Bandura
416795
225864510
2008-07-15T19:30:06Z
Some jerk on the Internet
6636894
/* The Kyiv-style bandura */ typo
{{Infobox Instrument
|name=Bandura
|names=[[Hornbostel-Sachs|HS#]]:321.321-5
|image=Bandura classical.jpg
|classification=
*[[Chordophone]]
|range= c<sup>2</sup>-a<sup>5</sup>
|related=
* [[Kobza]]
* [[Torban]]
* [[Husli]]
}}
{{For|the Canadian psychologist|Albert Bandura}}
'''Bandura''' ({{lang-uk|Банду́ра}}) refers to a [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] [[plucked string instrument|plucked string folk instrument]]. It combines elements of a box [[zither]] and [[lute]], as well as to its [[lute]]-like [[Baroque]] predecessor, the [[kobza]].
The term is also occasionally used by when referring to a number of other [[Eastern Europe]]an [[string instrument]]s such as the [[hurdy gurdy]] and the [[guitar|5 string guitar]] (commonly referred to by the [[diminutive]] '''bandurka''').
[[Musician]]s who play the bandura are referred to as [[bandurist]]s. Some traditional bandura players, often blind, were referred to as [[kobzar]]s.
==Etymology==
[[Image:Bazhul.jpg.JPEG|thumb|left|200px|Kharkiv style bandurist - Hryhory Bazhul]]
The earliest mention of the term ''bandura'' dates back to a Polish chronicle of 1441, which states that the Polish King [[Sigismund III]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}} <!-- Sigismund III Vasa lived from June 20, 1566 – April 30, 1632. Maybe check the list - [[Sigismund]] -->had a court bandurist known as Taraszko who was Ukrainian ethnicity and was the king's companion in [[chess]]. A number of other court bandurists of Ukrainian ethnicity have also been recorded in medieval Polish documents.
The term bandura is thought to have entered the Ukrainian language from Polish, which arrived through Latin from the Greek [[pandora]] or [[pandura]].
The term ''kobza'' was often used as a synonym for ''bandura'' and the terms were used
interchangeably until mid 20th century.
The use of the term ''kobza'' pre-dates the first known use of the term ''bandura''. ''Kobza'' and was first mentioned in a [[Poland|Polish]] chronicle in 1313, having been introduced into the [[Ukrainian language]] sometime in the 12-13th century. It is thought to have [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] pedigree.
Occasionally one comes across the combined term ''kobza-bandura'' which refers to the dual origins of the instrument, however this is rarely used in spoken Ukrainian.
The term ''bandoura'', a transliteration of the Ukrainian term via French is occasionally found.
The term ''bandore'' or ''bandora'' can also be found when referring to this instrument. This is an inaccurate translation which made its way into usage through an early Soviet Ukrainian-English dictionaries.
==Early history==
[[Image:Kozak Mamay.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The mythical [[Cossack Mamay]] playing a kobza-bandura.]]
The use of lute-like instruments by the inhabitants of the lands than now constitute [[Ukraine]] dates back to 591.
There are [[icon]]ographic depictions of lute-like instruments in the 11th century [[frescoe]]s of [[St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev|St. Sophia Cathedral]] in [[Kyiv]], once the [[capital city|capital]] of a vast [[medieval]] kingdom of the [[Kievan Rus']]. It is not known what these instruments were referred to in these early times, although it has been surmised that the lute-like instrument was referred to by the generic medieval name for a string instrument - [[gusli|husli]].
The instrument became popular in the courts of the [[nobility]] in Eastern Europe. There are numerous citations mentioning the existence of Ukrainian bandurists in both Russia and Poland. Empress [[Elisabeth of Russia]] (the daughter of [[Peter the Great]]) was alleged to have secretly married her Ukrainian court bandurist, [[Alexey Razumovsky|Olexii Rozumovsky]].
Use of the instrument fell into decline amongst the nobility with the introduction of Western musical instruments and Western Music fashions, but it remained the favourite instrument of the [[Ukrainian Cossacks]]. After the destruction of the [[Zaporozhian Sich]] the instrument continued to be played by wandering blind itinerant musicians known as [[kobzari]] in Right bank Ukraine.
==Development of the bandura==
The invention of an instrument combining [[Organology|organological]] elements of [[lute]] and [[psaltery]] is creditable to [[Francesco Landini]], an Italian lutenist-composer of [[trecento]]. [[Filippo Villani]] writes in his ''Liber de civitatis Florentiae'', "...[Landini] invented a new sort of instrument, a cross between lute and psaltery, which he called the [[serena serenarum]], an instrument that produces an exquisite sound when its strings are struck." Rare iconographic evidence (by artists such as [[Alessandro Magnasco]]) reveals that such instruments were still in use in Italy ca. 1700. Similar instruments have been documented as having existed in Ukraine in the preceding century.
In the hands of the [[Zaporozhian Host|Zaporozhian cossacks]], the bandura underwent significant transformations, undergoing changes in construction and the development of a specific repertoire. At the [[Zaporozhian Sich]], special schools for [[blind musicians|blind bards]] were established, setting the foundation for the epic tradition of the [[kobzar]]. By the 18th century, the instrument had developed into a form with approximately four or five stoppable strings strung along the neck (with or without [[frets]]) and up to sixteen [[treble]] strings known as [[prystrunky]] strung in a [[diatonic scale]] across the [[soundboard]]. The bandura existed in this form relatively unchanged until the end of the 19th century.
The development of an unfretted bandura was thought to have happened later, around 1800. This type of bandura superseded the fretted type, and became the ancestor of the modern-day bandura.
[[Image:Kharkiv factory.JPEG|thumb|right|200px|Serial manufacture of Kharkiv style banduras in 1930 initiated by [[Leonid Haydamaka]].]]
The bandura underwent significant change in the 20th century, paralleling the development of [[Ukraine after the Russian Revolution|Ukrainian ethnic awareness]]. Sanctions introduced by the [[Russian Empire|Russian government]] in 1876 ([[Ems ukaz]]) severely restricting the use of Ukrainian language directly influenced the use of the bandura on the concert stage.
The topic of the minstrel art of the itinerant blind bandura players was brought up for discussion at the [[XIIth Archeological Conference]] held in Kharkiv in 1902. It had been believed that the last blind kobzar ([[Ostap Veresai]]) had died in 1890, however upon investigation six blind traditional kobzars were found to be alive and performed on stage at the conference. Thenafter, the bandura became very popular particularly among young students. [[Strings (music)|Gut strings]] were replaced by metal strings (standard after 1902). The number of strings and size of the instrument also began to grow to accommodate the sound production required for stage performances.
Subsequent developments included metal [[tuning peg]]s (introduced in 1912), additional chromatic strings (introduced in 1925 on instruments used by the [[Kyiv Bandurist Capella]]), and a mechanism for rapid retuning of the instrument (first used in 1931).
Although workshops for the serial manufacture of banduras had been established earlier outside of Ukraine (in [[Moscow]] (1908), and [[Prague]] (1924)), continuous serial manufacture of banduras was started in Ukraine in sometime in the 1930s. After [[World War II]], two factories dominated the manufacturing of banduras: the [[Chernihiv Musical Instrument Factory]] (which produced over 30,000 instruments from 1954-1991) and the [[Trembita Musical Instrument Factory]] in [[Lviv]] (which has produced over 3,000 instruments since 1964).
===Education===
[[Image:Banduryst Potapenko.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Vasyl' Potapenko advertising bandura lessons ca. 1925]]
The first mentions of an institution for the study of bandura playing date back to 1738 to a music academy in [[Hlukhiv]] where the bandura and violin were taught from music. This was the first music school in Eastern Europe and prepared musicians and singers for the Tsarist Court in St Petersburg.
In 1908, the [[Mykola Lysenko]] [[Mykola Lysenko Institute of Music and Drama|Institute of Music and Drama]] in Kiev began offering classes in bandura playing, instructed by kobzar [[Ivan Kuchuhura Kucherenko]]. Kucherenko taught briefly until 1911, and attempts were made to reopen the classes in 1912 with [[Hnat Khotkevych]], but his exile in 1912 and the death of Mykola Lysenko prevented this from happening. Khotkevych wrote the first [[primer]] for the bandura, which was published in Lviv in 1909. It was followed by a number of other primers specifically written for the instrument, most notably those by [[Mykhailo Domontovych]], [[Vasyl Shevchenko]] and [[Vasyl Ovchynnikov]], written between the years 1913-14.
Formal conservatory courses in bandura playing were reestablished only after the [[Soviet Union|Soviet revolution]], when Khotkevych returned to teach at the [[Kharkiv]] [[Kharkiv Muz-Dram Institute|Muz-Dram Institute]]. This development was prompted by the establishment in 1923 of a [[Prague Bandura Centre|bandura school]] in [[Prague]] with over 60 students. Other courses in bandura instruction were begun in 1930 at the conservatories in Kyiv and [[Odessa]]. By 1932-33, however all bandura classes in Ukraine were disbanded.
After World War II, and particularly after the death of [[Joseph Stalin]], bandura courses were again re-established in music schools and conservatories in Ukraine, initially at the [[Kyiv]] conservatory under the direction of Khotkevych's student [[Volodymyr Kabachok]], who had recently released from a [[gulag]] labor camp in [[Kolyma]].
Today, all conservatories of music in Ukraine offer courses [[Academic major|majoring]] in bandura [[performance]]. Bandura instruction is also offered in all music colleges and most music schools, and it is now possible to get advanced degrees specialising in bandura performance and [[pedagogy]]. The most renowned of these establishments are the Kyiv and Lviv conservatories and the [[Kyiv University of Culture]], primarily because of their well-established staff. Other centers of rising prominence are the [[Odessa Conservatory]] and [[Kharkiv University of Culture]].
===Performance===
{{main|Bandurist|Kobzar}}
===Persecution===
{{main|Persecuted bandurists}}
[[Image:Kucherenko shoot.jpeg|thumb|right|200px|Document ordering the execution by shooting of blind kobzar [[Ivan Kuchuhura Kucherenko]] in 1937.]]
[[Image:Pamiatnyk.jpg|thumb|200px|Monument to the murdered kobzars in Kharkiv]]
Many bandurists and kobzars were systematically persecuted by authorities that controlled Ukraine at various times. This was because of the association of the bandura with certain aspects of [[History of Ukraine|Ukrainian history]] and also the prevalence of religious elements in the kobzar repertoire that eventually was adopted by the latter-day bandurists. Much of the unique repertoire of the bandura dealt with the Ukrainian Cossacks. A significant section of the repertoire consisted of para-liturgical chants (kanty) and psalms which were sung by the kobzari outside of churches as the latter were often suspicious of and sometimes hostile to kobzars' moral authority.
In the 1930s, [[Ukrainian SSR|Soviet]] authorities took measures to curtail nationalistic aspects of Ukrainian culture (see [[Russification]]). This included any interest in the bandura. Various sanctions were introduced to limit cultural activities that were deemed nationalistic. When these sanctions proved to have little effect on the spreading of such cultural artifacts, bandurists often came under harsh persecution from the Soviet authorities. Many were arrested and some executed or sent to [[labor camp]]s. At the height of the [[Great Purge]] in the late 1930s, the official State Bandurist Capella in Kyiv was changing [[artistic director]]s every 2 weeks because of these arrests.
In recent years significant evidence has come to light that an ethnographic conference for bandurists, specifically for blind [[kobzars]] and [[lirnyk]]s, was organised in Kharkiv in December of 1933 which was attended by an estimated 300 blind musicians who were subsequently executed.
After the death of Joseph [[Stalin]] the severe policies of persecution against bandurists was halted. Many bandurists who had been shot or sent off to labor camps were "[[Rehabilitation (Soviet)|rehabilitated]]". Some returned to Ukraine. Conservatory courses were once again re-opened as was the serial manufacture of instruments by instrument factories in [[Chernihiv]] and [[Lviv]].
Although direct and open confrontation ceased, the Communist party continued to control the development of bandura art. A policy of feminization of the bandura restricted the number of male bandurists able to study the bandura (kobzarstvo had originally been an exclusively male domain). Restrictions existed in obtaining an instrument and in the publication of musical literature for the bandura. Only specific trusted performers were allowed to perform on stage with severely censored and restrictive repertoire. These restrictions have left a significant impact on the contemporary development of the artform.
==Construction==
{{main|Bandura development}}
The back of a traditional bandura is usually carved from a solid piece of wood (either [[willow]], [[poplar]], [[cherry]] or [[maple]]). Since the 1960s, glued back instruments have also become common; even more recently, banduras have begun to be constructed with [[fiberglass]] backs. The [[soundboard]] is traditionally made from a type of [[pine]], usually [[spruce]]. The wrest planks and bridge are made from hard woods such as [[birch]].
The instrument was originally a [[diatonic]] instrument, and despite the addition of [[chromatic]] strings in the 1920s, it has continued to be played as a diatonic instrument. Most contemporary concert instruments have a mechanism which allows for the rapid retuning of the instrument into different keys. These mechanisms were first included in concert instruments in the late 1950s.
Significant contributions to bandura construction were made by [[Hnat Khotkevych]], [[Leonid Haydamaka]], [[Peter Honcharenko]], [[Ivan Skliar]], [[Vasyl Herasymenko]] and [[William Vetzal]].
==Types of Banduras==
Today there are four main types of bandura which differ somewhat in construction, holding, playing technique, repertoire and also in the quality of the sound that they produce.
===The '''[[Starosvitska bandura|Starosvitska]]'''===
[[Image:Bandura classical.jpg|thumb|100px|A classical (starosvits'ka) bandura made by Serhiy Rad'ko]]
The'''[[Starosvitska bandura|Starosvitska]]''' or '''authentic traditional banduras''': also sometimes referred to as ''Classical'' or ''old-time bandura''.
These instruments usually have some 20-23 [[Strings (music)|strings]] and are hand-made, with no two instruments being exactly the same. The backs are usually hewn out of a single piece of wood. Wooden pegs hold the strings which are tuned diatonically. Traditionally these instruments had gut strings, however at the beginning of the 20th century common performance practice changed over to steel strings.
There has been a revival in authentic performance in Ukraine which was spearheaded by [[Heorhy Tkachenko]] and his followers, notably [[Mykola Budnyk]], [[Kost Cheremsky]] and [[Mykola Tovkailo]].
===The '''[[Kyiv-style bandura]]'''===
[[Image:Lviv-1964.JPEG|thumb|100px|Lviv concert bandura designed by V. Herasymenko]]
The '''[[Kyiv-style bandura|Kyiv-style]]''' or '''academic bandura''': these are the most common banduras in use today in Ukraine. These instruments have 55-65 metal strings tuned chromatically through 5 octaves, with or without retuning mechanisms.
The instruments are known as Kyiv-style banduras because they are constructed for players of the Kyiv style technique pioneered by the Kyiv Bandurist Capella.
These instruments exist in two main types: Standard prima instruments and concert instruments which differ from the Prima instruments in that they have a retuning mechanism placed in the side of the instrument.
Concert Kyiv-style banduras are manufactured by the [[Chernihiv Musical Instrument Factory]] or the [[Trembita Musical Instrument Factory]] in [[Lviv]]. Rarer instruments exist from the Melnytso-Podilsk and Kiev workshops.
===The [[Kharkiv-style bandura]]===
[[Image:Horhul'.JPEG|thumb|100px|Khotkevych's Kharkiv-style bandura made by V. Horhul]]
[[Image:Bazhul-.JPEG|thumb|100px|A Kharkiv-style bandura made by Fedir Deriazhny in Australia]]
These instruments are primarily made by craftsmen outside of Ukraine; however, in more recent times, they have become quite sought after in Ukraine. They are strung either diatonically (with 34-36 strings) or chromatically (with 61-65 strings).
The Kharkiv bandura was first developed by [[Hnat Khotkevych]] and [[Leonid Haydamaka]] in the mid 1920's. It was later refined by the Honcharenko brothers. A number of instruments were made in the 1980s by [[Vasyl Herasymenko]].
===The Kyiv-Kharkiv Hybrid bandura===
[[Image:Skilar-Kyiv-Khrakiv.JPEG|thumb|100px|Kyiv-Kharkiv bandura made by Ivan Skliar - 1968]]
[[Image:HerasymenkoKharkiv5a.JPG|thumb|100px|Herasymenko's Kyiv-Kharkiv bandura 2001]]
Attempts have been made to combine aspects of the Kharkiv and Kyiv bandura into a unified instrument. The first attempts were made by the Honcharenko brothers in Germany in 1948. Attempts were made in the 1960s by Ivan Skliar, and in the 1980s by V. Herasymenko and more recently by Bill Vetzal in Canada.
===Orchestral bandura===
[[Image:Kar-orch-ban.jpeg|thumb|100px|Picollo -Prima and Bass Kharkiv style banduras]]
Orchestral banduras were first developed by Leonid haydamaka in Kharkiv 1928 in order to extend the range of the bandura section in his orchestra of Ukrainian folk instruyments.
==Music and repertoire==
Up until the 20th century bandura repertoire was an oral tradition based primarilly on vocal works sung to the accompaniment of he bandura. These included folk songs, chants, psalms, and epics known as [[dumy]]. Some folk dance tunes were also part of the performers repertoire.
In 1910 the first composition for the bandura was published in Kyiv by [[Hnat Khotkevych]]. It was a [[Ukrainian dance|dance]] piece entitle "Odarochka" for Kharkiv-style bandura. Khotkevych prepared a book of pieces in 1912, but because of the arrest of the publisher, it was never printed. Despite numerous compositions being composed for the instrument in the late 1920s and early 30's, and the preparation of these works for publication, little music was published in Ukraine.
A number of bandura primers were published in 1913-14 by Mykhailo Domontovych, Vasyl Shevchenko and Vasyl Ovchinnikov which contained arrangements of Ukrainian folk songs with bandura accompaniment.
In 1926, a collection of bandura compositions was compiled by [[Mykhailo Teliha]], which was published in Prague.
Hnat Khotkevych also prepared a number of collections of compositions and arrangements for the bandura in 1928, however because of dramatic changes within the Soviet Union none of these collections were published.
Professional Ukrainian composers only started composing seriously for the instrument after World War II. Composers such as [[Mykola Dremliuha]], [[Anatoly Kolomiyetz]], [[Yuriy Oliynyk]] and [[Kost Miaskov]] have created complex works such as sonatas, suites, and concerti for the instrument.
In recent times more Ukrainian composers have started to incorporate the bandura in their orchestral works with traditional Ukrainian folk operas such as ''[[Natalka Poltavka]]'' being re-scored for the bandura, and contemporary works such as ''[[Kupalo]]'' by [[Y. Stankovych]] and ''[[The Sacred Dnipro]]'' by [[Valery Kikta]] incorporating the bandura as part of the [[orchestra]].
Western composers of Ukrainian background such as [[Yuriy Oliynyk]] and [[Peter Senchuk]] have also begun composing serious works for the bandura.
==Ensembles==
[[Image:1926zyizd.jpg.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Traditional folk bandurists at a conference in 1926]]
The premier ensemble pioneering the bandura in ensemble performance in the West has been the [[Ukrainian Bandurist Chorus]].
Numerous similar ensembles have also become popular in Ukrainian centres with some small ensembles becoming extremely popular.
==References==
* Diakowsky, M. - '''“A Note on the History of the Bandura”''' // The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S. - 4, 3-4 №1419, N.Y. 1958 - С.21-22
* Diakowsky, M. J. - '''The Bandura''' // The Ukrainian Trend, 1958, №I, - С.18-36
* Diakowsky, M. – '''Anyone can make a bandura – I did''' // The Ukrainian Trend, Volume 6
* Haydamaka, L. – '''Kobza-bandura – National Ukrainian Musical Instrument''' // “Guitar Review” №33, Summer 1970 (С.13-18)
* Hornjatkevyč, A. – '''The book of Kodnia and the three Bandurists''' // Bandura, #11-12, 1985
* Hornjatkevyč A. J., Nichols T. R. - '''The Bandura''' // Canada crafts, April/May, 1979 p.28-29
* Mishalow, V. - A''' Brief Description of the Zinkiv Method of Bandura Playing''' //Bandura, 1982, №2/6, - С.23-26
* Mishalow, V. - '''The Kharkiv style #1''' // Bandura 1982, №6, - С.15-22 #2 – Bandura 1985, №13-14, - С.20-23 #3 – Bandura 1988, №23-24, - С.31-34 #4 – Bandura 1987, №19-20, - С.31-34 #5 – Bandura 1987, №21-22, - С.34-35
* Mishalow, V. - A''' Short History of the Bandura''' // East European Meetings in Ethnomusicology 1999, Romanian Society for Ethnomusicology, Volume 6, - С.69-86
* Mizynec, V. - '''Folk Instruments of Ukraine''' // Bayda Books, Melbourne, Australia, 1987 - 48с.
* Cherkasky, L. - '''Ukrainski narodni muzychni instrumenty''' // Tekhnika, Kyiv, Ukraine, 2003 - 262 pages. ISBM 966-575-111-5
==See also==
[[Bandora (instrument)|Bandora]]
==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Commonscat-N|Banduras|Bandurіsts|Kobzarstvo}}
* [http://www.polyhymnion.org/torban Organological issues regarding the torban, [[kobza]], and bandura]
* [http://www.polyhymnion.org/torban Torban]
* [http://www.bandura.org Ukrainian Bandurist Chorus]
[[Category:String instruments]]
[[Category:Ukrainian music]]
[[Category:Kobzarstvo]]
[[Category:Ukrainian folk instruments]]
[[Category:Ukrainian loanwords]]
[[be-x-old:Бандура (музычны інструмэнт)]]
[[de:Bandura (Instrument)]]
[[fr:Bandura]]
[[it:Bandura]]
[[ka:ბანდურა]]
[[pl:Bandura]]
[[ru:Бандура]]
[[uk:Бандура]]
[[zh:班杜拉琴]]