Barque
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225818136
2008-07-15T15:26:51Z
MattieTK
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Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Time for action|Time for action]] to last version by Numbo3-bot (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]])
[[Image:Sail plan barque.svg|thumb|right|200px|Sails of a three-masted barque.]]
A '''barque''', '''barc''', or '''bark''' is a type of sailing vessel.
== History of the term ==
:''See [[barge]] for the word's etymology''
[[Image:Barkskibs staende rigning2.png|thumb|333px|Standing rigging of a three-masted barque. Click image for more details.]]
The word ''barc'' appears to have come from Celtic languages. The form adopted by [[English language|English]], perhaps from [[Irish language|Irish]], was ''bark'', while that adopted by [[French language|French]], perhaps from [[Gaulish]], was barge and barque. French influence in England after the [[Norman Conquest|Conquest]] led to the use in English of both words, though their meanings are not now the same. Well before the 19th century a [[barge]] had become a small vessel of coastal or inland waters. Somewhat later, a bark became a sailing vessel of a distinctive rig as detailed below. In Britain, by the mid-nineteenth century, the spelling had taken on the French form of ''barque''. [[Francis Bacon (philosopher)|Francis Bacon]] used this form of the word as early as 1605.
In the 18th century, the British [[Royal Navy]] used the term ''bark'' for a nondescript vessel which did not fit any of its usual categories. Thus, when on the advice of Captain [[James Cook]], a [[Collier (ship type)|collier]] was bought into the navy and converted for exploration she was called [[HM Bark Endeavour|HM Bark ''Endeavour'']]. She happened to be a [[full rigged ship|ship-rigged]] sailing vessel with a plain bluff bow and a full stern with windows.
By the end of the 18th century, however, the term ''barque'' (sometimes, particularly in the USA, spelled ''bark'') came to refer to any vessel with a particular type of [[sail-plan|rig]]. This comprises three (or more) [[mast (sailing)|masts]], fore-and-aft sails on the [[aft]]ermost mast and [[square rig|square sails]] on all other masts. A well-preserved example of a commercial barque is ''[[Falls of Clyde]]''; built in 1878, it is now preserved as a museum ship in [[Honolulu]]. Another well preserved barque is the ''[[Pommern (ship)|Pommern]]'', the only [[windjammer]] in original condition. Its home is in [[Mariehamn]] outside the [[Åland]] maritime museum. The [[United States Coast Guard]] still has an operational Barque, built in Germany in 1936 and captured as a war [[prize]], the [[USCGC Eagle (WIX-327)|USCGC ''Eagle'']] which is used as a training vessel at the [[United States Coast Guard Academy]] in [[New London, Connecticut]]. The oldest active sailing vessel in the world, the [[Star of India (ship)|''Star of India'']], was built in 1863 as a fully square-rigged ship, then converted into a barque in 1901.
Throughout the period of sail, the word was used also as a shortening of the [[barca-longa]] of the [[Mediterranean Sea]].
== Use ==
[[Image:Elissa-ship.jpg|right|thumb|200px|''[[Elissa (ship)|Elissa]]'' enters [[Galveston, Texas|Port Galveston]].]]
The advantage of these rigs was that they needed smaller (therefore cheaper) crews than a comparable full-rigged ship or brig-rigged vessel. Conversely, the ship rig tended to be retained for training vessels where the larger the crew, the more seamen were trained. Another advantage is that a barque can outperform a [[schooner]] or barkentine, and is both easier to handle and better to rise towards wind than a full-rigged ship. While full-rigged ship is the best runner available, and while fore-and-aft riggers are the best to rise towards wind, the barque is the best compromise between these two, and combine the best of these two.
Most ocean-going [[windjammer]]s were four-masted barques, since the four-masted barque is considered the most efficient rig available because of its ease of handling, small need of manpower, good running cababilities and good capabilities of rising towards wind. Usually the fore mast was the tallest, and that of [[Moshulu]] extends to 58 m off the deck. The four-masted barque can be handled with a surprisingly small crew - at minimum, ten, and while the usual crew was around thirty, almost half of them could be apprentices.
Today most sailing [[school ship]]s are barques.
== Barque shrines in ancient Egypt ==
In [[ancient Egypt]], gods ([[Cult image|statues]]) travelled not by boats on water, but by smaller symbolic boats which were carried by priests. Temples included ''barque shrines'' in which the sacred barques rested when a procession was not in progress.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.odysseyadventures.ca/articles/egyptian_temples/egyptian_temples-text.htm | title=Egyptian Temples of the New Kingdom}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bookrags.com/research/ancient-egypt-2675-332-bce-religion-ahe-01/temple-architecture-and-symbolism-ahe-01.html | title=Ancient Egypt 2675–332 B.c.e.: Religion: Temple Architecture and Symbolism | work=Arts and Humanities Through the Eras}}</ref>
== See also ==
*[[brigantine]] (2 masts)
*[[barquentine]] (three or more masts, square-rigged on only the fore mast)
*[[jackass-barque]]
*[[Barque Press]]
*[[Barque Viking]]
{{Wiktionary}}
* [[windjammer]]
* [[Pommern (ship)]]
* [[Kruzenshtern (ship)]]
* [[Passat (ship)]]
* [[Pamir (ship)]]
* [[Renown (German Barque)]]
* [[Peking (ship)]]
* [[Polly Woodside (ship)]]
* [[James Craig (barque)]]
* [[Thriller Bark]], an enormous fictional ship from a [[manga]] story
* [[Elissa (ship)]], c. 1877. Active sailing ship & museum moored in [[Galveston, Texas]]
* [[List of large sailing vessels]]
== References and further reading ==
<references/>
*''Oxford English Dictionary'' (1971) ISBN 0-19-861212-5
*[http://www.greatervancouverparks.com/KaiwoMaru03.html Description of a four-masted barque].
*[http://www.lehmkuhl.no statsraad lehmkuhl]
{{Sailing Vessels and Rigs}}
[[Category:Barques| ]]
[[Category:Sailboat types]]
[[Category:sailing vessels and rigging]]
[[Category:Ship types]]
[[bs:Bark]]
[[bg:Барк]]
[[cs:Bark]]
[[cy:Barc]]
[[da:Bark (skibstype)]]
[[de:Bark (Schiff)]]
[[et:Parklaev]]
[[eo:Barko]]
[[fr:Trois-mâts barque]]
[[is:Barkskip]]
[[it:Veliero]]
[[nl:Bark (zeilschip)]]
[[ja:バーク]]
[[no:Bark (skip)]]
[[nn:Bark]]
[[pl:Bark (żaglowiec)]]
[[ru:Барк]]
[[sk:Bark]]
[[sh:Bark]]
[[fi:Parkki]]
[[sv:Barkskepp]]