Banksia spinulosa 5525531 225498642 2008-07-14T00:39:12Z Hesperian 111359 convert taxobox to APG-II using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] {{Taxobox | name = Hairpin Banksia | image = Banksia spinulosa dark styles Georges River NP email.jpg | image_caption = ''Banksia spinulosa'' var. ''spinulosa'',<br> [[Georges River National Park]] | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Angiospermae]] | unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] | ordo = [[Proteales]] | familia = [[Proteaceae]] | genus = ''[[Banksia]]'' | species = '''''B. spinulosa''''' | subdivision_ranks = [[variety (botany)|Varieties]] | subdivision = *[[Banksia spinulosa var. collina|''B. s.'' var. ''collina'']] *[[Banksia spinulosa var. cunninghamii|''B. s.'' var. ''cunninghamii'']] *[[Banksia spinulosa var. neoanglica|''B. s.'' var. ''neoanglica'']] *[[Banksia spinulosa var. spinulosa|''B. s.'' var. ''spinulosa '']] | binomial = ''Banksia spinulosa'' | binomial_authority = [[James Edward Smith|Sm.]] }} The '''Hairpin Banksia''' (''Banksia spinulosa'') is a species of woody [[shrub]], of the genus ''[[Banksia]]'' in the [[Proteaceae]] family, native to eastern [[Australia]]. Widely distributed, it is found as an [[understorey]] plant in open dry forest or [[heath (habitat)|heathland]] from [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] to north [[Queensland]], generally on sandstone though sometimes also clay soils. It generally grows as a small shrub to {{convert|2|m|ft|0}} in height, though can be a straggly tree to {{convert|6|m|ft|0}}. It has long narrow leaves with [[inflorescence]]s which can vary considerably in coloration; while the spikes are gold or less commonly yellowish, the emergent styles may be a wide range of colours–from black, purple, red, orange or yellow. ''Banksia spinulosa'' was named by [[James Edward Smith]] in England in 1793, after being collected by [[John White]], most likely in 1792. He gave it the common name '''Prickly-leaved Banksia''', though this has fallen out of use. With four currently recognised varieties, the species has had a complicated [[taxonomy|taxonomic]] history, with two varieties initially described as separate species in the early 19th century. A fourth from the New England region has only recently been described. However there has been disagreement whether one, var. ''cunninghamii'', is distinct enough to once again have specific status. The pre-eminent authority on ''Banksia'', [[Alex George]], concedes there is still more work to be done on the ''Banksia spinulosa'' complex. The Hairpin Banksia is [[pollination|pollinated]] by and provides food for a wide array of [[vertebrate]] and [[invertebrate]] animals in the autumn and winter months. Its floral display and fine foliage have made it a popular garden plant with many horticultural selections available. Given recent trends toward smaller gardens, compact dwarf forms of ''Banksia spinulosa'' have become popular; the first available, [[Banksia 'Birthday Candles'|''Banksia'' 'Birthday Candles']], has achieved a great deal of commercial success and wide recognition, and has been followed by several others. ==Description== The Hairpin Banksia usually occurs as a multi-[[plant stem|stemmed]] [[lignotuber]]ous shrub 1–3&nbsp;metres (3–10&nbsp;ft) tall and 1–2&nbsp;metres (3–7&nbsp;ft) across. Alternatively, it may be single-stemmed and lacking a lignotuber, in which case it is often taller, up to 5&nbsp;metres (16&nbsp;ft) high. It has grey or grey-brown smooth bark with [[lenticel]]s. The long, narrow leaves are 3–10&nbsp;cm (1–4&nbsp;in) in length, 1–8&nbsp;mm wide and more or less [[leaf shape|linear in shape]]. Leaf edge are either [[wikt:serrate|serrate]] for the entire leaf length (''collina'') or toward the apex only (''spinulosa''),<ref name = "Harden 2002"/> though the margins may be recurved and hence serrations not evident as in those from the Carnarvon Gorge. Immature leaves, which may also be seen after bushfire, are broader and serrated. Leaf undersides have fine white hairs in the case of the varieties ''spinulosa'' and ''collina'' and pale brown in ''cunninghamii'' and ''neoanglica''.<ref name ="George 1999"/> The distinctive [[inflorescence]]s or flower spikes occur over a long period through autumn and early winter. A spike may contain hundreds or thousands of individual flowers, each of which consists of a tubular [[perianth]] made up of four united [[tepal]]s, and one long wiry [[carpel|style]]. Characteristic of the taxonomic section in which it is placed, the styles are hooked rather than straight. The style ends are initially trapped inside the upper perianth parts, but break free at [[anthesis]].<ref name ="George 1999">{{cite encyclopedia | last=George | first= Alex S. | year = 1999 | title = ''Banksia'' | editor = Wilson, Annette | encyclopedia = [[Flora of Australia (series)|Flora of Australia]] | volume = Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra | pages = 175–251 | publisher = CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study | id = ISBN 0-643-06454-0}}</ref> In ''Banksia spinulosa'' the spikes are cylindrical, about 6–7&nbsp;centimetres (3–3.5&nbsp;in) wide and 6–15&nbsp;centimetres (3–7&nbsp;in) tall, yellow to golden orange in colour, with styles varying from yellow to pink, maroon, or black.<ref name = "Harden 2002"/> Styles of various colours may be found within metres of each other in some areas such as in the [[Georges River National Park]], and [[Catherine Hill Bay, New South Wales|Catherine Hill Bay]],<ref name = "Liber 2006">{{cite journal |last = Liber | first = C. | year = 2006 | month = June | title = Coastal Wanderings | journal = Australian Plants | volume = 23 | issue = 187 | pages = 256–60}}</ref> while other populations may have uniformly black, red or gold styles. Though not terminal, the flower spikes are fairly prominently displayed. Partly emerging from the foliage, they arise from two- to three-year-old stem nodes.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Peisley |first=AL |year=1992|title=''Banksia spinulosa'' var. ''cunninghamii'' - Growth and Flowering Habit |journal=Banksia Study Report |issue=9 |pages=5 |issn =0728-2893}}</ref> The Hairpin Banksia's infructescence is a typical ''Banksia'' [[conifer cone|cone]]-like structure, with up to 100 crowded embedded [[follicle (fruit)|follicle]]s which are 1–2.4&nbsp;centimetres (⅓–1&nbsp;in) in diameter; these generally remain closed until burnt by bushfire. The nonlignotuberous subspecies ''cunninghamii'' is killed by fire and regenerates from seed, while the others regenerate from buds around the base of the lignotuber.<ref name = "Harden 2002"/> Old flower spikes fade to brown, then grey with age. Old flower parts usually persist for a long time, giving the infructescence a hairy appearance.<ref name = "Harden 2002"/> In Central and North Queensland, old cones of both var. ''spinulosa'' and var. ''collina'' are generally bare.<ref name="George 1988"/> ==Taxonomy== [[Image:The Banksia (John White).jpg|thumb|right|The ''Banksia'' infructescence in this drawing may be the first published reference to ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa''.]] [[Image:Banksia spinulosa (Sowerby).jpg|thumb|right|[[James Sowerby]]'s painting of ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'', which accompanied [[James Edward Smith]]'s formal publication of the species in 1793.]] The first known specimens of ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' were collected near [[Sydney]] by [[John White (surgeon)|John White]], Surgeon General to the British colony of [[New South Wales]], sometime between 1788 and 1793. He called it "Prickly-leaved Banksia", though this name has fallen out of use. It is uncertain exactly when he first collected the species; it may have been before 1790, as there is speculation that a sketch in his 1790 ''[[Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales]]'' is of a ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' infructescence. Text accompanying the figure states {{quote|"[W]e cannot with certainty determine the species. The capsules are smooth, at least when ripe, and a little shining. We think this is neither the ''B.&nbsp;serrata'', ''integrifolia'', nor ''dentata'' of Linnaeus, nor probably his ''ericifolia''; so that it seems to be a species hitherto undescribed. The leaves and flowers we have not seen."<ref name="White 1790">{{cite book | first = John | last = White | authorlink = John White (surgeon) | year = 1790 | title = Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales}}</ref>}} [[James Edward Smith]] later tentatively attributed this figure to ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'': {{quote|"We suspect the fruit figured in Mr. White's Voyage, page 225, fig. I, may belong to this species, but we have no positive authority to assert it."<ref name="Smith 1793">{{cite book | first = James Edward | last = Smith | authorlink = James Edward Smith | year = 1793 | title = A Specimen of the Botany of New Holland | publisher = James Sowerby | location = London}}</ref>}} More recently, however, Alf Salkin has argued that {{quote|"the cone illustrated by White is probably not as suggested from the ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' described by Smith but, may be from another member of the complex or from one of the forms of ''B.&nbsp;ericifolia''."<ref name="Salkin 1981">{{cite journal | last = Salkin |first= AI | year = 1981 | title = A Short History of the Discovery and Naming of Banksias in Eastern Australia: Part II, Sir James Edward Smith | journal = Victorian Naturalist | volume = 98 | issue = 3 | pages = 106–109}}</ref>}} White probably collected the type material of ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' in 1792.<ref name="George 1988">{{The Banksia Book}}</ref> The following year, the species was formally described by Smith in his ''[[A Specimen of the Botany of New Holland]]''. It was thus the seventh ''Banksia'' species collected, and the fifth described.<ref name="Salkin 1981"/> Smith gave it the specific epithet ''spinulosa'', a [[Latin]] term meaning ''having minute spines'', probably in reference to the leaf tips. Thus the species' full name is ''Banksia spinulosa'' Sm.<ref name="APNI 55573">{{APNI | name = ''Banksia spinulosa'' Sm. | id = 55573}}</ref> ===Placement within ''Banksia''=== In the first infrageneric arrangement of ''Banksia'', [[Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia|that of Brown in 1830]], ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' was placed in subgenus ''Banksia verae'', the "True Banksias", because its inflorescence is a typical ''Banksia'' flower spike. It was placed next to ''B.&nbsp;cunninghamii'' and ''B.&nbsp;collina'', both now considered varieties of ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa''; these three were placed between ''[[Banksia ericifolia|B.&nbsp;ericifolia]]'' (Heath-leaved Banksia) and ''[[Banksia occidentalis|B.&nbsp;occidentalis]]'' (Red Swamp Banksia).<ref name="Brown 1830">{{cite book | last=Brown | first= Robert | year = 1830 | title = [[Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae]] | location = London | publisher = Richard Taylor}}</ref> ''Banksia verae'' was renamed ''[[Eubanksia]]'' by [[Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher|Stephan Endlicher]] in 1847. [[Carl Meissner]] demoted ''Eubanksia'' to sectional rank in [[Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia|his 1856 classification]], and divided it into four series, with ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' placed in series ''[[Banksia ser. Abietinae|Abietinae]]'', while ''B.&nbsp;cunninghamii'' and ''B.&nbsp;collina'' were placed alongside each other in series ''[[Banksia ser. Salicinae|Salicinae]]''.<ref name="Meissner 1856">{{cite book | last=Meissner |first= Carl | year = 1856 | chapter = Proteaceae | editor = A. P. de Candolle | title = Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, pars decima quarta | url = http://www.botanicus.org/title.asp?barcode=31753003013338 | location = Paris | publisher = Sumptibus Victoris Masson}}</ref> When [[George Bentham]] published [[Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia|his 1870 arrangement]] in ''[[Flora Australiensis]]'', he discarded Meissner's series, placing all the species with hooked styles together in a section that he named ''[[Banksia sect. Oncostylis|Oncostylis]]''. ''B.&nbsp;cunninghamii'' was reduced to synonymy with ''B.&nbsp;collina'', as was the western species ''[[Banksia littoralis|B.&nbsp;littoralis]]'' (Western Swamp Banksia).<ref name="Bentham 1870">{{cite encyclopedia | last=Bentham |first= George | year = 1870 | title = ''Banksia'' | encyclopedia = Flora Australiensis: A Description of the Plants of the Australian Territory | volume = Volume 5: Myoporineae to Proteaceae | pages = 541–562 | location = London | publisher = L. Reeve & Co.}}</ref> This arrangement would stand for over a century. [[Alex George]] published a new taxonomic arrangement of ''Banksia'' in his landmark 1981 monograph ''[[The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)]]''. Endlicher's ''Eubanksia'' became [[Banksia subg. Banksia|''B.''&nbsp;subg. ''Banksia'']], and was divided into three sections, one of which was ''Oncostylis''. ''Oncostylis'' was further divided into four series, with ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' placed in series [[Banksia ser. Spicigerae|''Spicigerae'']] because its inflorescences are cylindrical.<ref name="George 1999"/> In 1996, [[Kevin Thiele]] and Pauline Ladiges published a new arrangement for the genus, after [[cladistics|cladistic]] analyses yielded a [[cladogram]] significantly different from George's arrangement. [[Thiele and Ladiges' taxonomic arrangement of Banksia|Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement]] retained ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' in series ''Spicigerae'', placing it alone in ''B.''&nbsp;subser. ''Spinulosae''.<ref name="Thiele 1996">{{cite journal | author = Thiele, Kevin and Pauline Y. Ladiges | year = 1996 | title = A cladistic analysis of ''Banksia'' (Proteaceae) | journal = [[Australian Systematic Botany]] | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 661–733 | doi = 10.1071/SB9960661}}</ref> This arrangement stood until 1999, when George effectively reverted to his 1981 arrangement in his monograph for the ''[[Flora of Australia (series)|Flora of Australia'' series]]. Under [[George's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia|George's taxonomic arrangement of ''Banksia'']], ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa''<span/>'s taxonomic placement may be summarised as follows:<ref name ="George 1999"/> :'''Genus ''[[Banksia]]''''' ::'''Subgenus ''[[Banksia subg. Banksia|Banksia]]''''' :::Section ''[[Banksia sect. Banksia|Banksia]]'' :::Section ''[[Banksia coccinea|Coccinea]]'' :::'''Section ''[[Banksia sect. Oncostylis|Oncostylis]]''''' ::::'''Series ''[[Banksia ser. Spicigerae|Spicigerae]]''''' :::::'''''B.&nbsp;spinulosa''''' ::::::[[Banksia spinulosa var. spinulosa|''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' var. ''spinulosa'']] ::::::[[Banksia spinulosa var. collina|''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' var. ''collina'']] ::::::[[Banksia spinulosa var. neoanglica|''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' var. ''neoanglica'']] ::::::[[Banksia spinulosa var. cunninghamii|''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' var. ''cunninghamii'']] :::::''[[Banksia ericifolia|B.&nbsp;ericifolia]]'' :::::''[[Banksia verticillata|B.&nbsp;verticillata]]'' :::::''[[Banksia seminuda|B.&nbsp;seminuda]]'' :::::''[[Banksia littoralis|B.&nbsp;littoralis]]'' :::::''[[Banksia occidentalis|B.&nbsp;occidentalis]]'' :::::''[[Banksia brownii|B.&nbsp;brownii]]'' ::::Series ''[[Banksia tricuspis|Tricuspidae]]'' ::::Series ''[[Banksia dryandroides|Dryandroidae]]'' ::::Series ''[[Banksia ser. Abietinae|Abietinae]]'' ::Subgenus ''[[Banksia subg. Isostylis|Isostylis]]'' More recent molecular research suggests that ''B. spinulosa'' and ''B. ericifolia'' may be more closely related to series [[Banksia ser. Salicinae|''Salicinae'']], with ''[[Banksia integrifolia]]'' and its relatives.<ref name="Mast 2002">{{cite journal | author = Mast, Austin and Thomas J. Givnish | year = 2002 | title = Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in ''Banksia'' and ''Dryandra'' (Proteaceae) based on Their cpDNA phylogeny | journal = [[American Journal of Botany]] | volume = 89 | issue = 8 | pages = 1311–1323 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/8/1311 | accessdate=2006-07-02 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311}}</ref> In 2005, [[Austin Mast]], Eric Jones and Shawn Havery published the results of their cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for ''Banksia''. They inferred a [[phylogeny]] very greatly different from the accepted taxonomic arrangement, including finding ''Banksia'' to be [[paraphyly|paraphyletic]] with respect to ''[[Banksia ser. Dryandra|Dryandra]]''.<ref name="Mast 2005">{{cite journal | last=Mast| first=Austin R.|authorlink=Austin Mast| coauthors= Eric H. Jones and Shawn P. Havery | year = 2005 | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | title = An Assessment of Old and New DNA sequence evidence for the Paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | pages = 75–88 | doi = 10.1071/SB04015}}</ref> A new taxonomic arrangement was not published at the time, but early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement by transferring ''Dryandra'' to ''Banksia'', and publishing ''B.''&nbsp;subg. ''Spathulatae'' for the species having spoon-shaped [[cotyledon]]s. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of ''Dryandra'' was complete; in the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' is placed in ''B.''&nbsp;subg. ''Spathulatae''.<ref name="Mast 2007">{{cite journal | last= Mast|first= Austin R.| coauthors=Kevin Thiele | year = 2007 | title = The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 20 | pages = 63–71 | doi = 10.1071/SB06016}}</ref> ===Varieties=== [[Image:B spinulosa Nowra2 cropped.jpg|right|150px|thumb|var. ''spinulosa'', [[Nowra]]<br> leaves with serrations near apex only]] Four varieties are currently recognised: ;'''[[Banksia spinulosa var. spinulosa|''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' var. ''spinulosa'']]''': The nominate race is an [[autonym (botany)|autonym]], a name that was automatically created for the original material of the species as the other subspecies were described. The original '''Hairpin Banksia''', this plant is coastal in Queensland, seen in such places as [[Walsh's Pyramid]] (near [[Cairns]]), [[Byfield National Park]] and the [[Blackdown Tableland National Park|Blackdown Tableland]],<ref name = "McHugh 2005">{{cite journal |last = McHugh | first = Ann | year = 2005 | month = September | title = Blackdown Tableland | journal = Australian Plants | volume = 23 | issue = 184 | pages = 123–133}}</ref> then again in New South Wales south of the [[Hawkesbury River]], just north of Sydney, down the [[South Coast, New South Wales|New South Wales South Coast]] and into Victoria.<ref name = "Liber 2003"/> Northwards of the Hawkesbury River on Sydney's northern outskirts there is a gradation between this and ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' var. ''collina''.<ref name="Fairley 2000">{{cite book | first = A. | last = Fairley | coauthors = P. Moore | title = Native Plants of the Sydney District: An Identification Guide | year = 2000 | edition = 2nd ed. | publisher = Kangaroo Press | location = Kenthurst | isbn = 0-7318-1031-7}}</ref> It commonly has black, maroon or claret styles on gold spikes but all-gold inflorescences are seen, and leaves are generally narrower than other varieties at 1–2&nbsp;mm in width and have several serrations toward the apex only.<ref name = "Harden 2002"/> ;'''[[Banksia spinulosa var. collina|''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' var. ''collina'']]''': Known as the '''Hill Banksia''', it was first published as ''Banksia collina'' by Robert Brown in 1810, and retained species rank until 1981, when George demoted it to a variety of ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa''.<ref name="George 1981"/><ref name="APNI 55588">{{APNI | name = ''Banksia spinulosa'' var. ''collina'' (R.Br.) A.S.George | id = 55588}}</ref> It differs from ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' var. ''spinulosa'' in having broader leaves 3–8&nbsp;mm in width that have serrate margins. The leaf undersides have more prominent venation.<ref name = "Harden 2002"/> Its flower spikes are usually gold, or sometimes gold with red styles, especially in New South Wales. It is found in inland gorges and tablelands such as [[Carnarvon Gorge]], [[Expedition National Park]], [[Isla Gorge National Park|Isla Gorge]] and [[Dicks Tableland]] in a remote part of [[Eungella National Park]], in [[Central Queensland]] but coastal on the New South Wales [[Central Coast, New South Wales|Central-]] and north coast.<ref name = "Liber 2003">{{cite journal | last = Liber | first = C. | year = 2003 | title = Range Extension/Clarification of ''Banksia spinulosa'' | journal = Bulletin (Qld Journal of [[Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants|SGAP]]) | volume = 42 | issue = 2 | pages = 15–16 | id = {{ISSN|0159-3714}}}}</ref><ref name = "Kemp 2004">{{cite book | first = B. | last = Kemp | year = 2004 | title = Wildflowers of the North Coast of New South Wales | publisher = New Holland Press | location = Kenthurst | isbn = 1-877069-05-1}}</ref> [[Image:B cunninghamii3.jpg|thumb|150px|''B. cunninghamii'', Lyrebird Dell walk, [[Leura]], [[Blue Mountains (Australia)|Blue Mountains]]]] ;'''[[Banksia spinulosa var. cunninghamii|''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' var. ''cunninghamii'']]''': This variety was published as ''B.&nbsp;cunninghamii'' in 1827 in honour of the botanist [[Allan Cunningham (botanist)|Allan Cunningham]],<ref name="APNI 53272">{{APNI | name = ''Banksia cunninghamii'' Sieber ex Rchb. | id = 53272}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Salkin |first=AI |year=1979|title=The Oncostylis in Eastern Australia |journal=Banksia Study Report |issue=5 |pages=2–4 |issn =0728-2893}}</ref> and demoted to a variety of ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' in 1981. The demotion has not been universally accepted however: in New South Wales it is still given species rank, and ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' var. ''neoanglica'' is considered a subspecies of it.<ref name="APNI 55595">{{APNI | name = ''Banksia spinulosa'' var. ''cunninghamii'' (Sieber ex Rchb.) A.S.George | id = 55595}}</ref><ref name = "Harden 2002"/> George notes that at locations where both var. ''spinulosa'' and var. ''cunninghamii'' coexist, such as Fitzroy Falls in [[Lawson, New South Wales|Lawson]], no intermediate forms occur.<ref name="George 1981">{{The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)}}</ref> This plant is a fast-growing nonlignotuberous shrub or small tree to 6&nbsp;metres (20&nbsp;ft) in height, occurring in the Great Dividing Range from southeast Queensland to southern New South Wales and also in Victoria. The juvenile leaves are highly serrated, new branchlets are hairy and leaf undersides are pale brown rather than white as in the two previous varieties. Inflorescences are gold with black styles, though an all-yellow form from Victoria is known.<ref name ="George 1999"/> The linear to oblanceolate adult leaves are 2–10&nbsp;cm (1–4&nbsp;in) long by 2–7&nbsp;mm wide;<ref name="Eliot 1994">{{cite book | last = Eliot | first = RW | coauthors = Jones DL, Blake T | title = Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Supplement No. 1 | year = 1994 | publisher = Lothian Press | location = Port Melbourne | isbn=0-85091-659-3}}</ref> those from Victoria having markedly longer juvenile leaves.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Salkin |first=AI |year=1982|title=Some Remarks about the genus ''Banksia'' in Eastern Australia |journal=Banksia Study Report |issue=6 |pages=20–23 |issn =0728-2893}}</ref> ;'''[[Banksia spinulosa var. neoanglica|''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' var. ''neoanglica'']]''': Known as the '''New England Banksia''', it was published by Alex George in 1988,<ref>{{cite journal |last= George|first= Alex S |authorlink=Alex George |year=1988|title= New taxa and notes on ''Banksia'' L.f. (Proteaceae)|journal=Nuytsia |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=309–17}}</ref> based on a specimen collected by him in 1986. In New South Wales it is considered an unnamed subspecies of ''Banksia cunninghamii''.<ref name="APNI 55603">{{APNI | name = ''Banksia spinulosa'' var. ''neoanglica'' | id = 55603}}</ref> This plant is found in the [[New England (Australia)|New England]] Region of far northern New South Wales and Southeastern Queensland. It is a short lignotuberous shrub to {{convert|1|m|ft|0}} in height. Inflorescences are gold with black styles. It has hairy new branchlets and pale brown leaf undersides.<ref name ="George 1999"/> Some doubt exists as to whether the current classification accurately represents relationships within the ''Banksia spinulosa'' complex. ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''collina'' is a form of inland gorges and tablelands in central Queensland, but is a coastal plant on the New South Wales central and north coast. ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''spinulosa'', on the other hand, is coastal in central Queensland and in New South Wales south of Sydney.<ref name = "Liber 2003"/> Similarly, ''B. spinulosa'' var. '' cunninghamii'' is widely separated between New South Wales and Victorian forms (where the longer leaved form was originally called ''B. prionophylla'' by Meissner). Notably both ''B. spinulosa'' var ''spinulosa'' and ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''collina'' in northern Queensland have old spikes bare as opposed to them having persistent old flower parts in New South Wales and Victoria.<ref name = "Liber 2003"/> Mast listed ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''collina'' and ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''neoanglica'' as sister [[clade]]s in 1998, with ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''spinulosa'' and ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''cunninghamii'' flanking these. Alex George also reports that the taxon should be reviewed.<ref>{{cite journal |last=George |first=Alex S |authorlink=Alex George |year=1998 |title=Proteus in Australia: An Overview of the Current State of Taxonomy of the Australian Proteaceae |journal=Australian Journal of Systematic Botany |volume=11 |pages=257–66 |doi=10.1071/SB98024}}</ref> A molecular study with specimens of each subspecies from the three mainland eastern states they occur would shed light on this matter.<ref name = "Liber 2003"/> ===Hybrids=== Hybrids between ''B. s.'' var. ''spinulosa'' and ''B. ericifolia'' subsp. ''ericifolia'' have been recorded at [[Pigeon House Mountain]] in Morton National Park.<ref name = "Harden 2002"/> [[Banksia 'Giant Candles'|''Banksia'' "Giant Candles"]] was a chance garden hybrid between ''B. ericifolia'' and ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''cunninghamii''.<ref name="ACRA 175">{{cite web | author = [[Australian Cultivar Registration Authority]] | title = Banksia 'Giant Candles' | work = Descriptions of registered cultivars | url = http://www.anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc175.html | accessdate = 2006-11-15}}</ref> ==Distribution and habitat== [[Image:B spinulosa dist map.png|thumb|right|Distribution map of ''Banksia spinulosa'']] The Hairpin Banksia occurs along the east coast of Australia from the [[Dandenong Ranges]] east of [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], north through [[New South Wales]] and into [[Queensland]]. It is common north to [[Maryborough, Queensland|Maryborough]], with disjunct populations occurring as far north as the [[Atherton Tableland]] near [[Cairns, Queensland|Cairns]]. It occurs in a variety of habitats, from coastal [[heath (habitat)|heath]] (''spinulosa'' and ''collina'') and elevated rocky slopes (''neoanglica'' and ''spinulosa'') to inland dry [[sclerophyll]] forest dominated by [[eucalyptus|eucalypt]]s, where they form part of the understorey. Plants in exposed areas are generally considerably shorter than those in sheltered areas. It usually occurs on sand, but can be found in rocky clays or loams.<ref name="Taylor 1988">{{The Banksia Atlas}}</ref> ''Banksia spinulosa'' var. ''cunninghamii'' is found in 3 disjunct regions; the Dandenong Ranges east of Melbourne, East Gippsland between [[Lakes Entrance, Victoria|Lakes Entrance]] and [[Eden, New South Wales|Eden]], and in the Great Dividing Range in a band from [[Jervis Bay]] to [[Glen Davis, New South Wales|Glen Davis]] in Central New South Wales, while there have been collections northwards in the Dividing Range up into southeast Queensland.<ref name="Taylor 1988"/> It can be an understorey plant under dense as well as open forest cover.<ref name = "Wrigley 1991"/> ==Ecology== {{seealso|Ecology of Banksia}} Like other banksias, ''Banksia spinulosa'' plays host to a wide variety of pollinators and is a vital source of [[nectar]] in autumn, when other flowers are scarce. Banksias have been the subject of many studies about their pollination; ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' is no exception. A 1998 study in [[Bungawalbin National Park]] in Northern New South Wales found that ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''collina'' inflorescences are foraged by a variety of small mammals, including [[marsupial]]s (such as [[Yellow-footed Antechinus]], which carry pollen loads comparable to those of nectar-eating birds, making them effective pollinators.<ref name="Hackett 2001">{{cite journal | first = Damian J. | last = Hackett | coauthors = Ross L. Goldingay | title = Pollination of Banksia spp. by non-flying mammals in north-eastern New South Wales | journal = Australian Journal of Botany | volume = 49 | issue = 5 | pages = 637–644 | doi = 10.1071/BT00004 | year = 2001}}</ref> The same study noted that, unlike other banksias studied, ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''collina'' was visited predominantly by native bees rather than the honeybee ''[[Apis mellifera]]''.<ref name="Hackett 2001"/> A great many bird species have been observed visiting this species. A 1982 study in the [[New England National Park]] in North-eastern [[New South Wales]] found that a large influx of [[Eastern Spinebill]]s ''(Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris)'' coincided with the start of local ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'''s flowering.<ref name="Ford 1982">{{cite journal | last = Ford | first = H. A. | coauthors = J. F. Pursey | year = 1982 | title = Status and feeding of the Eastern Spinebill ''Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris'' at the New England National Park, North-eastern NSW | journal = Emu | volume = 82 | issue = 4 | pages = 203–211}}</ref> In the Blackdown Tableland, [[White-eared Honeyeater]]s ''(Lichenostomus leucotis)'' and [[Yellow-tufted Honeyeater]]s ''(Lichenostomus melanops)'' as well as gliders and [[Pygmy Possum]]s visit Hairpin banksias.<ref name = "McHugh 2005"/> Additional species seen in ''[[The Banksia Atlas]]'' survey include [[White-cheeked Honeyeater]] (''Phylidonyris nigra''), [[Crescent Honeyeater]] (''Phylidonyris pyrrhoptera''), [[Lewin's Honeyeater]] (''Meliphaga lewinii''), [[Brown Honeyeater]] (''Lichmera indistincta''), [[Noisy Miner]] (''Manorina melanocephala''), [[Noisy Friarbird]] (''Philemon corniculatus''), [[Red Wattlebird]] (''Anthochaera carunculata'') and [[Eastern Yellow Robin]] (''Eopsaltria australis'').<ref name = "Taylor 1988"/> Like most other [[Proteaceae]], ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' has [[proteoid root]]s, roots with dense clusters of short lateral rootlets that form a mat in the soil just below the leaf litter. These enhance [[solubility|solubilisation]] of [[nutrient]]s, allowing nutrient [[mineral uptake|uptake]] in low-nutrient soils such as the [[phosphorus]]-deficient native soils of [[Australia]].<ref name = "Harden 2002">{{cite book | last = Harden | first = Gwen | year = 2002 | chapter = Banksia | editor = Harden, Gwen (ed) | title = Flora of New South Wales: Volume 2 (Revised Edition) | pages = 82–86 | publisher = New South Wales University Press | location = Kensington | isbn = ISBN 0-86840-156-0}}</ref> ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' does not appear to be under threat. It is resistant to ''[[Phytophthora cinnamomi]]'' dieback, which poses a major threat to many other ''Banksia'' species;<ref name="McCredie 1985">{{cite journal | author = McCredie, T. A., K. W. Dixon and K. Sivasithamparam | year = 1985 | title = Variability in the resistance of Banksia L.f. species to ''Phytophthora cinnamomi'' Rands. | journal = [[Australian Journal of Botany]] | volume = 33 | pages = 629–637 | doi = 10.1071/BT9850629}}</ref> and its wide distribution protects against the threat of habitat loss due to land clearing. As a result, it does not appear on the [[list of threatened Australian plants]] under the [[Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999]]. ''Banksia spinulosa'' is listed in Part 1 Group 1 of Schedule 13 of the ''National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974''; this means that as a common and secure species it is exempted from any licensing or tagging requirements under the 2002-2005 management plan to minimise and regulate the use of protected and threatened plants in the cut-flower industry in New South Wales.<ref name="ACT 1974">{{cite web | title = National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 | work = New South Wales Consolidated Acts | publisher = Australasian Legal Information Institute | url = http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/npawa1974247/ | accessdate = 2007-08-16}}</ref> ==Cultivation== [[Image:Bspinulosa2dwarfs1 kuranga.jpg|thumb|left|330px|[[Banksia 'Birthday Candles'|''B.'' 'Birthday Candles']] (L) & [[Banksia 'Stumpy Gold'|''B.'' 'Stumpy Gold']] (R), showing greyer foliage of latter, Kuranga Nursery]] ''Banksia spinulosa'' var. ''spinulosa'' was introduced into cultivation in the United Kingdom in 1788 by [[Joseph Banks]] who supplied seed to [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|Kew]], [[Cambridge University Botanic Garden|Cambridge Botanic Gardens]] and [[Woburn Abbey]] among others; var. ''collina'' followed in 1800 and var. ''cunninghamii'' in 1822.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cavanagh|first=A |year=1982|title=Notes on the Cultivation of Banksias in Europe in the 18th and 19th Centuries |journal=Banksia Study Report |issue=6 |pages=29–33 |issn =0728-2893}}</ref> It has proven a highly ornamental and bird-attracting plant in cultivation.<ref name = "Wrigley 1991"/> In general, all forms prefer sandy, well-drained soils with sunny aspect, though some local forms hailing from [[Wianamatta shale]]s may tolerate heavier soils. It is resistant to [[Phytophthora cinnamomi|dieback]], like most eastern banksias.<ref name="McCredie 1985">{{cite journal | last = McCredie | first = T. A. | coauthors = T. W. Dixon, K. Sivasithamparam | year = 1985 | title = Variability in the resistance of ''Banksia'' L.f. species to ''Phytophthora cinnamomi'' Rands | journal = [[Australian Journal of Botany]] | volume = 33 | pages = 629–637 | doi = 10.1071/BT9850629}}</ref> As it grows naturally on acid soils, ''Banksia spinulosa'' is particularly sensitive to [[Iron deficiency (plant disorder)|iron deficiency]]. Known as [[chlorosis]], it manifests as yellowing of new leaves with preservation of green veins, and occurs when the plant is grown in soils of higher [[pH]]. This can also happen where soil contains quantities of cement, either as landfill or building foundations, and can be treated with iron chelate or [[Iron(II) sulfate|sulfate]].<ref name="Eliot 1985">{{cite book | last = Eliot | first = RW | coauthors = Jones DL, Blake T | title = Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Vol. 2 | year = 1985 | publisher = Lothian Press | location = Port Melbourne | isbn=0-85091-143-5}}</ref> Regular [[pruning]] is important to give the plant an attractive habit and prevent it from becoming leggy. As most cultivated forms of this species have a lignotuber, dormant buds exist below the bark that respond to pruning or fire, and hard-pruning is possible almost to ground level as a plant can readily sprout from old wood.<ref name = "George96">{{The_Banksia_Book}}</ref> This is not the case for var. ''cunninghamii'' which should not be pruned below foliage.<ref name="Eliot 1994"/> Flowering may take up to eight years from germination; buying an advanced plant may hasten this process, as will getting a [[Cutting (plant)|cutting]]-grown plant. ''Banksia spinulosa'' can be propagated easily by seed, and is one of the (relatively) easier banksias to propagate by cutting.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Maclean |first=R |year=1995 |title=Propagation of Banksias |journal=Banksia Study Report |volume=10 |pages=6–16 |id=ISSN 0728-2893}}</ref> Named [[cultivar]]s are by necessity propagated by cuttings as this ensures that the plant produced bears the same attributes as the original plant.<ref>{{cite web | author = United States Patent and Trademark Office | title = General Information About 35 U.S.C. 161 Plant Patents | work = Patents, Guidance, Tools and Manuals | publisher = United States Patent and Trademark Office | date = 2007| url = http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/plant/index.html | accessdate = 2007-10-08}}</ref> Both ''B. s.'' var. ''collina'' and var. ''spinulosa'' are commonly seen in nurseries; given that the varieties can hybridise, attempting to find a local provenance form from a local community nursery, [[Bushcare Group|Bushcare]] or [[Australian Plants Society]] group is preferable environmentally if they are intended for planting in gardens near bushland where native populations occur. There are some dwarf forms available for the city gardener - 'Stumpy Gold' is a form of variety ''collina'' originally from the [[Central Coast, New South Wales|Central Coast]], while 'Birthday Candles', 'Coastal Cushion' and 'Golden Cascade' are forms of variety ''spinulosa'' from the [[South Coast, New South Wales|South Coast]] of New South Wales.<ref name ="Liber 2004">{{cite journal |last=Liber |first=C.|year=2004|title=Update on Eastern Cultivars|journal=Banksia Study Group Newsletter |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=3–5 |url=http://asgap.org.au/banksSG/banksiasg-5-1.pdf |accessdate=2007-06-23 |issn=1444-285X}}</ref> ===Cultivars=== There are a number of commercial varieties available from Australian retail nurseries, four have been registered under [[plant breeders' rights]] legislation, and another with the [[Australian Cultivar Registration Authority]]. The lack of official names has led to some varieties bearing several different names.<ref name = "Liber 2004"/> *'''''B. s.'' var. ''collina'' 'Carnarvon Gold'''' is an all-gold flowered form from Carnarvon Gorge in central Queensland with long leaves and revolute margins which grows to around 2–5 m (7–25 ft) in height and 2–4 m (7–14 ft) across. The old flowers fall from the spikes.<ref name="Salkin 1995">{{cite journal | last = Salkin | first = A. | year = 1995 | title = The Collection of Eastern Banksias | journal = Banksia Study Report | volume = 10 | pages = 3–5 | issn= 0728-2893}}</ref> *'''''B. s.'' var. ''collina'' '[[Banksia 'Stumpy Gold'|Stumpy Gold]]'''' is a spreading form ({{convert|40|cm|in|0|disp=/}} high by up to {{convert|1.2|m|ft|1|disp=/}} across) with light gold flowers {{convert|15|cm|in|0}} high by {{convert|6|cm|in|0}} across from the vicinity of [[Catherine Hill Bay, New South Wales|Catherine Hill Bay]] on the New South Wales Central Coast, propagated by Richard Anderson of Merricks Nursery.<ref name ="Stewart 2001">{{cite book | last = Stewart | first = Angus | authorlink = Angus Stewart | title = Gardening on the Wild Side | pages = 105 | year = 2001 | publisher = ABC Books | location = Sydney | isbn=0-7333-0791-4}}</ref> It arises from a silty loam so theoretically should tolerate a heavier soil than 'Coastal Cushion'. Leaves are a more subdued green with greyish tinge than the south coast NSW spinulosa cultivars.<ref name = "Liber 2004"/> *'''''B. s.'' var. ''spinulosa'' '[[Banksia 'Birthday Candles'|Birthday Candles]]'''', the original trailblazer, is a compact plant growing to {{convert|45|cm|in|0}} tall and up to {{convert|1|m|ft|0}} across with red-styled gold flowers 15&nbsp;cm high by 6&nbsp;cm across. The leaves are narrow with attractive lime green new growth. Stems and branches naturally crooked. It was granted PBR status in 1989, after an application by [[Bill Molyneux]] of Austraflora Pty Ltd.<ref>{{cite web | title = Hairpin Banksia (Banksia spinulosa) - Variety:'Birthday Candles' | work = Plant Breeders Rights - Database Search | publisher = Commonwealth of Australia | date = 2005 | url = http://pbr.ipaustralia.plantbreeders.gov.au/plant_detail.cfm?AID=1830706 | accessdate = 2007-10-07}}</ref> The provenance of the original material was an exposed headland hear [[Ulladulla]] on the New South Wales South Coast.<ref name ="Stewart 2001"/> It appears to fare better in [[Mediterranean climate]]s with reports of patchy performance in Sydney (though better in pots) and unreliability in [[Brisbane]]. There are reports of it flowering in alternate years only. It is reported to be an unreliable survivor, although this may be due to it being popular to novices.<ref name ="Liber 2004"/> [[Image:Bspinulosa Coastal Cushion Cox email.jpg|right|thumb|''Banksia spinulosa'', 'Coastal Cushion' in [[Kenthurst]]]] *'''''B. s.'' var. ''spinulosa'' 'Cherry Candles'''', bred by Bill Molyneux from the 'Birthday Candles' cultivar, is a compact plant growing to 45&nbsp;cm tall and up to 100&nbsp;cm across with cherry red-styled gold flowers, darker than its parent, 15&nbsp;cm high by 6&nbsp;cm across. It was released commercially in Spring 2004,<ref name ="Liber 2004"/> and granted PBR status in February 2005, after an application by Molyneux.<ref>{{cite web | title = Hairpin Banksia (Banksia spinulosa) - Variety:'Cherry Candles' | work = Plant Breeders Rights - Database Search | publisher = Commonwealth of Australia | date = 2007 | url = http://pbr.ipaustralia.plantbreeders.gov.au/plant_detail.cfm?AID=1830704 | accessdate = 2007-10-07}}</ref> *'''''B. s.'' var. ''spinulosa'' 'Coastal Cushion'''' (= '''<nowiki>'</nowiki>Schnapper Point'''') was originally collected by Neil Marriott and called 'Schnapper Point' from the same locality as 'Birthday Candles'. This is a more spreading plant to 50&nbsp;cm tall and up to 1.5–2&nbsp;m across with dark red-styled gold flowers (a couple of shades darker than 'Birthday Candles') 15&nbsp;cm high by 6&nbsp;cm across. It is propagated by Richard Anderson of Merricks Nursery. It appears to be more adaptable to points north than other dwarf forms – growing reliably in southeastern Queensland. This form can be very floriferous, with some plants sporting more than 40 inflorescences at any one time.<ref name ="Stewart 2001"/><ref name ="Liber 2004"/> *'''''B. s.'' 'Coastal Candles'''', propagated by Merv Hodge, came from Philip Vaughan's 'Schnapper Point' plant. Some plants are behaving differently, so it may be that not all material is the exact same clone.<ref name ="Liber 2004"/> [[Image:B spin honeypots suellens.jpg|thumb|right|''Banksia spinulosa'' 'Honey Pots']] *'''''B. s.'' var. ''spinulosa'' 'Golden Cascade'''' is yet another plant from the same locality as 'Birthday Candles'; this is more spreading again, to perhaps 30&nbsp;cm tall and up to 1.5–2&nbsp;m across with red-styled gold flowers 15&nbsp;cm high by 6&nbsp;cm across. It is also seen as ''B. spinulosa'' 'prostrate'. Propagated by Gondwana Nursery, this is a relatively new release.<ref name ="Liber 2004"/> *'''''B. s.'' var. ''spinulosa'' 'Honey Pots'''' is a form with all gold flowers to 20&nbsp;cm high (taller than forms listed above), however it is a little larger with reports of it growing to 1&nbsp;m high, with odd reports of it getting taller than this, by 1.2&nbsp;m across. It comes from south coast in Victoria, propagated by Rod Parsons of Carawah Nursery in Victoria.<ref name ="Liber 2004"/> [[Image:Banksia spinulosa lemon glow2 IGP email.jpg|''Banksia spinulosa'' var, ''cunninghamii'' 'Lemon glow' - Illawarra Grevillea Park, [[Bulli]] April 2005|thumb|right]] *'''''B. s.'' var. ''spinulosa''''' (dwarf forms) – Rod Parsons of Carawah Nursery in Victoria has two red-styled fairly compact dwarf forms, one (all serrated – slow growing, possibly ''collina'') growing to 1&nbsp;m, the (leaf ends serrated only, faster growing) other 1.5&nbsp;m – and there are others reported but not named.<ref name ="Liber 2004"/> *'''''B. s.'' var ''cunninghamii'' 'Lemon Glow'''' was registered with ACRA in 1982 by Alf Salkin and hails from [[French Island National Park|French Island]] in Victoria, growing 2–3&nbsp;m (7–10&nbsp;ft) with all lemon yellow flowers. Currently propagated by Phillip Vaughan and Kuranga Nursery, both in Melbourne. It is reported to be frost hardy and moderately resistant to drought.<ref name = "Wrigley 1991">{{cite book | last = Wrigley | first = F. |coauthors = Fagg, M. | title = Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas | year = 1991 | publisher = Angus & Robertson | location = Sydney | isbn = 0-207-17277-3}} ''p.'' 117.</ref><ref name = "George 1988">{{The Banksia Book}}</ref> * There is a form sold as a '''''Banksia (spinulosa) cunninghamii'' variant''', propagated by Bournda Plants of [[Tura Beach]] on the NSW south coast. The plants reach 70&nbsp;cm after four years and have black-styled gold inflorescences. The form came from David Shiels of Wakiti Nursery in Victoria, who got it from Alf Salkin. It has a white underside (not brownish) and has a couple of serrations close to the tip of the leaf, typical of ''B. s.'' var. ''spinulosa''.<ref name ="Liber 2004"/> <br clear="all"/> ==References== {{commons}} {{wikispecies}} {{wikisourcepar|A Specimen of the Botany of New Holland/Banksia spinulosa|A Specimen of the Botany of New Holland/&#8203;Banksia spinulosa}} {{wikisourcepar|Transactions of the Linnean Society of London/Volume 10/On the Proteaceae of Jussieu/Banksia#Banksia_spinulosa|Transactions of the Linnean Society of London/&#8203;Volume 10/&#8203;On the Proteaceae of Jussieu/&#8203;Banksia#&#8203;Banksia_spinulosa}} {{wikisourcepar|Flora Australiensis/Volume V/CIV. Proteaceae/28. Banksia#Banksia spinulosa|Flora Australiensis/&#8203;Volume&nbsp;V/&#8203;CIV.&nbsp;Proteaceae/&#8203;28.&nbsp;Banksia#Banksia spinulosa}} {{reflist|2}} ==External links== * {{Flora of Australia Online | name = ''Banksia spinulosa'' Sm. | id = 3459}} * {{APNI | name = ''Banksia spinulosa'' Sm. | id = 55573}} {{featured article}} [[Category:Banksia taxa by scientific name|Spinulosa]] [[Category:Flora of New South Wales]] [[Category:Flora of Queensland]] [[Category:Flora of Victoria]] [[Category:Garden plants]] [[fr:Banksia spinulosa]]