Bangalore
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2008-07-16T06:17:43Z
Tinucherian
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{{otheruses}}
{{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction
|native_name = Bengalūru (ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು)
|other_name = Bangalore
|type = metropolitan city
|type_2 = capital
|skyline = Vidhana_Soudha.jpg
|skyline_caption = [[Vidhana Soudha]]
|locator_position = left
|latd=12 |latm=58 |latNS=N
|longd=77 |longm=34 |longEW=E
|state_name = Karnataka
|district = [[Bangalore Urban]]
|region = [[Bayaluseeme]]
|leader_title = Commissioner
|leader_name = Dr. S. Subramanya
|altitude = 920
|population_as_of = 2007
|population_city = 5,104,047
|population_rank = 3rd
|population_total = 6200000
|area_magnitude = 9
|area_total = 741
|area_total_cite = <ref name="area">The total area of Greater Bangalore has been mentioned in the Karnataka budget of 2007-08 as 741 km². {{cite web |url=http://www.kar.nic.in/finance/bud2007/bs07e.pdf |title=Finance Budget for 2007-08 |publisher=Government of India |accessdate=2007-06-28}}</ref>
|area_telephone = 91-(0)80
|postal_code = 560 xxx
|vehicle_code_range = KA 01, KA 02, KA 03, KA 04, KA 05, KA 41, KA 50, KA 51, KA 53
|unlocode = IN BLR
|footnotes =
}}
'''Bangalore''' ([[Indian English]]: {{Audio-IPA|Hi-Bangalore.ogg|[ˈbæŋgəloːɾ]}}), officially '''Bengaluru''' ([[Kannada]]: ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು, {{Audio-IPA|Bengaluru-Kannada-Pronunciation.ogg|['beŋgəɭuːɾu]}}), is the capital of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]]. Located on the [[Deccan Plateau]] in the south-eastern part of Karnataka, Bangalore is India's [[List of most populous cities in India|third most populous city]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=80&geo=-104&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan |title=India: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population
|publisher=World Gazetteer}}</ref> and [[List of most populous metropolitan areas in India|fifth-most populous urban agglomeration]].
It is home to numerous public sectors such as [[heavy industry|heavy industries]], [[List of IT companies in Bangalore|software companies]], [[aerospace]], [[telecommunications]], machine tools, heavy equipment, and [[Defense industry|defence establishments]]. Bangalore is known as the ''[[Silicon Valley of India]]'' owing to its pre-eminent position as the leading contributor to India's IT industry.<ref name=swshare>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/india-news/full_story.php?content_id=60231 |title=Bangalore Crumbling |accessdate=2007-10-06 |publisher=[[Indian Express|The Sunday Express]]}}</ref> Bangalore has developed into one of India's major economic hubs and was mentioned by [[CNN]] as one of the "best places to do business in the wired world".<ref name=best>{{cite web |url=http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/biz2/0708/gallery.roadwarriorsspecial.biz2//index.html?section=money_topstories |title=Best places to do business in the wired world |publisher=[[CNN]] |accessdate=2007-09-06 }}</ref>
Though historically attested at least since 900 CE, [[Kempe Gowda I]], is widely regarded as the founder of modern Bangalore, he built a mud fort and established it as a province of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. During the [[British Raj]], it became a centre for colonial rule in South India. The establishment of the [[Bangalore Cantonment]] brought in large numbers of migrants from other parts of the country. Since [[Indian Independence Movement|independence]] in 1947, Bangalore grew to become the capital of [[Karnataka]] state. Today, as a large and growing metropolitan in the [[developing world]], Bangalore is home to some of the most well-recognized colleges and research institutions in India, and has the second-highest literacy rate in the nation.
==Etymology==
The name Bangalore is an [[Anglicization|anglicised]] version of the city's name in the [[Kannada language]], ''Bengalūru''. The earliest reference to the name "Bengaluru" was found in a 9th century [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] stone inscription on a "vīra kallu" (ವೀರ ಗಲ್ಲು) (literally, "[[hero stone]]", a rock edict extolling the virtues of a warrior). In this inscription found in [[Begur]], "Bengaluru" is referred to as a place in which a battle was fought in 890. It states that the place was part of the Ganga kingdom until 1004 and was known as "Bengaval-uru", the "City of Guards" in Old Kannada.<ref name=OtherNames>K. Chandramouli. [http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm "The City of Boiled Beans"]. The Hindu. 2006. The Hindu Group. [[25 July]] [[2002]]</ref> An article, published in [[The Hindu]], states:<ref name=TheHindu>[http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm "Inscription reveals Bangalore is over 1,000 years old"]. The Hindu. ḷ2006. The Hindu Group. [[20 August]] [[2004]]</ref><blockquote>An inscription, dating back to 890 CE, shows Bengaluru is over 1,000 years old. But it stands neglected at the Parvathi Nageshwara Temple in Begur near the city...written in Hale Kannada (Old Kannada) of the 9th century CE, the epigraph refers to a Bengaluru war in 890 in which Buttanachetty, a servant of Nagatta, died. Though this has been recorded by historian R. Narasimhachar in his Epigraphia of Carnatica (Vol. 10 supplementary), no efforts have been made to preserve it.</blockquote>
An apocryphal, though popular, anecdote recounts that the 11th-century [[Hoysala]] king [[Veera Ballala II]], while on a hunting expedition, lost his way in the forest. Tired and hungry, he came across a poor old woman who served him boiled beans. The grateful king named the place "benda kaal-uru" ([[Kannada]]: ಬೆಂದಕಾಳೂರು) (literally, "town of boiled beans"), which was eventually simplified to "Bengalūru".<ref name="Bendakaaluru">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/Oct302006/index20581420061029.asp|title=Many miles to go from Bangalore to Bengaluru|author=Vijesh Kamath|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|accessdate=2007-07-02}}</ref><ref name=gandubhoomi />
On [[December 11]], [[2005]], the [[Government of Karnataka]] announced that it had accepted a proposal by [[Jnanpith Award]] winner [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]] to [[Indian renaming controversy|rename]] Bangalore to ''Bengaluru'', which is its name in Kannada.<ref name=EnterBengalooru>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/264262.cms "From today, Bangalore becomes Bengalooru"]. The Times of India. 2006. The Times Group. [[1 November]] [[2006]]</ref> On [[September 27]], [[2006]], the Bruhath Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) passed a resolution to implement the proposed name change,<ref>{{cite news | title= It will be `Bengaluru', resolves BMP | publisher=[[The Hindu]] | date=[[2006-09-28]] | url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/28/stories/2006092824250300.htm |accessdate=2007-05-16}}</ref> which was accepted by the Government of Karnataka and it was decided to officially implement the name change from [[November 1]], [[2006]].<ref>{{cite news | title= It’ll be ‘Bengaluru’ from Nov 1 | publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] | date=[[2006-10-08]] | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/Oct82006/index2044162006107.asp |accessdate=2007-05-16}}</ref> However, this process has been currently stalled due to delays in getting clearances from the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Union Home Ministry]].<ref>{{cite news | title= Centre mum on ‘Bengaluru’ | publisher=[[The Hindu]] | date=[[2007-12-18]] | url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/18/stories/2007121854970600.htm |accessdate=2008-04-10}}</ref>
==History==
[[Image:Bangalore LadyCurzonHospital.jpg|thumb|Lady [[Curzon]] hospital in the Bangalore Cantonment was established in 1864 and later named after the first wife of the [[Viceroy]] of India, [[Lord Curzon]].]]
{{main|History of Bangalore}}
After centuries of the rule of the Western [[Gangas]], Bengaluru was captured by the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] in 1024 which later passed on to the Chalukya-cholas in 1070. In 1116 the [[Hoysala Empire]], overthrew the Cholas and extended its rule over Bangalore. Modern Bangalore was founded by a [[vassal]] of the Vijayanagara Empire, Kempe Gowda I, who built a mud fort and a [[Nandi Temple]] in the proximity of modern Bangalore in 1537. Kempe Gowda referred to the new town as his "gandu bhűmi" or "Land of Heroes".<ref name=gandubhoomi>[http://web.archive.org/web/20060919220936/http://www.bangaloreit.in/html/aboutbng/history.htm "About Bangalore - History"]. Department of IT and Biotechnology. 2006. Government of Karnataka.</ref>
Within the fort, the town was divided into smaller divisions called "pētēs" ({{IPA2|pe:te:}}). The town had two main streets: [[Streets of Old Bangalore|Chikkapētē Street]], which ran east-west, and Doddapētē Street, which ran north-south. Their intersection formed the Doddapētē Square — the heart of Bangalore. Kempe Gowda's successor, Kempe Gowda II, built four famous towers that marked Bangalore's boundary.<ref name=bglrHist2>Vagale, Uday Kumar. {{PDFlink|[http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172004-231956/unrestricted/4.pdf "Public Space in Bangalore: Present and Future Projections"]|773 [[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 791768 bytes -->}}. Digital Libraries and Archives. 2006. Virginia Tech. [[27 April]] [[2004]].</ref>
During the Vijayanagara rule, Bangalore was also referred to as "Devarāyanagara" and "Kalyānapura" ("Auspicious City").
After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire, Bangalore's rule changed hands several times. In 1638, a large [[Bijapur]] army led by Ranadulla Khan and accompanied by [[Shahaji|Shahji Bhonsle]] defeated Kempe Gowda III and Bangalore was given to Shahji as a [[jagir]]. In 1687, the [[Mughal]] general Kasim Khan defeated Ekoji, son of Shahji, and then sold Bangalore to Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar (1673–1704) of Mysore for 300,000 rupees.<ref name=ekoji>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/22/stories/2005022201010300.htm|title=The bean city|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|author=S. Srinivas|accessdate=2007-07-02}}</ref><ref name="Eraly">"The Mughal Throne", Abraham Eraly, Phoenix, London, Great Britain, 2004 (ISBN 0-7538-1758-6), Incidental Data, page 538.</ref> After the death of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II in 1759, [[Hyder Ali]], Commander-in-Chief of the Mysore Army, proclaimed himself the [[de facto]] ruler of Mysore. The kingdom later passed to Hyder Ali's son [[Tippu Sultan]], known as the Tiger of Mysore. Bangalore was eventually incorporated into the [[British India]]n Empire after Tippu Sultan was defeated and killed in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1799). The British returned administrative control of the Bangalore "pētē" to the [[Maharaja]] of Mysore, choosing only to retain the [[Cantonment]] under their jurisdiction. The 'Residency' of Mysore State was first established at Mysore in 1799 and later shifted to Bangalore in the year 1804. It was abolished in the year 1843 only to be revived in 1881 at Bangalore and to be closed down permanently in 1947, with Indian independence. The British, found it easier to recruit employees in the [[Madras Presidency]] and relocate them to cantonment area during this period. The Kingdom of Mysore relocated its capital from [[Mysore]] city to Bangalore in 1831.<ref name=bglrHist3>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/M/MY/MYSORE_CAPITAL_.htm "Mysore (CAPITAL)"]. Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911 ed.</ref>
Two important developments during this period contributed to the rapid growth of the city: the introduction of telegraph connections and a rail connection to [[Madras]] in 1864.
[[Image:Bangalore Palace.jpg|thumb|[[Bangalore Palace]], built in 1887, was home to the [[Kingdom of Mysore|rulers of Mysore]]]]
In the 19th century, Bangalore essentially became a [[twin city]], with the "pētē", whose residents were predominantly [[Kannadiga]]s, and the "cantonment" created by the British, whose residents were predominantly [[Tamil people|Tamils]]. <ref>[http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172004-231956/unrestricted/4.pdf Public Space in Bangalore: Present and Future Projections (Chapter 8, Page 17)]</ref> Bangalore was hit by a [[Bubonic plague|plague]] epidemic in 1898 that dramatically reduced its population. New extensions in [[Malleshwara]] and [[Basavanagudi]] were developed in the north and south of the pētē. Telephone lines were laid to help co-ordinate anti-plague operations, and a health officer was appointed to the city in 1898. In 1906, Bangalore became the first city in India to have electricity, powered by the [[hydroelectric]] plant situated in [[Shivanasamudra]]. Bangalore's reputation as the Garden City of India began in 1927 with the [[Silver Jubilee]] celebrations of the rule of [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV]]. Several projects such as the construction of parks, public buildings and hospitals were instituted to beautify the city. After Indian independence in August 1947, Bangalore remained in the new [[Mysore State]] of which the Maharaja of Mysore was the [[Rajapramukh]]. Public sector employment and education provided opportunities for Kannadigas from the rest of the state to migrate to the city. Bangalore experienced rapid growth in the decades 1941–51 and 1971–81 , which saw the arrival of many immigrants from northern Karnataka. By 1961, Bangalore had become the sixth largest city in India, with a population of 1,207,000.<ref name=bglrHist2>Digital Libraries and Archives</ref>
In the decades that followed, Bangalore's manufacturing base continued to expand with the establishment of private companies such as [[MICO|Motor Industries Company]] (MICO; a subsidiary of [[Robert Bosch GmbH]]), which set up its manufacturing plant in the city. Bangalore experienced a boom in its [[real estate]] market in the 1980s and 1990s, spurred by capital investors from other parts of the country who converted Bangalore's large plots and colonial [[bungalow]]s to multi-storied apartments.<ref name=realestate>Benjamin, Solomon. {{PDFlink|[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN020773.pdf "Governance, economic settings and poverty in Bangalore"]|151 KiB<!-- application/pdf, 154998 bytes -->}}.Environment&Urbanization Vol 12 No 1 2006. United Nations Public Administration. [[1 April]] [[2000]].</ref> In 1985, [[Texas Instruments]] became the first [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] to set up base in Bangalore. Other Information Technology companies followed suit and by the end of the 20th century, Bangalore had firmly established itself as the [[Silicon Valley]] of India.
==Geography and climate==
{{main|Bangalore Metropolitan Environment}}
[[Image:BangaloreLake.jpg|thumb|right|The Hesaraghatta Lake in Bangalore]]
Bangalore lies in the southeast of the [[South India]]n state of Karnataka. It is in the heart of the Mysore Plateau (a region of the larger [[Precambrian]] Deccan Plateau) at an average elevation of 920 m (3,018 ft). It is positioned at {{coor d|12.97|N|77.56|E|}} and covers an area of 741 km² (286 [[Mile|mi]]²).<ref name="area"/> The majority of the city of Bangalore lies in the [[Bangalore Urban]] district of Karnataka and the surrounding rural areas are a part of the [[Bangalore Rural]] district. The Government of Karnataka has carved out the new district of [[Ramanagara]] from the old Bangalore Rural district.
The topology of Bangalore is flat except for a central [[ridge]] running [[NNE]]-[[South-southwest|SSW]]. The highest point is [[Doddabettahalli]], which is 962 m (3,156 ft) and lies on this ridge.<ref name=bglrGeo>[http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/wetlands/sarea.html "Studyarea- Bangalore"]. Centre for Ecological Sciences. 2006. Indian Institute of Science.</ref>
No major rivers run through the city, though the [[Arkavathy River|Arkavathi]] and [[South Pennar river|South Pennar]] cross paths at the [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]], 60 km (37 mi.) to the north. [[River Vrishabhavathi]], a minor tributary of the Arkavathi, arises within the city at Basavanagudi and flows through the city. The rivers Arkavathi and Vrishabhavathi together carry much of Bangalore's [[sewage]]. A [[sewerage]] system, constructed in 1922, covers 215 km² (133 mi²) of the city and connects with five [[sewage treatment]] centers located in the periphery of Bangalore.<ref name=sewage>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar112004/metro1.asp |title= "Each drop of water counts" |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070311005340/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar112004/metro1.asp |archivedate=2007-03-11}}. Deccan Herald. 2006. The Printers (Mysore) Ltd. [[11 March]] [[2004]]</ref>
In the 16th century, Kempe Gowda I constructed many lakes to meet the town's water requirements. The Kempambudhi Kere, since overrun by modern development, was prominent among those lakes. In the earlier half of 20th century, the Nandi Hills [[waterworks]] was commissioned by [[Mirza Ismail|Sir Mirza Ismail]] ([[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of Mysore, 1926–41 CE) to provide a water supply to the city. Currently, the river [[Kaveri]] provides around 80% of the total water supply to the city with the remaining 20% being obtained from the Thippagondanahalli and Hesaraghatta
reservoirs of the Arkavathi river.<ref name="watersup">{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20060206121846/http://bwssb.org/help_faq.html|title=FAQ|accessdate=2007-07-02}}</ref> Bangalore receives 800 million [[liter|litre]]s (211 million [[US gallon]]s) of water a day, more than any other Indian city.<ref name=bglrWater> [http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=8dc55aa2-693c-49f9-a954-28f811fb5d68 "Thirsty Bangalore seeks divine help"]. Hindustan Times. 2006. HT Media Ltd. [[9 June]] [[2003]].</ref>
However, Bangalore sometimes does face water shortages, especially during the summer season in the years of low rainfall. A [[random sample|random sampling]] study of the [[Air Quality Index|Air Quality Index (AQI)]] of twenty stations within the city indicated scores that ranged from 76 to 314, suggesting heavy to severe air pollution around areas of traffic concentration.<ref name=EIA>{{PDFlink|[http://web.archive.org/web/20060320001853/http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF "Environmental Impact Analysis"]}}. Bangalore Metropolitan Rapid Transport Corporation Limited.. 2006. Government of Karnataka. 2005.</ref>
Bangalore has a handful of freshwater lakes and [[water tank]]s, the largest of which are Madivala tank, [[Hebbal]] lake, Ulsoor lake and [[Sankey Tank]]. Groundwater occurs in [[silt]]y to [[sand]]y layers of the [[alluvial]] sediments. The Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) is the most dominant rock unit in the area and includes [[granite]]s, [[gneiss]]es and [[migmatite]]s, while the soils of Bangalore consist of red [[laterite]] and red, fine [[loam]]y to [[clay]]ey soils.<ref name=EIA>soils</ref>
[[Vegetation]] in the city is primarily in the form of large [[deciduous]] [[canopy]] and minority [[coconut]] trees. Though Bangalore has been classified as a part of the seismic zone II (a stable zone), it has experienced quakes of magnitude as high as 4.5.<ref name="quake">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jan/30inter.htm|title=The Rediff Interview/ Dr S K Srivastav, additional director general, Indian Meteorological Department|publisher=[Rediff.com]|author=Onkar Singh|accessdate=2007-07-02}}</ref>
Due to its high elevation, Bangalore usually enjoys salubrious climate throughout the year, although freak heat waves can make things very uncomfortable in the summer.<ref name="hightemp">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/18/stories/2005051818670300.htm|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|title=
Rise in temperature `unusual' for Bangalore|accessdate=2007-07-02}}</ref> The coolest month is January with an average low temperature of 15.1 °C and the hottest month is April with an average high temperature of 33.6 °C.<ref name="metrain">{{cite web|url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/climate/bangalore1.htm|title=Bangalore|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=2007-02-07}}</ref> The highest temperature ever recorded in Bangalore is 38.9 °[[Celsius|C]] and the lowest ever is 7.8 °C (on January 1884).<ref name="hightem">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/10/stories/2006051022920300.htm|work=Online Edition of The Hindu, dated 2006-05-10|title=Set up rain gauges in areas prone to flooding|author=Vidyashree Amaresh|accessdate=2007-12-22}}</ref><ref name=lowtem">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/Dec172006/city115220061217.asp|work=Online Edition of The Deccan Herald, dated 2006-12-17|title=B’lore weather back again|author=Ashwini Y.S.|accessdate=2007-12-22}}</ref> Winter temperatures rarely drop below 12 °C (54 °F), and summer temperatures seldom exceed 36–37 °C (100 °F). Bangalore receives rainfall from both the northeast and the southwest [[monsoon]]s and the wettest months are September, October and August, in that order.<ref name="metrain"/> The summer heat is moderated by fairly frequent [[thunderstorm]]s, which occasionally cause power outages and local flooding. The heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is {{convert|179|mm|in}} recorded on [[1 October]] [[1997]].<ref name="rainmax">{{cite web|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2223/stories/20051118005402400.htm|work=The Frontline|date=2005-11-05|title=Bangalore's woes|author=Ravi Sharma|accessdate=2008-02-05}}</ref>
== Civic Administration ==
{{seealso|Infrastructure in Bangalore}}
{| class="wikitable" border="1" align="right" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" width="200" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #F4F5F6; border: 1px #C6C7C8 solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 70%"
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#C2D6E5" align="center" | '''Bangalore City officials'''
|-
| width="50%" | '''Administrator'''
| S. Dilip Rau
|-
| '''Municipal Commissioner'''
| Dr. S. Subramanya
|-
| '''Police Commissioner'''
| Shankar Bidari <ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Bangalore/Shankar_Bidari_is_top_city_cop/articleshow/3220465.cms|work=timesofindia|date=2008-07-11
|title=Shankar Bidari is top city cop- Times of India|accessdate=2008-07-16}}</ref>
|-
|}
The [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] (BBMP, ''[[municipal corporation|Greater Bangalore Municipal Corporation]]'') is in charge of the civic administration of the city.<ref name="bbmp">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/18/stories/2007011820460300.htm|work=Online Edition of The Hindu, dated 2007-01-08|title= Greater Bangalore, but higher tax?|author=Afshan Yasmeen|accessdate=2007-10-17}}</ref> It was formed in 2007 by merging 100 wards of the erstwhile ''Bangalore Mahanagara Palike'', with the neighbouring 7 City Municipal Councils (CMC), one Town Municipal Council and 110 villages around Bangalore.<ref name="bbmp"/>
Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike is run by a city council. The city council comprises elected representatives, called "corporators", one from each of the wards (localities) of the city. Elections to the council are held once every 5 years, with results being decided by [[popular vote]]. A [[mayor]] and [[commissioner]] of the council are also elected through a quota system from a [[Scheduled Castes and Tribes]] candidate or to an [[Other Backward Class]] female candidate. Members contesting elections to the council represent one of more of the state's political parties. However, elections to the newly-created body are yet to be held, due to delays in delimitation of wards and finalising voter lists. There are expected to be about 150 wards, up from the 100 wards of the old Bangalore Mahanagara Palike. Elections are tentatively scheduled to be held in early 2008.
[[Image:Bangalore HighCourt.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Karnataka High Court]] is the supreme judicial body in Karnataka and is located in Bangalore.]]
Bangalore's rapid growth has created several problems relating to traffic congestion and infrastructural obsolescence that the Bangalore Mahanagara Palike has found challenging to address. A 2003 ''Battelle Environmental Evaluation System'' (BEES) evaluation of Bangalore's physical, biological and socioeconomic parameters indicated that Bangalore's water quality and terrestrial and aquatic [[ecosystem]]s were close to ''ideal'', while the city's socioeconomic parameters ([[traffic]], [[quality of life]]) scored poorly.<ref name="bees">{{PDFlink|[http://web.archive.org/web/20060320001853/http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF "Environmental Impact Analysis"]}}. Bangalore Metropolitan Rapid Transport Corporation Limited.. 2006. Government of Karnataka. 2005. (page 30)</ref> The BMP has been criticised by the Karnataka High Court, citizens and corporations for failing to effectively address the crumbling road and traffic infrastructure of Bangalore.<ref name=highcourt>[http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/jun292005/state1911192005628.asp "High Court pulls up BMP for bad roads"]. Deccan Herald. 2006. The Printers (Mysore) Ltd. [[June 29]] [[2005]]</ref> The unplanned nature of growth in the city resulted in massive traffic [[gridlock]]s that the municipality attempted to ease by constructing a [[flyover]] system and by imposing one-way traffic systems.
Some of the flyovers and one-ways mitigated the traffic situation moderately but were unable to adequately address the disproportionate growth of city traffic.<ref name=bees /> In 2005 both the [[Government of India|Central Government]] and the State Government allocated considerable portions of their annual budgets to address Bangalore's infrastructure.<ref name=budget>"[http://autofeed.msn.co.in/pandorav3/output/News/7e1bf015-99c9-49ff-8670-f6d3c44a689c.aspx Budget to trigger growth of metros: PM]". MSN India. 2006. Microsoft India. [[12 February]] [[2006]].</ref> The Bangalore Mahanagara Palike works with the [[Bangalore Development Authority]] (BDA) and the [[Bangalore Agenda Task Force]] (BATF) to design and implement civic projects. Bangalore generates about 3,000 tonnes of [[waste|solid waste]] per day, of which about 1,139 tonnes are collected and sent to [[compost]]ing units such as the Karnataka Composting Development Corporation. The remaining solid waste collected by the [[municipality]] is dumped in open spaces or on roadsides outside the city.<ref name=solidwaste>van Beukering, Sehker, et al.[http://web.archive.org/web/20060304102415/http://www.iied.org/pubs/pdf/full/8113IIED.pdf "Analysing Urban Solid Waste..."]. International Institute for Environment and Development. 2006. March 1999.</ref>
The [[Bangalore City Police]] (BCP) has six geographic zones, includes the Traffic Police, the City Armed Reserve, the Central Crime Branch and the City Crime Record Bureau and runs 86 police stations, including two all-women police stations.<ref name=bcp>[http://www.bcp.gov.in/english/index.htm "Bangalore City Police"]. Bangalore City Police. 2006. Karnataka State Police.</ref> As capital of the state of Karnataka, Bangalore houses important state government facilities such as the Karnataka High Court, the [[Vidhana Soudha]] (the home of the Karnataka state legislature) and [[Raj Bhavan (Karnataka)|Raj Bhavan]] (the residence of the Governor of Karnataka). Bangalore contributes two members to India's [[lower house]] of [[parliament]], the [[Lok Sabha]], and 24 members to the Karnataka State Assembly.<ref>[http://www.kar.nic.in/kla/mladr.htm "Members of Karnataka Legislative Assembly"]. National Informatics Centre. 2006. Government of Karnataka</ref> In 2007, the Delimitation Commission of India reorganised the constituencies based on the 2001 [[census]], and thus the number of Assembly and Parliamentary constituencies in Bangalore has been increased to 28 and 3 respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delimitation-india.com/Final_Publications/Karnataka/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20with%20Table%20A%20&%20B%20_Eng_.pdf |title=Final Notification and Order|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|date=[[2007-07-02]] | accessdate=2007-10-17}} </ref> These changes will take effect from the next elections.
[[Electricity]] in Bangalore is regulated through the Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL). Like many cities in India, Bangalore experiences scheduled [[power cut]]s, especially over the summer, to allow electricity providers to meet the consumption demands of households as well as corporations.
== Economy ==
{{main|Economy of Bangalore}}
[[Image:Bangalore Skyscraper.jpg|thumb|The Public Utilities Building is located on MG Road, a major commerical center in Bangalore.]]
Bangalore's [[Indian Rupee|Rs.]] 260,260 [[crore]] ([[USD]] 60.5 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]]) economy (2002–03 Net District Income) makes it a major economic centre in India.<ref name=slumpop>{{PDFlink|[http://des.kar.nic.in/ptc/KAGGeneral.pdf "All India figures at a glance"]|2.75 [[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 2888089 bytes -->}}. Department of Economics and Statistics. 2006. Government of Karnataka. 16 Dec. 2005. </ref> With an economic growth of 10.3%, Bangalore is the fastest growing major metropolis in India <ref name=blorefastest>[http://in.rediff.com/money/2008/jan/29gdp.htm Surat, fastest growing city]. Rediff.com. January 29, 2008</ref>. Additionally, Bangalore is India's fourth largest [[fast moving consumer goods]] (FMCG) market. <ref name=4thlargest>[http://ia.rediff.com/money/2006/aug/23bang.htm?q=bp&file=.htm "Bangalore most affluent market"]. 2006. Rediff.com. 23 Aug. 2006</ref> The city is the third largest hub for [[high net worth individuals]] and is home to over 10,000 dollar millionaires and about 60,000 super-rich people who have an investable surplus of {{INRConvert|4.5|c}} and {{INRConvert|50|l}} respectively.<ref name=HNWI>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India_Business/After_Mumbai__Delhi_Bangalore_home_to_richest/articleshow/1842018.cms "Bangalore third richest city in country"].2007. Times of India.Times of India. 1 Apr. 2007</ref> As of 2001, Bangalore's share of Rs. 1660 crore (US$ 3.7 billion) in [[Foreign Direct Investment]] was the fourth highest for an Indian city.<ref name=Globalization>Mathur, Om Prakash. {{PDFlink|[http://www.cdsindonesia.org/documents/op4-ommathur-040903.pdf "Impact of globalisation on cities and city-related policies in India"]|436 KiB<!-- application/pdf, 446731 bytes -->}}. 2006. The Urban Partnerships Foundation Aug. 2003</ref>
In the 1940, industrial visionaries such as [[Sir Mirza Ismail]] and [[Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya]] played an important role in the development of Bangalore's strong manufacturing and industrial base.
[[Image:BangaloreInfosys.jpg|thumb|left|The headquarters of [[Infosys]], India's second largest IT company, is located in Bangalore]]
The headquarters of several [[public sector undertaking]]s such as [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL), [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] (NAL), Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Bharat Electronics Limited, [[Bharat Earth Movers Limited]] (BEML) and [[HMT|Hindustan Machine Tools]] (HMT) are located in Bangalore. In June 1972 the [[Indian Space Research Organisation|Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)]] was established under the Department of Space and headquartered in the city.
Bangalore is called the ''Silicon Valley of India'' because of the large number of Information Technology companies located in the city which contributed 33% of India's [[Indian Rupee|Rs.]] 144,214 crore (US$ 32 billion) IT exports in 2006-07.<ref name=Nasscom>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/common/storypage_c.php?leftnm=10&autono=299725 |title=
IT in India: Big successes, large gaps to be filled|author=Jairam Ramesh|work=Online Edition of The Business Standard, dated 2007-09-30|accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref> Bangalore's IT industry is divided into three main [[business cluster|"clusters"]] — Software Technology Parks of India, Bangalore ([[STPI]]); [[International Tech Park, Bangalore|International Technology Park Bangalore (ITPB), formerly International Technology Park Ltd. (ITPL)]]; and [[Electronics City]]. UB City, the headquarters of the [[United Breweries Group]], is a high-end commercial zone.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1672524.cms UB City is finally here-Bangalore-Cities-The Times of India<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref>
[[Infosys]] and [[Wipro]], India's second and third largest software companies are headquartered in Bangalore as are many of the global ''SEI-CMM Level 5 Companies''.
The growth of Information Technology has presented the city with unique challenges. Ideological clashes sometimes occur between the city's IT moguls, who demand an improvement in the city's infrastructure and the state government, whose electoral base is primarily the people in rural Karnataka.<ref name="clash">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051110/asp/opinion/story_5421239.asp|work=Online Edition of The Telegraph|title= Poverty of Politics - If politicians lack vision, the rate of change will remain slow|author=Surendra Munshi|accessdate=2007-10-25}}</ref> Bangalore is a hub for [[biotechnology]] related industry in India and in the year 2005, around 47% of the 265 biotechnology companies in India were located here; including [[Biocon]], India's largest biotechnology company.<ref name="biorank">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/23/stories/2005042301960600.htm|work=Online edition of The Hindu, dated 2005-04-23|title=Bangalore Helix to be a reality soon|accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref><ref name="biolead">{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/health-SP/idUSBOM33872620071004|work=Online webpage of Reuters, dated 2007-10-04|title=Biocon in drug development talks with Bayer|accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref>
{{seealso|List of IT companies in Bangalore|Bangalore Metropolitan Environment}}
==Transport==
[[Image:Bangalore Airport.jpg|thumb|The [[Bengaluru International Airport]] is located in [[Devanahalli]].]]
[[Image:BangaloreRick.JPG|thumb|left|[[Autorickshaws]] are a popular form of transport in the city.]]
Bangalore is served by the newly-built [[Bengaluru International Airport]] ([[IATA]] code: BLR) which started operations from [[24 May]], [[2008]]. The city was earlier served by the [[HAL Airport]] which was India's fourth busiest airport.<ref>[http://aai.aero/traffic_news/jun2k7annex3.pdf Airports Authority of India: Traffic statistics - Passengers (Intl+Domestic), Annexure IIIC]</ref><ref>[http://aai.aero/traffic_news/jun2k7annex2.pdf Airports Authority of India: Traffic statistics - Aircraft movements (Intl+Domestic), Annexure IIC]</ref><ref name="traff">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/Oct272006/index211220061026.asp|publisher=Deccan Herald|title=Expressway for airport drive|author=R. Krishnakumar|accessdate=2007-07-02}}</ref> [[Air Deccan]] and Kingfisher Airlines have their headquarters in Bangalore.<ref name=hqa">{{cite web|url=http://www.businessworld.in/content/view/1886/1949/1/3/|work=Online Edition of The Business World|title=A Sense of Deja Vu|accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref>
A [[Rapid transit|rapid transit system]] called the ''[[Namma Metro]]'' is being developed and is expected to be operational by 2011. Once completed, this will encompass a 33 km (20.5 mi) elevated and underground rail network, with 32 stations in ''Phase I'' and more being added in ''Phase II''.<ref name="metro">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/18/stories/2006101824830300.htm|work=Online Edition of The Hindu, dated 2006-10-18|title=Metro rail may result in increase in temperature|author=Govind D. Belgaumkar|accessdate=2007-10-17}}</ref> Bangalore is well connected to the rest of the country through the [[Indian Railways]]. The ''[[Rajdhani Express]]'' connects Bangalore to [[New Delhi]], the capital of India. The city is also connected to [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], [[Kolkata]], and [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], as well as other major cities in Karnataka.<ref name="blrir">{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in/Popular_trains.html|work=Online webpage of Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Limited|title=Popular Trains|accessdate=2007-10-17}}</ref>
Three-wheeled, black and yellow [[auto-rickshaw]]s, referred to as ''autos'', are a popular form of transport.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/15/stories/2006121520050300.htm|work=Online Edition of The Hindu, dated 2006-12-15|title=Stir leaves hundreds stranded|accessdate=2007-10-17}}</ref> They are metered and can accommodate up to three passengers. Taxi service within Bangalore is provided by several operators commonly referred to as ''Citi taxis'' which can carry up to four passengers and are usually metered and more expensive than auto-rickshaws.<ref name="auto"/>
Buses operated by [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]] (BMTC) are also a means of public transport available in the city.<ref name="bus">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Jun202007/city200706208444.asp|title=Loyalty may pay for Volvo commuters!|author=S Praveen Dhaneshkar|work=Online Edition of The Deccan Herald, dated 2007-06-20|accessdate=2007-04-10}}</ref> While commuters can buy tickets on boarding these buses, BMTC also provides an option of a bus pass to frequent users. BMTC also runs air-conditioned, red-coloured Volvo buses on major routes.<ref name="bus"/> The [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]] runs 10,400 buses, connecting Bangalore with other parts of Karnataka as well as other states.
<br clear="all>
==Demographics==
{{IndiaCensusPop
|title= Population Growth
|state=
|1971= 1654000
|1981= 2922000
|1991= 4130000
|2001= 5701000
|estimate=
|estyear=
|estref=
|footnote= Source: [[Census of India]]<ref name="Census population">{{cite web|url=http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Seminars/Details/Seminars/PDE2007/Papers/IYER_Neelakantan_paperNairobi2007-project.pdf|title=Census population|work=Census of India|publisher=www.cicred.org|pages=21|language=English|accessdate=2008-06-07}}</ref>
}}
[[Image:Bangalore Nandi Temple.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Nandi Temple]] is a famous temple located in [[Basavanagudi]], Bangalore.]]
With an estimated population of 5,281,927 in the year 2007, Bangalore is the third most populous city in India and the 27th most populous city in the world.<ref name="worldgaz">{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=aohdq|work= World-Gazetter.com|title=World: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population|accessdate=2007-10-17}}</ref> With a decadal growth rate of 38%, Bangalore was the fastest-growing Indian metropolis after New Delhi for the decade 1991–2001. Residents of Bangalore are referred to as ''Bangaloreans'' in English or ''Bengaloorinavaru'' in [[Kannada]]. [[Kannadiga]]s formed about 39% of the population, by some estimates<ref name=atimes>Ramachandran, Sudha. [http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/JD02Df01.html Local pride buffets Bangalore business]. Asia Times. April 2, 2008</ref><ref name=yahoo>[http://in.news.yahoo.com/indiabroadcast/20080215/r_t_ibn_nl_general/tnl-b-lore-feels-bubbling-kannadiga-vs-m-3a4f8c1.html Bangalore feels bubbling Kannadiga Vs migrant tension]. Yahoo! News. Feb 11, 2008</ref>, while non-Kannadigas form the rest of the population.
The cosmopolitan nature of the city has caused people from other states of India to migrate to Bangalore and settle there <ref name=kannadapop>[http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/23/stories/2004072310610400.htm "Kannadigas assured of all support"]. The Hindu. 2006. The Hindu Group. [[23 July]] [[2004]]</ref> Scheduled Castes and Tribes account for 14.3% of the city's population. Apart from [[English language|English]] and [[Kannada]], other major languages spoken in the city are [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi]].<ref name=otherlanguages>[http://www.karnataka.com/tourism/bangalore/facts.html Karnataka.com's "Bangalore Facts"]</ref>
According to the 2001 census of India, 79.37% of Bangalore's population is [[Hindu]], roughly the same as the [[Demographics of India|national average]].<ref name=GISData>[http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm "Census GIS Household"]. censusindiamaps.net. 2006.</ref> [[Muslim]]s comprise 13.37% of the population, which again is roughly the same as the national average, while [[Christian]]s and [[Jain]]s account for 5.79% and 1.05% of the population, respectively, double that of their national averages. [[Anglo-Indians]] also form a substantial group within the city. Women make up 47.5% of Bangalore's population. Bangalore has the second highest literacy rate (83%) for an Indian metropolis, after Mumbai. Roughly 10% of Bangalore's population lives in [[slum]]s<ref name=indiancityslums>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/slum/slum2.html |title= "Total Population, Slum Population..." |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070806121833/http://www.censusindia.net/results/slum/slum2.html |archivedate=2007-08-06}}. Census of India, 2001. 2006. Government of India.</ref> — a relatively low proportion when compared to other cities in the developing world such as Mumbai (42%) and [[Nairobi]] (60%).<ref name=slumpop2>Warah, Rasna. [http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/develop/2003/1006slums.htm "Slums Are the Heartbeat of Cities"]. The EastAfrican. 2006. National Media Group Ltd. [[6 October]] [[2003]]</ref> The 2004 [[NCRB|National Crime Records Bureau]] statistics indicate that Bangalore accounts for 9.2% of the total crimes reported from 35 major cities in India. Delhi and Mumbai accounted for 15.7% and 9.5% respectively.<ref name=NCRB>{{PDFlink|[http://ncrb.nic.in/crime2004/cii-2004/CHAP2.pdf "Crime in Mega Cities"]|159 KiB<!-- application/pdf, 162954 bytes -->}}. National Crime Records Bureau. 2006. Government of India. 2004.</ref>
==Culture==
{{main|Culture of Bangalore}}
[[Image:Lalbagh.jpg|thumb|The [[Lal Bagh]] '''Glass House''', famous for its flower shows, is now a [[Cultural heritage|heritage]] [[monument]].]]
[[Image:Brigaderoad.jpg|thumb|[[Brigade Road]] is a popular commercial district in Bangalore.]]
Bangalore is known as the "Garden City of India" <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/06/06/stories/2004060600520700.htm|work=Online Edition of The Hindu, dated 2004-06-06|title=Garden city|accessdate=2007-10-16}}</ref> because of its greenery and the presence of many public parks, including the [[Lal Bagh]] and [[Cubbon Park]]. [[Mysore Dasara|Dasara]], a traditional celebratory hallmark of the old [[Kingdom of Mysore]], is the state festival and is celebrated with great vigour. [[Deepavali]], the "Festival of Lights", transcends demographic and religious lines and is another important festival. Other [[festivals in India|traditional Indian festivals]] such as [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Ugadi]], [[Sankranthi]], [[Eid ul-Fitr]], and [[Christmas]] are also celebrated.
Bangalore is home to the [[Kannada film industry]], which churns out about 80 Kannada movies each year.<ref name="numfilm">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2125/stories/20041217006413300.htm|work=Online Edition of The Frontline, Volume 21 - Issue 25, Dec. 04–17, 2004|author=Ravi Sharma|title=A chauvinistic turn|accessdate=2007-11-22}}</ref>. One of the most notable contributors to Sandalwood, as the Kannada Movie Industry is referred to, was the late [[Dr. Rajkumar]].
The diversity of cuisine available is reflective of the social and economic diversity of Bangalore. Roadside vendors, [[tea stall]]s, and South Indian, North Indian, [[Chinese food|Chinese]] and [[Western world|Western]] fast food are all very popular in the city. [[Udupi cuisine|Udupi]] restaurants are very popular and serve predominantly vegetarian, regional cuisine.
Bangalore is also a major center of Indian classical music and dance. Classical music and dance recitals are widely held throughout the year and particularly during the Ramanavami and [[Ganesha Chaturthi]] festivals. The [[Bengaluru Gayana Samaja]] has been at the forefront of promoting classical music and dance in the city. The city also has a vibrant Kannada theater scene with organisations like [[Ranga Shankara]] leading the way.
Bangalore is also sometimes called as the "[[Pub]] Capital of India" and is one of the premier places to hold international rock concerts.<ref>Richard Plunkett (2001), p124</ref> The city, due to the influx of mainly software professionals, in their twenties, from different parts of India, has developed a cosmopolitan culture and attitude. This has made Bangalore a dynamic and eventful city.
;Sister Cities
* {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Minsk]], [[Belarus]]. <ref name=minsk">{{cite web|url=http://www.sovrep.gov.by/index_eng.php/.489.2528...1.0.0.html|work=Website of the National assembly of the Republic of Belarus|title=The official visit of the Republic of Belarus parliamentary delegation to the Republic of India is over|accessdate=2008-03-10}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[San Francisco]], [[California]], [[United States]]. <ref name=frisco>[http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/11/stories/2007051119130500.htm Bangalore, San Francisco are sister cities]. The Hindu. May 11, 2007</ref>
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]], [[United States]]. <ref name=cleveland>[http://web.archive.org/web/20061003005509/http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/Asia/India/index Online Directory: India, Asia]. Sister Cities International.</ref>
* {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Kharkiv]], [[Kharkiv oblast]], [[Ukraine]]
==Sports==
[[Image:Ishant Sharma Faisal Iqbal Bangalore 2008.jpg|thumb|An [[Indian cricket team|India]] vs. [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] cricket match at the [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]] in Bangalore.]]
[[Cricket]] is one of the most popular sports in Bangalore. A significant number of national cricketers have come from Bangalore, including former [[Indian cricket team]] captain [[Rahul Dravid]], current [[Test cricket|test]] captain [[Anil Kumble]] and [[Robin Uthappa]] <!-- Do not include Javagal Srinath, as he is from Mysore -->([[List of people from Bangalore#Cricket|others]]). Many children play [[forms of cricket|gully cricket]] on the roads and in the city's many public fields. Bangalore's main international cricket stadium is the [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], which has a seating capacity of 40,000<ref>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57897.html Cricinfo Page on Chinnaswamy Stadium]</ref> and has hosted matches during the [[1987 Cricket World Cup]] and [[1996 Cricket World Cup]]. The [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) franchise [[Bangalore Royal Challengers]] and the [[Premier Hockey League]] (PHL) franchise [[Bangalore Hi-fliers]] are based in the city. India's [[Davis Cup]] team members, [[Mahesh Bhupathi]]<ref name=mahesh>[http://www.sportsline.com/tennis/players/playerpage/384909 Profile]. CBSSports.com. CBS Interactive</ref> and [[Rohan Bopanna]]<ref name=rohan>[http://www.daviscup.com/teams/player.asp?player=10024192 Davis Cup Players]. Daviscup.com. <u>International Tennis Federation</u>.</ref> also reside in Bangalore. The city hosts the [[Women's Tennis Association]] (WTA) [[Bangalore Open]] [[WTA Tour|tournament]] annually. Beginning September, 2008, Bangalore will also host the [[Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open]] [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] tournament annually.<ref name=kingfisheropen>[http://cbs.sportsline.com/tennis/story/10834314 Bangalore replaces Mumbai on ATP Tour circuit]. CBSSportsline.com. </ref> Bangalore has a number of elite clubs, like Century Club,The Bangalore Golf Club, the [[Bowring|Bowring Institute]] and the exclusive [[Bangalore Club]], which counts among its previous members [[Winston Churchill]] and the Maharaja of Mysore.<ref>[http://www.oxford2oxford.co.uk/6.html Detailed Account on Bangalore Club]</ref>
==Education==
[[Image:Bangalore College.jpg|thumb|right|[[Indian Institute of Science]] - the premier institute of science in [[India]].]]
{{seealso|Education in India|List of Bangalore colleges}}
Till the early 19th century, education in Bangalore was mainly undertaken in schools that were run by religious leaders and restricted to pupils of that religion.<ref name="gaz">Hayavadana Rao (1929), p494</ref> The western system of education came into vogue during the rule of [[Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar]] when two schools were established in Bangalore. This was followed by a school established by the [[Wesleyan Mission]] in 1851 and the Bangalore High School which was started by the Government in 1858.<ref name="gaz1">Hayavadana Rao (1929), p497</ref>
In the present day, schools for young children in Bangalore are mainly based on the [[kindergarten]] form of education.<ref name="kinder">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/122968.cms|work=Online Edition of The Times of India, dated 2003-08-09|title=Bangalore a hot destination for foreign students|accessdate=2007-10-16}}</ref> Primary and secondary education in Bangalore is offered by various schools which are affiliated to any one of the boards of education like the [[Schools in Karnataka|Karnataka state board]], [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]], [[Central Board for Secondary Education|CBSE]], National Open School (NOS), [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|IGCSE]] and [[International Baccalaureate|IB]].<ref name="boards">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/july012004/edu2.asp|work=Online Edition of The Deccan Herald, dated 2004-07-01|title=Broad choice of Class X boards|accessdate=2007-10-16}}</ref> There are three kinds of schools in Bangalore viz. government (run by the government), aided (financial aid is provided by the government) and un-aided private (no financial aid is provided).<ref name="aid">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/682256.cms|title=Trimester system in all Karnataka schools from June 1|work=Online Edition of The Times of India, dated 2004-05-18|accessdate=2007-10-16}}</ref> After completing their secondary education, students typically enroll in [[Junior College]] (also known as Pre-University) in one of three streams—[[Liberal arts|Arts]], [[Commerce]] or [[Science]].<ref name="streams">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/16/stories/2006051618850300.htm|title= Students, parents throng PU colleges in city|work=Online Edition of The Hindu, dated 2006-05-16|publisher=© 2006, The Hindu|accessdate=2007-10-16}}</ref> Upon completing the required coursework, students enroll in general or professional degrees.
Bangalore is also the home of the [[Bangalore University]] which was established in 1964. Around 500 colleges, having a total student strength of 300 thousand are affiliated to this university. The university has two campuses within Bangalore; ''Jnanabharathi'' and Central College.<ref name="univ">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1114542.cms|title=BU overloaded, wants to split|work=Online Edition of The Times of India, dated 2007-01-09|accessdate=2007-10-16}}</ref>
[[Indian Institute of Science]], Bangalore which was established in 1909 is the premier institute for scientific research and study in India.<ref name="blredu">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2317/stories/20060908002809900.htm|work=Online Edition of the Hindu, dated 2006-09-08|title=Hub of research|author=Parvathi Menon and Ravi Sharma|accessdate=2007-10-16}}</ref> Bangalore is also the home of colleges like the [[National Law School of India University]] (NLSIU) which is one of the most sought after law colleges in India,[[Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore]] which is one of the premier management schools in India and the [[Indian Statistical Institute]], which is one of the top schools of India in the fields of statistics, mathematics, economics, operations research and information science.<ref name="blredu"/>
==Media==
[[Image:Vijaya-karnataka.jpg|200px|right|thumb|''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'' is the largest circulating [[Kannada language|Kannada]] newspaper in Bangalore.]]
The first printing-press was established in Bangalore in the year 1840.<ref name="ppr">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SB3_VodABdIC&pg=PA54&lpg=PA54&dq=1840+printing+press+bangalore&source=web&ots=uNZGhgyiaC&sig=FcVm_5QykIKNsXVvt7YoeYTc1CA|title=Assimilation: A Study of North Indians in Bangalore|author=Vijaya B. Punekar|accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref> In 1859, ''Bangalore Herald'' became the first English bi-weekly newspaper to be published in Bangalore<ref name="newshist">{{cite web|url=http://www.google.co.in/books?id=XQgiAAAAMAAJ&dq=Bangalore+Herald+1859&q=1859&pgis=1#search|author= M. Fazlul Hasan|publisher=Historical Publications|title=Bangalore Through the Centuries|accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref> and in 1860, ''Mysore Vrittanta Bodhini'' became the first Kannada newspaper to be circulated in Bangalore.<ref name="ppr"/> Currently, ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'' and ''[[The Times of India]]'' are the most widely circulated Kannada and English newspapers in Bangalore respectively, closely followed by the Praja Vani and Deccan Herald both owned by the Printer's (Mysore) Limited - the largest print media house in Karnataka.<ref name="vke">{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2190334.cms|work=Online Edition of The Ecomomic Times, dated 2006-10-18|title=Double dhamaka|author=Preiti Sharma|accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref><ref name="toidh">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061119/asp/look/story_7016875.asp|work=Online Edition of The Telegraph, dated 2006-11-19|author=Shuma Raha|title=Battleground Bangalore|accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref>
Bangalore got its first radio station when [[All India Radio]], the official broadcaster for the [[Indian Government]], started broadcasting from its Bangalore station on [[November 2]], 1955.<ref name="radio">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/jan232006/metromon1727452006122.asp|work=Online Edition of The Deccan Herald, dated 2006-01-23|title=Idhu Akashvani, Bengalooru!|accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref> The radio transmission was [[Amplitude modulation|AM]], until in 2001, [[Radio City]] became the first private channel in India to start transmitting [[Frequency modulation|FM]] radio from Bangalore.<ref name="rc">{{cite web|url=http://www.blonnet.com/2002/05/23/stories/2002052301450400.htm|work=Online Edition of The Hindu Business Line, dated 2002-05-23|title= Radio City goes on air in Mumbai|accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref> In recent years, a number of FM channels have started broadcasting from Bangalore.<ref name="gaga">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/jan82006/index204517200617.asp|work=Online Edition of The Deccan Herald, dated 2006-01-08|title=Radio gaga: 6 more FM stations|accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref> The city also has various clubs for [[HAM radio]] enthusiasts.<ref name="hamradio">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/13/stories/2003011301310100.htm|work=Online Edition of The Hindu, dated 2003-01-13|title= Of young ladies and old men|author=Juliana Lazarus|accessdate=2007-10-08}}</ref>
Bangalore got its first look at television when [[Doordarshan]] established a relay centre here and started relaying programs from [[November 1]], 1981.<ref name="dd">{{cite web|url=http://www.pibbng.kar.nic.in/media.htm|work=Online webpage of the Press Information Bureau|title=Doordarshan, Bangalore|accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref> A production center was established in the Doordarshan's Bangalore office in 1983, thereby allowing the introduction of a news program in Kannada on [[November 19]], 1983.<ref name="dd"/> Doordarshan also launched a Kannada satellite channel on [[August 15]], 1991 which is now christened [[DD Chandana]].<ref name="dd"/> The advent of private satellite channels in Bangalore started in September 1991 when [[Star TV]] started to broadcast its channels.<ref name="startv">{{cite web|url=http://thehindujobs.com/thehindu/2001/07/29/stories/13290695.htm|work=Online Edition of The Hindu, dated 2001-07-29|title=Tune in to quality|author=Sevanti Ninan|accessdate=2007-10-08}}</ref> Though the number of satellite TV channels available for viewing in Bangalore has grown over the years<ref name="chan">{{cite web|url=http://mib.nic.in/informationb/CODES/Consolidatedchannels310707.htm|work=Online webpage of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|title=Consolidated list of channels allowed to be carried by Cable operators/Multi system operators/DTH licensees in India|accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref>, the cable operators play a major role in the availability of these channels, which has led to occasional conflicts.<ref name="cabo">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/781475.cms|work=Online Edition of The Times of India, dated 2004-07-17|title=Rage against cable operators|accessdate=2007-10-08}}</ref> [[Direct To Home]] services are also available in Bangalore now.<ref name="dth">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/ew/2007/05/28/stories/2007052800160200.htm|work=Online Edition of The Hindu Business Line, dated 2007-05-08|title=Going for the action|accessdate=2007-10-08}}</ref>
The first [[internet service provider]] in Bangalore was STPI, Bangalore which started offering internet services in early 1990s.<ref name="stpint">{{cite web|url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2006-05-02rbasant.pdf|title=Bangalore Cluster: Evolution, Growth and Challengers|author=Rakesh Basant|accessdate=2007-10-08}}</ref> This internet service was however restricted to corporates, until [[VSNL]] started offering [[Dial-up access|dial-up internet]] services to the general public at the end of 1995.<ref name="vsnldi">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/computer/1998/sep/07net.htm|title=A short recap on Internet developments in India|accessdate=2007-10-08}}</ref> Currently, Bangalore has the largest number of [[broadband internet]] connections in India.<ref name="bbi">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/29/stories/2006122922770200.htm|work=Online Edition of The Hindu, dated 2006-12-29|title= A highly net-savvy city|accessdate=2007-10-08}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Tourist attractions in Bangalore]]
== References ==
{{inote|Use MLA style citation format for books, encyclopedias, and periodicals}}
{{reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
* Hasan, Fazlul. Bangalore Through The Centuries. Bangalore: Historical Publications, 1970.
* Plunkett, Richard. South India. [[Lonely Planet]], 2001. ISBN 1864501618
* Vagale, Uday Kumar. {{PDFlink|[http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172004-231956/unrestricted/4.pdf "Public Space in Bangalore: Present and Future Projections"]|773 KiB<!-- application/pdf, 791768 bytes -->}}. Digital Libraries and Archives. 2006. Virginia Tech. [[27 April]] [[2004]].
* {{PDFlink|[http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF "Environmental Impact Analysis"]}}. Bangalore Metropolitan Rapid Transport Corporation Limited.. 2006. Government of Karnataka. 2005.
* Hunter, Cotton, Burn, Meyer. [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ "The Imperial Gazetteer of India"]. 2006. Oxford, Clarendon Press. 1909.
* "Bangalore." [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Bangalore Encyclopedia Britannica]. 1911 ed.
* Hayavadana Rao, The Mysore State Gazetteer, 1929
==External links==
* [http://www.bmponline.org/ Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike - (Municipal government)]
* [http://www.bangaloreone.gov.in/ Bangalore one service portal]
* {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/India/Karnataka/Localities/Bangalore/}}
* {{wikitravel}}
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