Banksia integrifolia
4353272
225501093
2008-07-14T00:55:42Z
Hesperian
111359
convert taxobox to APG-II using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Coast Banksia
| image = B_integrifolia_integrifolia1.jpg
| image_caption = ''Banksia integrifolia'' subsp. ''integrifolia''
| status =
secure
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Angiospermae]]
| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
| ordo = [[Proteales]]
| familia = [[Proteaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Banksia]]''
| species = '''''B. integrifolia'''''
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subspecies]]
| subdivision =
[[Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia|''B. i.'' subsp. ''integrifolia'']]<br />
[[Banksia integrifolia subsp. compar|''B. i.'' subsp. ''compar'']]<br />
[[Banksia integrifolia subsp. monticola|''B. i.'' subsp. ''monticola'']]<br />
| binomial = ''Banksia integrifolia''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus the Younger|L.f.]]
}}
'''''Banksia integrifolia''''', commonly known as '''Coast Banksia''', is a [[species]] of [[tree]] that grows along the east coast of [[Australia]]. One of the most widely-distributed ''[[Banksia]]'' species, it occurs between [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] and [[Central Queensland]] in a broad range of [[habitat (ecology)|habitats]], from coastal [[dune]]s to [[mountain]]s. It is highly variable in form, but is most often encountered as a tree up to 25 metres (82 ft) in height. Its [[leaf|leaves]] have dark green upper surfaces and white undersides, a contrast that can be striking on windy days.
It is one of the four original ''Banksia'' species collected by [[Joseph Banks|Sir Joseph Banks]] in 1770, and one of four species published in 1782 as part of [[Carolus Linnaeus the Younger]]'s original description of the genus. It has had a complicated [[taxonomy|taxonomic]] history, with numerous species and varieties ascribed to it, only to be rejected or promoted to separate species. The taxonomy is now largely settled, with three [[subspecies]] recognised: [[Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia|''B. integrifolia'' subsp. ''integrifolia'']], [[Banksia integrifolia subsp. compar|''B. integrifolia'' subsp. ''compar'']] and [[Banksia integrifolia subsp. monticola|''B. integrifolia'' subsp. ''monticola'']].
A hardy and versatile [[garden]] plant, ''B. integrifolia'' is widely planted in Australian gardens. It is a popular choice for parks and streetscapes, and has been used for bush [[revegetation]] and stabilisation of dunes. Its hardiness has prompted research into its suitability for use as a [[rootstock]] in the [[floriculture|cut flower trade]], but has also caused concerns about its potential to become a [[weed]] outside its natural habitat.
==Names==
Now widely known as '''Coast Banksia''' or '''Coastal Banksia''', ''B. integrifolia'' was previously known by a range of common names. The ''Checklist of Australian Trees'' lists four other common names: '''Honeysuckle''', '''White Banksia''', '''White Bottlebrush''' and '''White Honeysuckle''';<ref name="APNI">{{APNI | name = Banksia integrifolia L.f. | id = 53918}}</ref> and some older sources refer to it as '''Honeysuckle Oak'''.<ref name="Millett 1971">{{cite book | author = Millett, Mervyn | year = 1971 | title = Native Trees of Australia | location = Melbourne | publisher = Lansdowne}}</ref><ref name="APCND">{{cite web | title = Australian plant common name database | publisher = [[Australian National Botanic Gardens]] | url = http://www.anbg.gov.au/common.names/index.html | accessdate = 2006-11-11}}</ref>
It was known to [[Indigenous Australians]] before its discovery and naming by [[Europe]]ans; for example, the [[Gunai]] people of [[Gippsland]] called it '''Birrna'''.<ref name="Museum Victoria">{{cite web | author = [[Museum Victoria]] | title = Aboriginal Plant Use | url = http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/infosheets/10319.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-10-25}}</ref> Because of its wide range it would have a name in a number of other [[Australian Aboriginal languages|indigenous languages]], but these are now lost. In 2001, a search of historical archives for recorded indigenous names of Victorian flora and fauna failed to find a single name for the species.<ref name="Wesson 2001">{{cite book | author = Wesson, Sue C. | year = 2001 | title = Aboriginal flora and fauna names of Victoria: As extracted from early surveyors' reports | location = Melbourne | publisher = Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages | url = http://www.vaclang.org.au/admin/file/content9/c7/ff.pdf | accessdate = 2006-11-11}}</ref>
==Description==
''B. integrifolia'' is a highly variable species. It is most often encountered as a tree up to 25 metres (80 ft) in height, but in sheltered locations it can reach 35 metres (110 ft). In more exposed areas it may grow as a small, gnarled tree, reaching to no more than about 5 metres (15 ft), and in highly exposed positions, such as on exposed coastal headlands, it may even be reduced to a small [[shrub]].<ref name="George 1999">{{cite encyclopedia | author = [[Alex George|George, Alex S.]] | year = 1999 | title = Banksia | editor = Wilson, Annette | encyclopedia = [[Flora of Australia (series)|Flora of Australia]] | volume = Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra | pages = 175–251 | publisher = CSIRO Publishing / [[Australian Biological Resources Study]] | id = ISBN 978-0-643-06454-6}}</ref>
It usually has a single stout trunk, which is often twisted and gnarled, with the rough grey bark characteristic of ''Banksia''. The leaves are dark green with a white underside, and occur in [[whorl]]s of three to five. Adult leaves have entire margins; George specifies their dimensions as 4 to 20 centimetres (2–8 in) long and 6 to 35 millimetres (0.2–1.4 in) wide,<ref name="George 1981">{{The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)}}</ref><ref name="George 1999"/> but ''[[The Banksia Atlas]]'' warns that "Atlas contributors found great variability in these measurements with specimens often falling outside the varietal limits specified by George (1981) or being intermediate between two varieties."<ref name ="Taylor 1988">{{The Banksia Atlas}}</ref> Juvenile leaves have dentate margins with a few short teeth, and are generally larger than adult leaves.<ref name="George 1999"/>
[[Flower]]s occur in ''Banksia'''s characteristic "flower spike", an [[inflorescence]] made up of several hundred flowers densely packed in a [[helix|spiral]] around a woody axis. This is roughly cylindrical, 10 to 12 centimetres (4–5 in) high and five centimetres (2 in) wide. Flowers are usually pale yellow to yellow, but may be greenish or pinkish in bud. Each individual flower consists of a tubular [[perianth]] made up of four united [[tepal]]s, and one long wiry [[carpel|style]]. Characteristic of the taxonomic section in which it is placed, the styles are straight rather than hooked. The style ends are initially trapped inside the upper perianth parts, but break free at [[anthesis]].<ref name="George 1999"/> This process starts with the flowers at the bottom of the inflorescence, sweeping up the spike at an unusually high rate of between 96 and 390 flowers per 24 hours.<ref name="McFarland 1985">{{cite journal | author = McFarland, David C. | year = 1985 | title = Flowering Biology and Phenology of Banksia integrifolia and B. spinulosa (Proteaceae) in New England National Park, N.S.W. | journal = [[Australian Journal of Botany]] | volume = 33 | pages = 705–714 | doi = 10.1071/BT9850705}}</ref>
The flower spikes are not as prominent as in some other ''Banksia'' species, as they arise from two- to three-year-old nodes nested within the foliage. After flowering, old flower parts wither and fall away over a period of several months, revealing the "cone", a woody axis embedded with many small [[follicle (fruit)|follicle]]s. The follicles are initially greenish and downy, but gradually fade to dark grey. Each follicle contains one or sometimes two [[seed]]s, separated by a thin wooden separator. The seed itself is black, 6 to 10 millimetres (0.2–0.4 in) long with a feathery black 'wing' 10 to 20 millimetres (0.4–0.8 in) long.<ref name="George 1981"/><ref name="George 1999"/>
==Taxonomy==
{{main|Taxonomy of Banksia integrifolia}}
[[Image:Banksia integrifolia watercolour from Banks' Florilegium.jpg|thumb|right|''B. integrifolia'' by [[Sydney Parkinson]], from [[Banks' Florilegium]]]]
''B. integrifolia'' was first collected at [[Botany Bay]] on [[29 April]] [[1770]], by [[Joseph Banks|Sir Joseph Banks]] and [[Daniel Solander|Dr Daniel Solander]], naturalists on the ''[[HM Bark Endeavour|Endeavour]]'' during Lieutenant (later Captain) [[James Cook]]'s [[James Cook#First voyage (1768-1771)|first voyage]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref name="Wharton 1893">{{cite book | editor = William J. L. Wharton (ed.) | year = 1893 | title = [[Wikisource:Captain Cook's Journal, First Voyage|Captain Cook's Journal during his First Voyage Round the World made in H. M. Bark "Endeavour" 1768–71: A Literal Transcription of the Original MSS]] | location = London | publisher = E. Stock}}</ref><ref name="Banks 1770">{{cite web | author = [[Joseph Banks|Banks, Sir Joseph]] | title = 29 April 1770 | work = Banks's Journal | url = http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/banks/17700429.html | accessdate = 2006-10-25}}</ref> However, the species was not published until April 1782, when [[Carolus Linnaeus the Younger]] described the first four ''Banksia'' species in his ''[[Supplementum Plantarum]]''. Linnaeus distinguished the species by their leaf shapes, and named them accordingly. Thus the species with [[Leaf#Margins (edge)|entire leaf margins]] was given the specific name ''integrifolia'', from the Latin ''integer'', meaning "entire", and ''folium'', meaning "leaf".<ref name="L.f. 1782">{{cite book | author = [[Carolus Linnaeus the Younger]] | year = 1782 | title = [[Supplementum Plantarum]] | location = Brunsvigae | publisher = Orphanotrophei}}</ref> The [[Binomial nomenclature#Authorship in scientific names|full name]] for the species is therefore ''Banksia integrifolia'' L.f.<ref name="APNI"/>
Then followed around 200 years of confusion over the taxonomic limits of the species, caused by the species' great variability, similarities with closely related species, and early attempts to classify the species based on dried specimen material alone. A stable ''Banksia'' taxonomy did not begin to emerge until 1981 with the publication of [[Alex George]]'s landmark monograph ''[[The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)]]''. Over the next 18 years, George's arrangement was gradually refined in the light of new research and the discovery of new material, and there were several changes to ''B. integrifolia''<span/>'s infraspecific taxa.<ref name="George 1986">{{cite journal | author = [[Alex George|George, Alex S.]] | year = 1996 | title = Notes on ''Banksia'' L. f. | journal = [[Nuytsia (journal)|Nuytsia]] | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–24}}</ref><ref name="Thiele 1996">{{cite journal | author = [[Kevin Thiele|Thiele, Kevin]] and Pauline Y. Ladiges | year = 1996 | title = A Cladistic Analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae) | journal = [[Australian Systematic Botany]] | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 661–733 | doi = 10.1071/SB9960661}}</ref> These changes culminated in George's 1999 arrangement, which had broad acceptance until 2005, when [[Austin Mast]], Eric Jones and Shawn Havery published a [[phylogeny]] that did not accord with George's arrangement.<ref name="Mast 2005">{{cite journal | author = [[Austin Mast|Mast, Austin R.]], Eric H. Jones and Shawn P. Havery | year = 2005 | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | title = An Assessment of Old and New DNA sequence evidence for the Paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra (Proteaceae) | journal = [[Australian Systematic Botany]] | pages = 75–88 | publisher = CSIRO Publishing / Australian Systematic Botany Society | doi = 10.1071/SB04015}}</ref> A new taxonomic arrangement was not published at the time, but early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement by transferring ''[[Dryandra]]'' to ''Banksia'', and publishing [[Banksia subg. Spathulatae|''B.'' subg. ''Spathulatae'']] for the species having spoon-shaped [[cotyledon]]s. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA [[sampling (statistics)|sampling]] of ''Dryandra'' was complete; in the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then ''B. integrifolia'' is placed in ''B.'' subg. ''Spathulatae''; indeed, it is the type species for the subgenus.<ref name="Mast 2007">{{cite journal | author = [[Austin Mast|Mast, Austin R.]] and [[Kevin Thiele]] | year = 2007 | title = The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae) | journal = [[Australian Systematic Botany]] | volume = 20 | pages = 63–71 | doi = 10.1071/SB06016}}</ref>
===Placement within ''Banksia''===
The current taxonomic arrangement of the ''Banksia'' genus is based on George's 1999 monograph for the ''[[Flora of Australia (series)|Flora of Australia]]'' book series.<ref name="George 1999"/> In this arrangement, ''B. integrifolia'' is placed in [[Banksia subg. Banksia|''Banksia'' subg. ''Banksia'']], because its inflorescences take the form of ''Banksia''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s characteristic flower spikes; [[Banksia sect. Banksia|''Banksia'' sect. ''Banksia'']] because of its straight [[carpel|styles]]; and [[Banksia ser. Salicinae|''Banksia'' ser. ''Salicinae'']] because its inflorescences are cylindrical. Kevin Thiele additionally placed it in a subseries ''Integrifoliae'',<ref name="Thiele 1996"/> but this was not supported by George.
[[Image:Banksia integrifolia young follicles NGH email.jpg|thumb|right|[[Infructescence]] and leaves of ''B. integrifolia'' subsp. ''integrifolia'']]
''B. integrifolia''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s placement within ''Banksia'' may be summarised as follows:
:'''Genus ''[[Banksia]]'''''
::Subgenus ''[[Banksia subg. Isostylis|Isostylis]]''
::'''Subgenus ''[[Banksia subg. Banksia|Banksia]]'''''
:::Section ''[[Banksia sect. Oncostylis|Oncostylis]]''
:::Section ''[[Banksia coccinea|Coccinea]]''
:::'''Section ''[[Banksia sect. Banksia|Banksia]]'''''
::::Series ''[[Banksia ser. Grandes|Grandes]]''
::::Series ''[[Banksia ser. Banksia|Banksia]]''
::::Series ''[[Banksia ser. Crocinae|Crocinae]]''
::::Series ''[[Banksia ser. Prostratae|Prostratae]]''
::::Series ''[[Banksia ser. Cyrtostylis|Cyrtostylis]]''
::::Series ''[[Banksia ser. Tetragonae|Tetragonae]]''
::::Series ''[[Banksia ser. Bauerinae|Bauerinae]]''
::::Series ''[[Banksia ser. Quercinae|Quercinae]]''
::::'''Series ''[[Banksia ser. Salicinae|Salicinae]]'''''
:::::''[[Banksia dentata|B. dentata]]'' - ''[[Banksia aquilonia|B. aquilonia]]'' - '''''B. integrifolia''''' - ''[[Banksia plagiocarpa|B. plagiocarpa]]'' - ''[[Banksia oblongifolia|B. oblongifolia]]'' - ''[[Banksia robur|B. robur]]'' - ''[[Banksia conferta|B. conferta]]'' - ''[[Banksia paludosa|B. paludosa]]'' - ''[[Banksia marginata|B. marginata]]'' - ''[[Banksia canei|B. canei]]'' - ''[[Banksia saxicola|B. saxicola]]''
===Subspecies===
[[Image:Banksia integrifolia subsp. monticola inflorescence.jpg|thumb|Inflorescence of ''B. i.'' subsp. ''monticola'' in late bud]]
Although some of the great variability of ''B. integrifolia'' can be attributed to environmental factors, much is [[genetics|genetic]]: George writes that it "gives the impression that it is actively speciating to fill the many ecological niches through its range".<ref name="George 1981"/> Three subspecies are currently recognised: [[Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia|''B. i.'' subsp. ''integrifolia'']], [[Banksia integrifolia subsp. compar|''B. i.'' subsp. ''compar'']], and [[Banksia integrifolia subsp. monticola|''B. i.'' subsp. ''monticola'']].
;''Banksia integrifolia'' subsp. ''integrifolia'': The nominate subspecies occurs near the coast over most of the species' range except the far north. It varies little except in northern [[New South Wales]] and southern [[Queensland]], where some populations appear to be intermediate with ''B. i.'' subsp. ''compar''.
;''Banksia integrifolia'' subsp. ''compar'': This subspecies grows in coastal Queensland as far north as [[Proserpine, Queensland|Proserpine]]. For most of its range it is the only subspecies, but near its southern limit it co-occurs with ''B. i.'' subsp. ''integrifolia''. The two subspecies are distinguishable by their leaves, which are larger and glossy with wavy margins on ''B. i.'' subsp. ''compar''.
;''Banksia integrifolia'' subsp. ''monticola'': Commonly known as ''White Mountain Banksia'', it is the only subspecies with a [[montane]] distribution; it occurs in the [[Blue Mountains (Australia)|Blue Mountains]] of northern New South Wales. It is similar in form to ''B. i.'' subsp. ''integrifolia'', but differs in having longer, narrower leaves, and follicles that are more deeply embedded in the old flower spike.<ref name ="Harden 2000">{{cite book | author = Harden G. J., D. W. Hardin and D. C. Godden | year = 2000 | title = Proteaceae of New South Wales | publisher = UNSW Press | id = ISBN 978-0-86840-302-1}}</ref>
===Hybrids===
Presumed natural [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] have been reported between ''B. integrifolia'' and other members of [[Banksia ser. Salicinae|''Banksia'' ser. ''Salicinae'']], although no [[hybrid name]]s have been formally published to date. Presumed hybrids are identified by their intermediate features; for example those with ''[[Banksia paludosa|B. paludosa]]'' (Swamp Banksia), known from [[Jervis Bay Territory|Jervis Bay]] and [[Green Cape]] on the coast of southern New South Wales, have a smaller habit, longer, thinner flower spikes, and persistent old flowers on old "cones", which are otherwise bare on pure ''B. integrifolia''.<ref name="Liber 2005">{{cite journal | author = Liber, C. | year = 2005 | title = ''Banksia paludosa paludosa'' in the Jervis Bay Area | journal = Banksia Study Group Newsletter | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 4–5 | url = http://asgap.org.au/banksSG/banksiasg-6-2.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-10-31}}</ref><ref name="Salkin 1979">{{cite paper | author = Salkin, Alf I. | year = 1979 | title = Variation in ''Banksia'' in Eastern Australia | version = Thesis | publisher = Monash University}}</ref><ref name="Liber 2004b">{{cite journal | author = Liber, C. | year = 2004 | title = ''Banksia integrifolia'' x ''paludosa'' hybrids at Green Cape | journal = Banksia Study Group Newsletter| volume = 6 | pages = 8–9 | url = http://asgap.org.au/banksSG/banksiasg-6-1.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-10-31}}</ref>
Presumed hybrids with ''[[Banksia marginata|B. marginata]]'' (Silver Banksia) occur on [[Wilsons Promontory]] in Victoria; these are found in localities where both species co-occur, and have features intermediate between the two.<ref name="George 1981"/> Another purported hybrid with ''B. marginata'', thought to be from [[Cape Paterson, Victoria|Cape Paterson]] on Victoria's south coast, was first described by Alf Salkin and is commercially available in small quantities. It forms an attractive hardy low-growing plant to 1 metre.<ref name=Salkin 1986">{{cite journal | author = Salkin, Alf | year = 1986 | title = Banksia Cultivars | journal = Banksia Study Report | issue = 7 | pages = 17–19 | publisher = [[ASGAP]] | id = ISSN 0728-2893}}</ref>
==Distribution and habitat==
[[Image:B integrifolia dist map gnangarra.png|thumb|right|''B. integrifolia'' distribution]]
''B. integrifolia'' is widely distributed, in both [[geography of Australia|geographical]] and [[ecology|ecological]] terms. According to Alex George, "it spans a wider geographical and [[Climate of Australia|climatic]] range than any other species."<ref name="George 1981"/> Thiele and Ladiges make a similar claim: that its distribution "is a broader latitudinal, altitudinal and ecological amplitude than any other species, with the possible exception of ''[[Banksia spinulosa|B. spinulosa]]''."<ref name="Thiele 1994">{{cite journal | author = Thiele, Kevin and Pauline Ladiges | year = 1994 | title = The Banksia integrifolia L.f. Species Complex (Proteaceae) | journal = [[Australian Systematic Botany]] | volume = 7 | pages = 393–408 | doi = 10.1071/SB9940393 }}</ref>
It occurs along almost the entire eastern coast of Australia, from [[Geelong, Victoria|Geelong]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] to [[Proserpine, Queensland|Proserpine]], [[Queensland]]. There was an isolated population on [[Long Island (Tasmania)|Long Island]], [[Tasmania]] in 1999, and an 1876 record allegedly from [[King Island (Tasmania)|King Island]],<ref name="George 1999"/> although there has been speculation that that specimen was actually collected in the [[Furneaux Group (Tasmania)|Furneaux Group]].<ref name="Barnes 2004">{{cite journal | author = Barnes, Richard | year = 2004 | title = Evidence for ''Banksia integrifolia'' in Tasmania | journal = Banksia Study Group Newsletter | volume = 6 | pages = 8 | url = http://asgap.org.au/banksSG/banksiasg-6-1.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-11-01}}</ref> The species no longer occurs at any of these Tasmania locations, and has been declared [[List of extinct flora of Australia#Tasmania|extinct in Tasmania]] under that state's ''[[Threatened Species Protection Act 1995]]''.<ref name="DPIW">{{cite web | title = Threatened Species List - Vascular Plants A-B | publisher = [[Department of Primary Industries and Water]], Tasmanian Government | url = http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/SLEN-5P27QC?open | accessdate = 2007-03-28}}</ref> The range of latitude is thus about 20 to 38°S.
[[Image:Banksia integrifolia integrifolia Manly2 email.jpg|thumb|left|Tree on headland, [[Manly, New South Wales|Manly]], NSW]]
For most of its distribution, ''B. integrifolia'' occurs only within about 50 kilometres (30 mi) of the coast, where it typically occurs on poor quality sandy soils derived from [[sandstone]]. It grows near coastal cliffs and headlands, alongside river [[estuary|estuaries]], and even on stabilised sand dunes. The temperature range for this area is around 0–30 [[Celsius|°C]] (30–85 [[Fahrenheit|°F]]), with almost no [[frost]]s. The species can occur in pure stands, but is usually associated with other species such as ''[[Melaleuca quinquenervia]]'' (Broad-leaved Paperbark).<ref name="Boland 1992">{{cite book | author=Boland, D. J. ''et al.'' | year = 1992 | title = Forest Trees of Australia (Fourth edition revised and enlarged) | publisher = CSIRO Publishing | location=Collingwood, Victoria | id = ISBN 978-0-643-05423-3}}</ref><ref name ="Taylor 1988">{{cite book | author = Taylor, Anne and [[Stephen Hopper|Hopper, Stephen D.]] | year = 1988 | title = [[The Banksia Atlas]] (Australian Flora and Fauna Series Number 8) | publisher = Australian Government Publishing Service | location = Canberra | id = ISBN 978-0-644-07124-6}}</ref>
Between [[Sydney]] and [[Brisbane]], ''B. integrifolia'' is found up to 200 kilometres (125 mi) inland, with ''B. i.'' subsp. ''monticola'' occurring in the Blue Mountains at altitudes up to 1500 metres (5000 ft). There it grows on better quality volcanic or rocky soils derived from [[granite]]s and [[basalt]]s, and would experience up to 100 frosts per year. In this montane habitat, it occurs in association with ''[[Eucalyptus]]'' species such as [[Eucalyptus viminalis|''E. viminalis'']] (Manna Gum) and [[Eucalyptus pauciflora|''E. pauciflora'']] (Snow Gum), and also [[rainforest]] species such as ''[[Nothofagus moorei]]'' (Antarctic Beech) and ''[[Orites excelsa]]'' (Prickly Ash).<ref name="Boland 1992"/><ref name="Taylor 1988"/>
Interestingly, no other species of tree occurs closer to the coast at [[Cape Byron]], making ''B. integrifolia'' the most easterly tree on the Australian mainland.<ref name ="Mason 1999">{{cite book | author = Mason, D. | year = 1999 | title = The Blooming Banksia: Easy Identification of Banksias in Far North Eastern NSW and South Eastern Qld.| publisher = [[Australian Plants Society]], NSW Region - Far North Coast Group | location = [[Lismore, New South Wales|Lismore]] | id = ISBN 978-0-909830-51-9}}</ref>
==Ecology==
{{see also|Ecology of Banksia}}
[[Image:Littlewattlebird2.jpg|right|thumb|''Anthochaera chrysoptera'' ([[Little Wattlebird]]) on ''B. integrifolia'']]
Like most other [[Proteaceae]], ''B. integrifolia'' has [[proteoid root]]s, roots with dense clusters of short lateral rootlets that form a mat in the soil just below the leaf litter. These enhance [[solubility|solubilisation]] of nutrients, thus allowing nutrient uptake in low-nutrient soils such as the [[phosphorus]]-deficient native soils of Australia. Studies on ''B. integrifolia'' suggest that its proteoid root mat achieves this by chemically modifying its soil environment.<ref name="Grierson 1989">{{cite journal | author = "Grierson, P.F. and P. M. Attiwill | year = 1989 | title = Chemical characteristics of the proteoid root mat of Banksia integrifolia L. <nowiki>[</nowiki>sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> | journal = [[Australian Journal of Botany]] | volume = 37 | pages = 137–143 | doi = 10.1071/BT9890137}}</ref>
[[Image:20050219 Chelsea LorikeetInBanksia.jpg|left|thumb|''Trichoglossus haematodus'' ([[Rainbow Lorikeet]]) on ''B. integrifolia'']]
''B. integrifolia'' flowers have an unusually short life span for ''Banksia'' species, producing [[nectar]] for only about four to twelve days after anthesis. Most nectar is produced during the night and early in the morning, with only small amounts produced during the day.<ref name="McFarland 1985"/> Flowers are produced all through the year, but there is a strong peak in autumn. Little else flowers within its range at this time, so it is a seasonally important source of food for [[nectarivore|nectariferous]] animals. Surveys have observed a range of animals feeding on the species, including a wide range of [[insect]]s; many species of bird including ''Phylidonyris novaehollandiae'' ([[New Holland Honeyeater]]), ''Anthochaera carunculata'' ([[Red Wattlebird]]), ''Anthochaera chrysoptera'' ([[Little Wattlebird]]), ''Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris'' ([[Eastern Spinebill]]) and ''Trichoglossus haematodus'' ([[Rainbow Lorikeet]]); and mammals such as ''Petaurus norfolcensis'' ([[Squirrel Glider]]), ''Petaurus breviceps'' ([[Sugar Glider]]), ''Acrobates pygmaeus'' ([[Feathertail Glider]]) and ''Pteropus poliocephalus'' ([[Grey-headed Flying Fox]]).<ref name="Hackett 2001">{{cite journal | author = Hackett, Damian J. and Ross L. Goldingay | year = 2001 | title = Pollination of ''Banksia'' spp. by non-flying mammals in North-eastern New South Wales | journal = [[Australian Journal of Botany]] | volume = 49 | pages = 637–644 | doi = 10.1071/BT00004}}</ref><ref name="Taylor 1988"/> The importance of non-flying mammals to pollination of ''B. integrifolia'' was demonstrated in 1989, with a study in [[Wilsons Promontory National Park]] showing a reduction of fruit set when measures were taken to exclude them.<ref name="Cunningham 1991">{{cite journal | author = Cunningham, S. A. | year = 1991 | title = Experimental evidence for pollination of ''Banksia'' spp. by non-flying mammals | journal = [[Oecologia]] | volume = 87 | pages = 86–90 | doi = 10.1007/BF00323784}}</ref>
Unlike most ''Banksia'' species, ''B. integrifolia'' does not require [[bushfire]] to trigger the release of its seed. Rather, seed is released spontaneously on reaching maturity in late summer. The species' non-reliance on fire for seed dispersal suggests that the exclusion of fire would not affect plant populations, but a number of studies have found the opposite to be true: in areas where fire has been excluded for many years, populations have declined substantially. An investigation into the defoliation and premature death of trees on the [[Yanakie Isthmus]] in south Victoria reached the tentative conclusion that the absence of fire had created unhealthy surface soil conditions.<ref name="Bennett 1996">{{cite journal | author = Bennett, L. T. and P. M. Attiwill | year =1996 | title = The Nutritional Status of Healthy and Declining Stands of Banksia Integrifolia on the Yanakie Isthmus, Victoria | journal = [[Australian Journal of Botany]] | volume = 45 | pages = 15–30 | doi = 10.1071/BT96025}}</ref> On the [[Mornington Peninsula]], surveys of an area that had not been burnt since the 1890s found that ''B. integrifolia'' densities fell by 77% between 1977 and 2000. A subsequent study found the decline to have been caused by extremely high seedling mortality rates, due to grazing by [[herbivore]]s and intense competition for soil moisture during summer. Despite acknowledging that "the role of fire in these systems remains unclear", it concluded that "developing fire and/or grazing management regimes will be necessary to conserve the structural integrity of these coastal ecosystems."<ref name="Price 2003">{{cite journal | author = Price, J. N. and J. W. Morgan | year = 2003 | title = Mechanisms controlling establishment of the non-bradysporous Banksia integrifolia (Coast Banksia) in an unburnt coastal woodland | journal = [[Austral Ecology]] | volume = 28 | pages = 82–92 | doi = 10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01252.x}}</ref>
These concerns aside, ''B. integrifolia'' does not appear to be under threat. It has excellent resistance to ''[[Phytophthora cinnamomi]]'' dieback, which poses a major threat to many other ''Banksia'' species;<ref name="McCredie 1985">{{cite journal | author = McCredie, T. A., K. W. Dixon and K. Sivasithamparam | year = 1985 | title = Variability in the resistance of Banksia L.f. species to Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. | journal = [[Australian Journal of Botany]] | volume = 33 | pages = 629–637 | doi = 10.1071/BT9850629}}</ref> and its wide distribution protects against the threat of habitat loss due to land clearing. As a result, it does not appear on the [[list of threatened Australian plants]] under the [[Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999]].
==Cultivation==
[[Image:B integrifolia roller coaster sylvan1 email.jpg|thumb|right|''B.'' 'Roller Coaster', Sylvan Grove Gardens, [[Picnic Point]], NSW]]
Hardy and versatile, ''B. integrifolia'' will grow in [[clay]], [[sand]], [[acid]] and even [[alkali]]ne soils, and it shows good resistance to wind and [[salt]], making it suitable for seaside planting.<ref name="Elliot 1982">{{cite book | author = Elliot, R. and D. L. Jones | year = 1982 | title = Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation | publisher = Lothian Press | location = Melbourne | id = ISBN 978-0-85091-143-5}}</ref> It is therefore highly regarded as a low-maintenance garden tree, although its large size makes it unsuitable for smaller gardens. Its hardiness may however forewarn weed potential, as some evidence of weediness has been seen in [[Western Australia]] and [[New Zealand]]. When growing near bushland within its native habitat, it is recommended to obtain local provenance seed or plants if available.<ref name="Liber 2002">{{cite journal | last = Liber | first = C. | year = 2002 | title = Banksias as weeds | journal = Banksia Study Group Newsletter | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 4–5}}</ref>
The most common form available in commercial nurseries is unimproved ''Banksia integrifolia'' subsp. ''integrifolia''. It prefers a sunny aspect without exposure to frosts, and tolerates fairly heavy [[pruning]]. Flowering begins at around four to six years from seed. The other subspecies are less well known in cultivation, but are obtainable. Cultivation is presumably similar to ''B. i.'' subsp. ''integrifolia'',<ref name="George 1987">{{The Banksia Book}}</ref> except that ''B. i.'' subsp. ''monticola'' may be assumed frost-tolerant. [[Dwarfing|Dwarf]] forms of ''B. integrifolia'' are sometimes sold, and a registered prostrate [[cultivar]], [[Banksia 'Roller Coaster'|''Banksia'' 'Roller Coaster']], is available. The latter is a vigorous ground-hugging plant that can spread to 4 or 5 metres across yet remains only 50 centimetres high.<ref name="ACRA">{{cite web | author = [[Australian Cultivar Registration Authority]] | title = Banksia 'Roller Coaster' | work = Descriptions of registered cultivars | url = http://www.anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc404.html | accessdate = 2006-11-07}}</ref>
Because of its high resistance to ''P. cinnamomi'' dieback, the feasibility of using ''B. integrifolia'' as a rootstock for susceptible ''Banksia'' species in the [[floriculture|cut flower trade]] is under investigation. Presently, the success rate for grafting is only 30–40%, and even with successful grafts there is a tendency for the union to fail under stress. More research is needed before the technique will be ready for commercial use.<ref name="Sedgley 1996">{{cite book | author = Sedgley, Margaret | year = 1996 | chapter = Banksia, Family Proteaceae | pages = 18–35 | editor = Krystyna A. Johnson and Margaret Burchett (eds) | title = Native Australian Plants: Horticulture and Uses | location = Sydney | publisher = University of New South Wales Press | id = ISBN 978-0-86840-159-1}}</ref>
==Other uses==
[[Image:B integrifolia compar.jpg|thumb|left|''B. i.'' subsp. ''compar'']]
The [[wood]] of ''B. integrifolia'' is pink to red, with inconspicuous [[growth ring|rings]] and conspicuous rays. It is spongy and porous, with a density of around 530 kilograms per cubic metre (33 lb/ft³). It is considered highly decorative, but it warps badly on drying,<ref name="Boland 1992"/> has poor load-bearing qualities, and is susceptible to [[termite]] attack;<ref name="George 1987"/> it is therefore unsuitable for most construction purposes. It is sometimes used for cabinet panelling and in ornamental [[woodturning|turnery]], and natural bends were once sought after for making boat [[knee (construction)|knees]].<ref name="Cribb 1981">{{cite book | author = Cribb, A.B. & J.W. | year = 1981 | title = Useful Wild Plants in Australia | location = Sydney | publisher = Collins | id = ISBN 978-0-00-216441-2}}</ref> It is a useful [[wood fuel|firewood]].<ref name="Species Bank">{{cite web | title = Banksia integrifolia (Family Proteaceae) | work = [http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/species-bank/index.html Speciesbank] | publisher = [[Department of the Environment and Heritage]] | url = http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/species-bank/sbank-treatment2.pl?id=12557 | accessdate = 2007-02-27}}</ref>
''B. integrifolia'' produces a dark amber-coloured honey of middling quality and therefore low commercial value.<ref name="Boland 1992"/> Despite this, the species is highly valued by [[beekeeping|beekeepers]] because it produces large amounts of pollen and nectar during autumn and winter, thus helping support [[beehive (beekeeping)|hives]] at a time when little else is flowering.<ref name="Cribb 1981"/>
Historically, [[indigenous Australians]] obtained nectar from ''B. integrifolia'' by stroking the flower spikes then licking their hands, or by steeping flower spikes in a [[coolamon (vessel)|coolamon]] overnight. They also used the flower spikes as [[hairbrush]]es. Early settlers used the nectar as a syrup for sore throats and colds;<ref name="RBGES">{{cite web | title = Aboriginal Resources Trail Teachers' Kit | publisher = Royal Botanical Gardens Melbourne, Education Section | url = http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/__data/page/1062/ART.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-11-10}}</ref> and bushmen would impregnate barren "cones" with fat to make a slow-burning [[candle]].<ref name="Cribb 1981"/>
More recently, ''B. integrifolia'' has been used in the art of [[bonsai]]. Its rangy habit and long internodes are challenging to overcome, but the leaves do reduce with pruning, and unlike the gnarlier ''[[Banksia serrata|B. serrata]]'' (Saw Banksia) its trunk can become textured with age.<ref name="Bowie 2002">{{cite journal | last = Bowie | first = G | year = 2002 | title = The Banksia as Bonsai: ''B. integrifolia'' | journal = [[Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants|ASGAP]] Australian Plants As Bonsai Study Group Newsletter | issue = 3 | pages = 4–6 | url = http://asgap.org.au/APOL31/sep03-5.html | accessdate = 2006-10-25}}</ref><ref name="ANPAB">{{cite web | publisher = [[Australian National Botanic Gardens]] | title = Australian Native Plants as Bonsai | url = http://www.anbg.gov.au/bonsai/ | accessdate = 2006-11-14}}</ref>
It is used as a [[floral emblem]] by two [[Local Government Areas of Queensland]]: the [[Redcliffe, Queensland|City of Redcliffe]]<ref name="Discover Redcliffe">{{cite web | title = Discover Redcliffe | url = http://www.redcliffe.qld.gov.au/_Brochure_reprint_RCC.pdf | accessdate = 2006-10-25 | publisher = Redcliffe City Council}}</ref> and the [[Logan City, Queensland|City of Logan]].<ref name="Buchanan 1999">{{cite web | author = Buchanan, Robyn | year = 1999 | title = City insignia | work = [http://www.logan.qld.gov.au/LCC/logan/history/historycomprehensive.htm Logan: Rich in History, Young in Spirit] | publisher = Logan City Council | url = http://www.logan.qld.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/D708EF30-53B4-49C0-808E-0C7DE6748D95/0/RichinHistoryCityinsignia.pdf | accessdate = 2006-10-25}}</ref> In 2000 it was featured on an [[Postage stamps and postal history of Australia|Australian postage stamp]].<ref name="ANBG stamps">{{cite web | title = Banksia integrifolia var. integrifolia | work = Flora on stamps | publisher = [[Australian National Botanic Gardens]] | url = http://www.anbg.gov.au/stamps/garden-a-2000.html | accessdate = 2007-02-27}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==External links==
{{commons}}
{{wikispecies}}
*{{Flora of Australia Online | name = Banksia integrifolia | id = 3387}}
*{{APNI | name = Banksia integrifolia | id = 53918}}
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[[Category:Banksia integrifolia| ]]
[[Category:Banksia taxa by scientific name|Integrifolia]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Trees of Australia]]
[[Category:Trees of mild maritime climate]]
[[Category:Plants and pollinators]]
[[Category:Wood]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
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