыйскае мора]] [[be-x-old:Балтыйскае мора]] [[bs:Baltičko more]] [[br:Mor Baltel]] [[bg:Балтийско море]] [[ca:Mar Bàltica]] [[cv:Балтика тинĕсĕ]] [[cs:Baltské moře]] [[cy:Y Môr Baltig]] [[da:Østersøen]] [[de:Ostsee]] [[et:Läänemeri]] [[el:Βαλτική Θάλασσα]] [[es:Mar Báltico]] [[eo:Balta Maro]] [[eu:Itsaso Baltikoa]] [[fa:دریای بالتیک]] [[fr:Mer Baltique]] [[fy:Eastsee]] [[ga:An Mhuir Bhailt]] [[gd:Am Muir Baltach]] [[gl:Mar Báltico]] [[ko:발트 해]] [[hi:बाल्टिक सागर]] [[hsb:Baltiske morjo]] [[hr:Baltičko more]] [[io:Baltika Maro]] [[id:Laut Baltik]] [[is:Eystrasalt]] [[it:Mar Baltico]] [[he:הים הבלטי]] [[jv:Segara Baltik]] [[ka:ბალტიის ზღვა]] [[csb:Bôłt]] [[sw:Bahari ya Baltiki]] [[ku:Deryaya Baltik]] [[la:Mare Balticum]] [[lv:Baltijas jūra]] [[lt:Baltijos jūra]] [[jbo:baltik. xamsi]] [[hu:Balti-tenger]] [[mk:Балтичко Море]] [[mr:बाल्टिक समुद्र]] [[mn:Балтын тэнгис]] [[nah:Baltico huēyātl]] [[nl:Oostzee]] [[nds-nl:Oostzee]] [[ja:バルト海]] [[no:Østersjøen]] [[nn:Austersjøen]] [[oc:Mar Baltica]] [[nds:Oostsee]] [[pl:Morze Bałtyckie]] [[pt:Mar Báltico]] [[ro:Marea Baltică]] [[ru:Балтийское море]] [[simple:Baltic Sea]] [[sk:Baltské more]] [[sl:Baltsko morje]] [[sr:Балтичко море]] [[fi:Itämeri]] [[szl:Moře Boutycke]] [[sv:Östersjön]] [[ta:பால்டிக் கடல்]] [[th:ทะเลบอลติก]] [[vi:Biển Baltic]] [[tg:Баҳри Балтика]] [[tr:Baltık Denizi]] [[uk:Балтійське море]] [[vec:Mar Bàltego]] [[bat-smg:Baltėjės jūra]] [[zh:波罗的海]]