Battle of Grunwald 4707 225775090 2008-07-15T10:06:13Z M.K 1277522 [[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 225759718 by [[Special:Contributions/Czalex|Czalex]] ([[User talk:Czalex|talk]]) {{For|the World War I battle at the same location|Battle of Tannenberg (1914)}} {{For|the painting by Jan Matejko|Battle of Grunwald (painting)}} {{Refimprove|date=June 2008}} {{Infobox Military Conflict |conflict=Battle of Grunwald |partof=the [[Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War]] |image=[[Image:Grunwald bitwa.jpg|300px|Battle of Grunwald]] |caption=''Battle of Grunwald'', by [[Jan Matejko]], 1878. Oil on canvas. |date=[[July 15]], [[1410]] |place=[[Grunwald]] (Grünewald) or [[Tannenberg]] ([[Stębark]]), [[Prussia (region)|Prussia]], present-day [[Poland]] |result=Decisive defeat of [[Teutonic Order]] |combatant1=[[Image:Orzelek2.gif|20px]] [[History of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]]<ref name=Turnbul25>[[Stephen Turnbull (historian)|Stephen Turnbull]], ''Tannenberg 1410 Disaster for the Teutonic Knights'', 2003, London: Osprey Campaign Series no. 122 ISBN 9781841765617, [http://books.google.com/books?id=GH_u9mKEL6oC&pg=PA25&vq=armies&dq=battle+of+Grunwald&lr=&source=gbs_search_s&sig=Ugaxf86XOavQ6MjSaLBhZsoZ8vU pp.25]</ref>[[Image:Herb Pogon Litewska.jpg|20px]] [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]<br>Polish-Lithuanian vassals, allies and mercenaries:<ref name=Turnbul26/> [[Image:Moldavia flag.svg|20px]] [[Moldavia|Principality of Moldavia]]<ref>Britannica Hungarica, Hungarian encyclopedia, 1994. ISBN 9630623506</ref><br> [[Tartars]]<ref name=Turnbul25/> [[Czechs]],<ref name=Turnbul26/> [[Bohemians]]<ref name=Turnbul26/>, [[Moravians]]<ref name=Turnbul26/> [[Ruthenians]]<ref name=Turnbul27>[[Stephen Turnbull (historian)|Stephen Turnbull]], ''Tannenberg 1410 Disaster for the Teutonic Knights'', 2003, London: Osprey Campaign Series no. 122 ISBN 9781841765617, pp.27-28</ref> |combatant2=[[Image:Den tyske ordens skjold.svg|20px]] [[Teutonic Order]] and mercenaries and various knights from the rest of Europe |commander1=[[Image:Orzelek2.gif|20px]] [[Władysław II Jagiełło]], supreme commander of the allied host<ref name=Turnbul26>[[Stephen Turnbull (historian)|Stephen Turnbull]], ''Tannenberg 1410 Disaster for the Teutonic Knights'', 2003, London: Osprey Campaign Series no. 122 ISBN 9781841765617, pp.26</ref><br> [[Image:Herb Pogon Litewska.jpg|20px]] [[Vytautas the Great]], commander of the Lithuanian army<br>[[Image:Orzelek2.gif|20px]][[Zyndram of Maszkowice]], commander of the Polish army<ref name=Turnbul26/><br>[[Jelal-el-din]], Tatar commander, exiled khan of the Golden horde<ref name=Turnbul26/> |commander2=[[Image:Den tyske ordens skjold.svg|20px]] [[Ulrich von Jungingen]]† |strength1=39,000<ref name=Turnbul25/> |strength2=27,000<ref name=Turnbul25/> |casualties1=Unknown |casualties2=8,000 dead<br>14,000 captured }} {{Campaignbox Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War}} The '''Battle of Grunwald''' (or '''1st Battle of Tannenberg''') took place on [[July 15]] [[1410]] with the [[Jagiellon Poland|Kingdom of Poland]] and the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] ranged against the Knights of the [[Teutonic Order]], led by the Grand Master [[Ulrich von Jungingen]]. It was the decisive engagement in the [[Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War (1409-1411)]] and the greatest battles of medieval Europe. The battle saw the [[Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights]] decisively defeated — their order never recovered its former power. The few eyewitness accounts are contradictory. It took place near several smaller villages, and different names in various languages are attributed to it. == Names and Locations == The battle was fought [http://mapa.szukacz.pl/?x=574000,00&y=625000,00&zoom=2 in the plains between the villages] of [[Grunwald]] ({{lang-lt|Žalgiris}}), [[Stębark]] ({{lang-de|Tannenberg}}), and [[Łodwigowo]] ({{lang-de|Ludwigsdorf}}) in [[Prussia]], which at that time was territory governed by the [[Teutonic Order]], but which is now in [[Poland]]. The nearest city of any size was Gilgenburg (since 1945: [[Dąbrówno]]). The names ''Žalgiris'' (from the Lithuanian ''žalia giria'') and ''Grunwald'' (from the German ''grüner Wald'') both translate as "Green Forest"; it was also called ''Zielone Pole'' ("Green Field") in Old Polish, and, in German, ''Grunenfelde'' or ''Grunefeld'' ("Green field") in the oldest texts. The battle is called: *''Schlacht bei Tannenberg'' (''Battle of Tannenberg'') by [[Germans]] *''Bitwa pod Grunwaldem'' (''Battle of Grunwald'') by [[Poles]] *''Žalgirio mūšis'' (''Battle of Žalgiris'') by [[Lithuanians]] In languages of other involved nations the battle is called: {{lang-be|''Гру́нвальдзкая бі́тва''}}, ''Grúnvaldzkaya bі́tva'', {{lang-uk|''Ґрю́нвальдська би́тва''}}, ''Grúnvaldska bítva'', {{lang-ru|''Грю́нвальдская би́тва''}}, ''Grúnvaldskaya bі́tva'', {{lang-tt|''Grünwald suğışı''}}, {{lang-cs|Bitva u Grunvaldu}}, {{lang-ro|Bătălia de la Grünwald}}. == Eve of the battle == In the 13th century, the [[Teutonic Knights]], subject directly to the Pope, had been requested by [[Konrad of Masovia]] to come to the lands surrounding [[Chełmno|Culm]] (Chełmno) to assist in the Crusade against the [[pagan]] [[Prussians]]. Preceding that were several years of attacks and conquest attempts by Konrad on the Prussians, which were unsuccessful. The Teutonic Order was called in to stabilize the territory between the Prussians and the Duchy of Masovia. The Teutonic Order received the territory of Prussia via [[golden bull]]s from the [[Holy Roman Empire|Emperor]] and [[Pope|papal]] edict, which gave them effective ''carte blanche'' as owners of a new Christianized state of Prussia, instead of the pagan native land of Terra Prussiae. They later received the territory of further north [[Baltic sea|Baltic]] coastal regions of what are now [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]] and [[Estonia]], and showed every sign of further expansion. The [[Order of Dobrin]] was established by Konrad of Masovia previously and had received land around Plock. They were just a handful and were therefore ineffective, so by papal order they were combined with the Teutonic Order. They built many towns, including Culm. The Prussians fought against takeover of their territory. In order to further their war efforts against the (pagan) Lithuanian state, the Teutonic Knights instituted a series of [[crusade]]s, enlisting support from other European countries. In 1385 the [[Union of Kreva]] joined the crown of Poland and Lithuania, and the subsequent marriage of [[Jogaila|Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania]] and reigning Queen [[Jadwiga of Poland]] was to shift the balance of power; both nations were more than aware that only by acting together could the expansionist plans of the Teutonic Order be thwarted. Jogaila accepted Christianity and became the King of Poland as [[Wladislaus II of Poland|Władysław Jagiełło]]. Lithuania's conversion to Christianity removed much of the rationale of the Teutonic Knights' anti-pagan crusades. It can be said the [[Ordenstaat]] lost its ''raison d'etre''. The Knights, however, invaded again in 1398 what were now Christian states of Poland and Lithuania. At this time, the Poles and the Lithuanians had little option but to suffer in silence, for they were still not prepared militarily to confront the power of the Knights. In 1409, an uprising in Teutonic-held [[Samogitian Eldership|Samogitia]] started. The king of Poland and [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]] announced that he would stand by his promises in case the knights invaded Lithuania. This was used as a pretext, and on [[August 14]] [[1409]] the Teutonic Grand Master [[Ulrich von Jungingen]] declared war on the [[Kingdom of Poland]] and [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. The forces of the Teutonic Order initially invaded [[Greater Poland]] and [[Kuyavia]], but the Poles repelled the invasion and reconquered [[Bydgoszcz]] (Bromberg), which led to a subsequent [[armistice]] agreement that was to last until [[June 24]] [[1410]]. The Lithuanians and Poles used this time for preparations to remove the Teutonic threat once and for all. The forces of the Teutonic Knights were aware of the Polish-Lithuanian build-up and expected a dual attack, by the Poles towards Danzig ([[Gdańsk]]) and by the Lithuanians towards [[Samogitian Eldership|Samogitia]]. To counter this threat, [[Ulrich von Jungingen]] concentrated part of his forces in Schwetz ([[Świecie]]) while leaving the large part of his army in the eastern castles of Ragnit ([[Ragainė]], Rhein ([[Ryn]]) near Lötzen ([[Giżycko]]), and Memel ([[Klaipėda]]). Poles and Lithuanians continued to screen their intentions by organising several raids deep into enemy territory. Ulrich von Jungingen asked for the armistice to be extended to [[July 4]] in order to let the [[mercenaries]] from western Europe arrive. Enough time had already been given for the Polish-Lithuanian forces to gather in strength. On [[June 30]] [[1410]], the forces of Greater Poland and [[Lesser Poland]] crossed the [[Vistula]] over a [[pontoon bridge]] and joined with the forces of [[Masovia]] and the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. Jogaila's Polish forces and the Lithuanian soldiers of his cousin [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]] [[Vytautas the Great]] (to whom Jogaila had ceded power in Lithuania in the wake of his marriage to the Polish queen) assembled on [[July 2]] [[1410]]. A week later they crossed into the territory of the Teutonic Knights, heading for the enemy headquarters at the castle of Marienburg ([[Malbork]]). The Teutonic Knights were caught by surprise. Ulrich von Jungingen withdrew his forces from the area of Schwetz ([[Świecie]]) and decided to organise a line of defence on the river Drewenz ([[Drwęca]]). The river crossings were fortified with [[stockade]]s and the castles nearby reinforced. After meeting with his War Council, Jogaila decided to outflank the enemy forces from the East and on his attack on Prussia he continued the march towards Marienburg through Soldau ([[Działdowo]]) and Neidenburg. The towns were heavily damaged and Gilgenburg was completely plundered and burned to the ground, causing many refugees. On [[July 13]], the two castles were captured and the way towards Marienburg was opened. == Opposing forces == In the early morning of [[July 15]], [[1410]], both armies met in the fields near the villages of [[Grunwald]], [[Tannenberg]] and [[Łodwigowo]] (Ludwigsdorf). Both armies were formed in opposing lines. The Polish-Lithuanian army was positioned in front of the villages of Ludwigsdorf and Tannenberg. The left flank was guarded by the [[Jagiellon Poland|Polish]] forces of king [[Jogaila]] and composed mostly of heavy cavalry. The right flank of the allied forces was guarded by the army of Grand Duke [[Vytautas the Great|Vytautas]], and composed mostly of light cavalry. Among the forces on the right flank were banners from all over the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Grand Duchy]], as well as [[Lithuanian Tatars|Tatar]] skirmishers under [[Jalal ad-Din khan]], [[Moldovan]] [[light cavalry]] sent by [[Alexandru cel Bun]] and allegedly [[Serbs]].{{Fact|date=June 2008}} The opposing forces of the [[Teutonic Order]] were composed mostly of heavy cavalry and infantry. They were to be aided by troops from Western Europe called "the guests of the Order", who were still on the way, and other Knights who had been summoned to participate by a [[Papal Bull]].{{Fact|date=June 2008}} The exact number of soldiers on both sides is hard to estimate.<ref name=Turnbul25/> There are only two reliable sources describing the battle.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} The best-preserved and most complete account, [[Banderia Prutenorum]], was written by [[Ioannes Longinus]], but does not mention the exact numbers. The other is incomplete and preserved only in a brief 16th century document.{{Who|date=June 2008}} Months after the battle, in December 1410, the Order's new Grand Master [[Heinrich von Plauen the Elder]] sent letters to Western European monarchs in which he described the battle as a war against the forces of evil pagans. This view was shared by many chronicle writers. Since the outcome of the battle was subject to propaganda campaigns on both sides, many foreign authors frequently overestimated the Polish-Lithuanian forces in an attempt to explain the dramatic result. In one of the Prussian chronicles it is mentioned that "''the forces of the Polish king were so numerous that there is no number high enough in the human language''". One of the anonymous chronicles from the German [[Hanseatic]] city of [[Lübeck]] mentions that the forces of Jogaila numbered some 1,700,000 soldiers, the forces of Vytautas with 2,700,000 (with ''a great number of [[Belarusians]] and [[Ukrainians]], or [[Ruthenians]], as they were called then''), in addition to 1,500,000 Tatars.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} Among the forces supposedly aiding the Polish-Lithuanian army were "''[[Saracens]], [[Turkic peoples|Turks]], pagans of [[Damascus]], [[Iran|Persia]] and other lands''".{{Fact|date=June 2008}} According to [[Enguerrand de Monstrelet]], the knights fielded some 300,000 men, while their enemies under the kings of "''Lithuania, Poland and [[Sarmatia]]''" fielded 600,000. [[Regensburg|Andrew of Regensburg]] estimated the Polish-Lithuanian forces at 1,200,000 men-at-arms. It must be noted that medieval chroniclers were notorious for sensationally inflating figures, and armies of the sizes quoted were actually impossible with the logistics technology of the day. More recent historians estimate the strength of the opposing forces at a much lower level. [[Ludwik Kolankowski]] estimated the Polish-Lithuanian forces at 16,000-18,000 Polish cavalry and 6,000-8,000 Lithuanian light cavalry, with the Teutonic Knights fielding 13,000-15,000 heavy cavalry. [[Jerzy Dąbrowski]] estimated the overall strength of the allied forces at 18,000 Polish cavalry and 11,000 Lithuanians and Ruthenians, with the opposing forces bringing 16,000 soldiers. If these figures are accepted, this would make the battle less well attended than the [[Battle of Towton]] fought in Yorkshire, England, in the same century, which engaged two armies of around 40,000 men, 28,000 of whom died. <!--SCROLL DOWN TO EDIT THE ARTICLE--> {| class="wikitable" ! Historian ! Poland ! Lithuania ! Others ! Teutonic Order |- | [[Lübeck]] Chronicle | 1 700 000 | 2 700 000 | 1 500 000 | |- | [[Enguerrand de Monstrelet]] | 600 000 | | | 300 000 |- | [[Regensburg|Andrew of Regensburg]] | 1 200 000 | | |- | [[Ludwik Kolankowski]] | 18 000 heavy cavalry | 8 000 light cavalry | | 15 000 heavy cavalry |- | [[Jerzy Dąbrowski]] | 18 000 | 11 000 | | 16 000 + 3 000 ''guests'' |- | [[Henryk Łowmiański]] | 12 000 heavy cavalry | 7 200 light cavalry | | 11 000 heavy cavalry |- | [[Andrzej Nadolski]] | 20 000 | 10 000 | 1000 | 15 000 |- | [[Lonnie Johnson (writer)|Lonnie Johnson]]<ref>p.43,Johnson</ref> | Władysław Jagiełło | 39 000 Poles, Lithuanians, Czechs, Ukrainians, Tatars and Wallachians | Ulrich von Jungingen | 27 000 |- | [[Stephen Turnbull (historian)|Stephen Turnbull]]<ref name=Turnbul25/> | Władysław Jagiełło | 39 000 Poles, Lithuanians, Czechs, Bohemians, Moravians, Tatars, Ruthenians | Ulrich von Jungingen | 27 000 |- |} [[Image:Krzyzac3.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Teutonic Knights before the Battle of Grunwald<br>[[Screenshot]] from the 1960 Polish movie [[Aleksander Ford|''Krzyżacy'' ("The Teutonic Knights")]], based on the 19th century [[the Teutonic Knights (novel)|novel]] of the same name, written by [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]] ]] Regardless of such estimates, most of the modern historians count only the cavalry units. Apart from 16,000 cavalry, the Teutonic Order also fielded some 9,000 infantry, [[Archery|archers]] and [[crossbow]] troops. Both armies also had large [[military camp]]s, [[Tabor (formation)|tabors]] and other units, which made up some 10% of their total strength. Both armies were organised in ''[[banner]]s'', see [[Banderia Prutenorum]]. Each heavy cavalry banner was composed of approximately 240 mounted [[knight]]s as well as their squires and armour-bearers. Each banner flew its own standard and fought independently. Lithuanian banners were usually weaker and composed of approximately 180 light cavalry soldiers. The structure of foot units ([[pikemen]], [[Archery|archers]], [[crossbow]]men) and the artillery is unknown. The Teutonic Knights fielded fifty one banner.<ref name=Razin485>Razin, p. 485</ref> Razin citing the German estimates says that Order's army was 11 thousand strong, including about 4 thousand [[knights]], under 3 thousand [[squire]]s and about 4 thousand [[crossbow]] men.<ref name=Razin486>Razin, 486</ref> The Teutonian Army was also equipped with [[bombard]]s that could shoot lead and stone [[projectiles]].<ref name=Razin486/> The more numerically strong allied force contained 16 to 17 thousand men including about three thousand [[Tatar]]s.<ref name=Razin486/> There were a total of 91 allied banners. Fifty Polish and 41 Lithuanian banners included Russian and Ruthenian lands controlled by Poland and Lithuania, respectively, as well as the banners from independent territories that joined the alliance (such as the Novgorod banner.) While less numerous, the Teutonic army had its own advantages, the discipline, the military training and superior military equipment.<ref name=Razin486/> Both sides included numerous mercenaries and were composed of troops coming from a variety of countries and lands. Twenty two different peoples, mostly Germanic, were represented at the Teutonic side.<Ref>Razin, pp. 485-486</ref> Apart from units fielded by lands of [[Poland]], [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] and the [[Teutonic Order]], there were also mercenaries from Western Europe, [[Germany|German Countries]] that included [[Alsace]] and [[Duchy of Lorraine|Lorraine]], [[Bohemia]], [[Moravia]] and [[Moldavia]]. The overall commander of the joint Polish-Lithuanian forces was king [[Władysław II Jagiełło]] of Poland, with the Polish units subordinated to Marshal of the Crown [[Zbigniew of Brzezie]] and Lithuanian units under the immediate command of Grand Duke of Lithuania [[Vytautas the Great|Vytautas]]. Until recently it was believed that the Sword Bearer of the Crown [[Zyndram of Maszkowice]] was the commander in chief of the joint army, but this idea was based on a false translation of the description of the battle by [[Ioannes Longinus]]. The Teutonic Forces were commanded directly by the Grand Master of the Order [[Ulrich von Jungingen]]. == Course of the battle == {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 100%; border: gray solid 0px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center;" align="right" | [[Image:Grunwald 1 ang.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Initial positions]] |- | [[Image:Grunwald 2 ang.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Retreat of Lithuanian light cavalry]] |- | [[Image:Grunwald 3 ang.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Right-flank Polish/Lithuanian assault]] |- | [[Image:Grunwald 4 ang.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Polish heavy cavalry break-through]] |- |} The opposing forces formed their lines at dawn. At noon the forces of Grand Duke of Lithuania [[Vytautas the Great|Vytautas]] started an all-out assault on the left flank of the Teutonic forces, near the village of Tannenberg ([[Stębark]]). The Lithuanian cavalry was supported by a cavalry charge of several Polish banners on the right flank of the enemy forces. The enemy heavy cavalry counter-attacked on both flanks and fierce fighting occurred. After more than an hour, the Lithuanian light cavalry started a planned retreat maneuver towards marshes and woods. This maneuver was often used in the east of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] by Mongols. Vytautas, who had experience in battles against Mongols, used it in this battle. Only three banners of [[Smolensk]] commanded by [[Lengvenis]] (Simon Lingwen), son of [[Algirdas]], brother of [[Jogaila]] and a cousin of [[Vytautas the Great|Vytautas]], remained on the right flank after the retreat of [[Vytautas the Great|Vytautas]] and his troops. One of the banners was totally destroyed, while the remaining two were backed up by the Polish cavalry held in reserve and broke through the enemy lines to the Polish positions. Heavy cavalry of the Order started a disorganised pursuit after the retreating Lithuanians, which might have been a fatal mistake. The Knights entered the marshes, where [[Vytautas the Great|Vytautas]] reorganized his forces to return to battle. At the same time heavy fighting continued on the left flank of the Polish forces. After several hours of massed battle, the Teutonic cavalry started to gain the upper hand. According to [[Ioannes Longinus]] the Grand Master [[Ulrich von Jungingen]] personally led a cavalry charge on the strongest Polish unit — the Banner of the Land of [[Krakow]]. The Polish ranks started to waver and the flag of the banner was lost. However, it was soon recaptured by the Polish knights, and King Jogaila ordered most of his reserves to enter combat. The arrival of fresh troops allowed the Poles to repel the enemy assault and the forces of [[Ulrich von Jungingen]] were weakened. At the same time his reserves were still busy pursuing the evading Lithuanian cavalry. When they finally returned to the battlefield, it was already too late for the Teutonic charge to succeed and the forces of the Order started the withdrawal. A pivotal role in triggering the Teutonic retreat is attributed to the leader of the banner of [[Chełmno]](Culm),<ref>http://www.laborunion.lt/memorandum/ru/modules/banderia/primus.htm</ref><ref>http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de%5Eto700.html#des</ref> [[Nikolaus von Renys]] (Mikołaj of Ryńsk), born in Prussia (identified by Longinus as [[Swabia]]). The founder and leader of the [[Lizard Union (medieval)|Lizard Union]], a group of Order Knights sympathetic to Poland, refused to fight the Polish. Lowering the banner he was carrying was taken as a signal of surrender by the Teutonic troops. Accused of treason, ultimately von Renys was beheaded by his order, along with all of his male descendants. After several hours of fighting, Ulrich von Jungingen decided to join his embattled forces in the main line of engagement. Vytautas, however, also returned to the battlefield with the reorganized forces of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] and joined the fierce fighting. The Teutonic forces were by then becoming outnumbered by the mass of Polish knights and the advancing Lithuanian infantry, which all of a sudden had come pouring on the battlefield from the surrounding forests. [[Ulrich von Jungingen]] personally led the assault with 16 banners of heavy cavalry, which until then were held in reserve. Jogaila, however, threw in all his remaining reserves, as well as several already tired units. Putting up heavy resistance, the 16 banners of the Grand Master were surrounded and began to suffer high losses, including the Grand Master himself. Seeing the fall of their Grand Master, the rest of the Teutonic forces started to withdraw towards their camp. Part of the routed units retreated to the forests where they were pursued by the Lithuanian and Polish cavalry, while the rest retreated to the camp near the village of [[Grunwald]], where they tried to organise the defence by using the [[tabor (military unit)|tabor]] tactics: the camp was surrounded by wagons tied up with chains, serving as a mobile fortification. However, the defences were soon broken and the camp was looted. According to the anonymous author of the ''Chronicle of the Conflict of Ladislaus King of Poland with the Teutonic knights Anno Domini 1410'', there were more bodies in and around the camp than on the rest of the battlefield. The pursuit after the fleeing Teutonic cavalry lasted until the dusk. Despite the technological superiority of the Teutonic Knights, to the point of this being believed to be the first battle in this part of Europe in which field-artillery was deployed, the numbers and tactical superiority of the Polish Lithuanian alliance were to prove overwhelming. [[Jan Žižka|Jan Žižka of Trocnov]] lost his first eye in the battle, fighting for the Lithuanians. == Aftermath == [[Image:Battle of Grunwald (After the Battle).jpg|thumb|300 px|Painting by [[Alfons Mucha]], detailing carnage after the Battle of Grunwald.]] The defeat of the [[Teutonic Order]] was resounding. According to [[Andrzej Nadolski]] about 8,000 Teuton soldiers were killed in the battle, and an additional 14,000 taken captive. Most of the approximately 250 members of the Order were also killed, including much of the Teutonic leadership. Apart from [[Ulrich von Jungingen]] himself, the Polish and Lithuanian forces killed also the Grand Marshal [[Friedrich von Wallenrode]], Grand Komtur [[Kuno von Lichtenstein]] and [[Albrecht von Schwartzburg]], the Grand Treasurer [[Thomas von Merheim]]. [[Markward von Salzbach]], the Komtur of [[Brandenburg]], and mayor Schaumburg of [[Sambia]] were executed by order of [[Vytautas the Great|Vytautas]] after the battle. The only higher officials to escape from the battle were Grand Hospital Master and Komtur of [[Elbląg|Elbing]] [[Werner von Tettinger]]. Such a slaughter of noble knights and personalities was quite unusual in Mediæval Europe. This was possible mostly due to the participation of the peasantry who joined latter stages of the battle, and took part in destruction of the surrounded Teutonic troops. Unlike the noblemen, the peasants did not receive any ransom for taking captives; they thus had less of an incentive to keep them alive. Among those taken captive were [[Kazimierz V|Kasimir V]], duke of Stettin ([[Szczecin]]), and [[Konrad the White]], duke of Oels ([[Oleśnica]]). After the battle Polish and Lithuanian forces stayed on the battlefield for three days. All notable officials were interred in separate graves, while the body of [[Ulrich von Jungingen]] was covered with royal coat and transported to [[Marienburg Castle]]. The rest of the dead were gathered in several mass graves. There are different speculations as to why Jogaila decided to wait that long. After three days, the Polish-Lithuanian forces moved on to Marienburg and laid siege upon the castle, but the three days time had been enough for the knights to organise the defence. Troops from [[Livonia]] were expected to support their brothers, and the ongoing conflict with [[Sigismund of Luxemburg]] could cause problems elsewhere. After several weeks of siege, the Lithuanian Grand Duke withdrew from the war and it became clear that the siege would not be effective. The nobility from Lesser Poland also wanted to end the war before the harvest, and the siege was lifted. In the battle, both Polish and Lithuanian forces had taken several thousand captives. Most of the mercenaries were released shortly after the battle on the condition that they will return to [[Kraków]] on [[29 September]] [[1410]]. After that move, the king held most of the Teutonic officials, while the rest returned to Prussia to beg the Teutonic Order officials for their liberation and ransom payment. This proved to be a major drain of the Teutonic budget as the value of a Teutonic Knight was quite high. For instance, one of the mercenaries named [[Holbracht von Loym]] had to pay ''sixty times'' ({{lang-de|[[Schock]]}}) ''the number of 150 [[Prague groschen]]'', that is almost 30 [[kilogram]]s of pure silver, a value uncommon even in modern times{{Fact|date=June 2008}}. With his army defeated and the remnants of it composed mostly of ill-paid mercenaries, [[Heinrich von Plauen the Elder]] had little incentive to continue the fight, especially since some of the Hanseatic cities owned by the knights had changed sides. Thus, after retaking [[Danzig]] from rebellious burghers, the peace negotiations were started. According to the [[Peace of Thorn (1411)|Peace of Thorn]] signed in February 1411, the Order had to cede the [[Dobrin Land]] (Dobrzyn Land) to Poland, and resign their claims to [[Samogitia]] for the lifetime of the king. This is thought to be a diplomatic defeat for Poland and Lithuania as they pushed for attempts to dismantle the [[Teutonic Knights]] state altogether. However, while the Poles and Lithuanians were unable to translate the military victory in the battle to greater geographical gains, the financial consequences of the peace treaty were much worse for the knights, having to pay about 5 tons of silver in each of the next four years. The defeat of Teutonic knights' troops left them with few forces to defend their remaining territories. The Grand Masters from then on had to rely on mercenary troops, which proved too expensive for the knights' budget to sustain. Although [[Heinrich von Plauen the Elder]], the successor to [[Ulrich von Jungingen]], managed to keep hold on territories conquered by knights, the opposition to his rule among the citizens, the knights and within the Order itself forced his ouster. The Teuton knights' lost support due to their internal conflicts and constant tax increases, which decades later was manifested in the foundation of the [[Prussian Confederation]], or ''Alliance against Lordship'', in 1441. This led to a series of conflicts that culminated in 1454 the [[Thirteen Years' War]], ending with another defeat of the ''victorious'' order. The next year the Polish and Lithuanian leaders celebrated the victory with a sort of a re-enactment parade, and a voyage to visit their neighbours, Polotsk, Smolensk and Riazan, but seemingly their visits failed to impress, maybe because the monarchs made the journey without their armies, but in ships down the Dniepr to Kiev.<ref>p.278, Mickunaite</ref> ==Influences of the Battle of Grunwald on modern culture== ===Poland=== [[Image:Grunwald 2003.jpg|right|thumb|300px|[[Jagiełło]] in a 2003 reconstruction of the battle.]] The battle of Grunwald is regarded as one of the most important battles in Polish history.<ref>p.44,Johnson</ref> It is often depicted by an [[ideogram]] of two swords, which were supposedly given to king Jogaila and Grand Duke Vytautas before the battle by the Teutonic knights envoys to "raise Polish desire for battle". [[Image:Order Krzyża Grunwaldu kl. I-awers.jpg|left|thumb|200px|[[Cross of Grunwald|Cross of Grunwald medal]], with its double swords.]] In 1914, on the eve of [[World War I]], during celebration of the five-hundredth anniversary of the battle, a monument by [[Antoni Wiwulski]] was erected in [[Kraków]]. The ceremony spawned demonstrations of outrage within Polish society against the aggressive politics of the [[German Empire]], including the forcible [[Germanization]] of [[Poles]] after the [[partitions of Poland]]. Polish poet [[Maria Konopnicka]] wrote the fiercely patriotic, poem, [[Rota (poem)|"Rota"]] calling to defence against Germanisation policies. About the same time, [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]] wrote the novel ''[[The Teutonic Knights (novel)|The Teutonic Knights]]'' (Polish: ''Krzyżacy'') , one of his series of books designed to increase patriotic spirit amongst the Poles (forty-four years later, Polish filmmaker [[Aleksander Ford]] used the book as the basis for his film, ''[[The Teutonic Knights (film)|The Teutonic Knights]]''). Today, a festival is held every year to commemorate this medieval battle. Thousands of [[medieval reenactment|medieval reenactors]] from all across Europe, many of them in knight's armor, gather in July at the Grunwald fields to reconstruct the battle. Great care is taken with the historical details of the armor, weapons, and conduct of the battle. Soviets used the symbols of the battle for propagand purpousesm and created [[Order Krzyża Grunwaldu]] (''The Cross of Grunwald'' medal) which was a [[military decoration]] created in 1943 by the commander of the Soviet proxy force [[Gwardia Ludowa]] (confirmed in 1944 by the [[Krajowa Rada Narodowa]]) and awarded for heroism in [[World War II]]. Some Polish [[sport team]]s, including [[Grunwald Poznań]], are named in memory of the Polish victory. ===Belarus=== In the 15th century present-day [[Belarus]] was part of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. Many cities from the region contributed troops to the Grand Duchy's side. The victory in the Battle of Grunwald is widely respected and commemorated. ===Lithuania=== <!-- no separate rationale for this article [[Image:Zalgiris-jpg.jpg|thumb|140 px|Logo of BC Žalgiris, the most famous Lithuanian sports team]]--> [[Image:GrunwaldMonument.JPG|thumb|left|140 px|Lithuanian warriors on The Grunwald Monument in Kraków, Poland.]] The victory at the Battle of Grunwald or ''Žalgirio mūšis'' in 1410 is synonymous with the peak of the political and military power of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The demise of the Teutonic order ended the period of German expansion and created preconditions for political stability, economic growth and relative cultural prosperity that lasted until the rise of [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]] in the late 16th century. In the Lithuanian historical discourse regarding the battle there is a lasting controversy over the roles played by the Lithuanian-born king of Poland [[Jogaila]], and his cousin, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, [[Vytautas the Great|Vytautas]], the latter usually being favoured as a national hero. There is also well known speculation about two swords which were presented to [[Jogaila]] before battle, why two swords for one commander? It's widely believed that Teutonic Order sent one sword for [[Vytautas]], but as he was commanding on the field of battle both of them were presented to [[Jogaila]]. The controversy reflects another controversy: to what extent was [[Vytautas]] subordinate to his cousin Jogaila, if at all? The term ''Žalgiris'' became a symbol of resistance to foreign domination over Lithuania. The leading Lithuanian [[basketball]] and [[football (soccer)|football]] teams are called [[BC Žalgiris]] and [[FK Žalgiris]] to commemorate the battle. The victories of BC Žalgiris Kaunas against the Soviet Army sports club [[PBC CSKA Moscow|CSKA Moscow]] in the late 1980s served as a major emotional inspiration for the Lithuanian national revival, and the consequent emergence of the [[Sąjūdis]] movement that helped lead to the collapse of the [[Soviet Union]]. ===Germany=== In Germany the battle was known as the Battle of Tannenberg. In 1914 yet another [[Battle of Tannenberg (1914)|Battle of Tannenberg]] took place between Germany and Russia, ending with a Russian defeat. In German propaganda during the WWI / WWII period the 1914 battle was put forth as a revenge for the Polish - Lithuanian victory 504 years earlier, and the battle itself was purposefully named to suit this agenda. ===Russia and the Soviet Union=== Due to the participation of the three [[Smolensk]] regiments in the battle, [[Russians]] consider the battle to be a [[Poland|Polish]]-[[Lithuania]]n-[[Russia]]n coalition against invading [[German people|Germans]], ignoring the fact that Smolensk at that time was a part of Grand Duchy of Lithuania. furthermore, Lithuanian historian [[Edvardas Gudavičius]] argues, that those banners were Lithuanian forces, that under command of [[Lengvenis]] in 1408 were sent to a rioting city. After quelling the riot [[Smolensk]] became part of Grand Duchy. The presence of regiments from those territories is noted by modern sources<ref name=Lexicon>The Small Lexicon of the Battles, 2000. - by Attila & Balázs Weiszhár ISBN 963 547 189 0</ref>{{Request quotation|date=June 2008}} as well as people from places like Hungary or Bohemia. The banner from [[Starodub]] took part in the battle in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania formation. This town is now part of the Bryansk region in Russia. In [[Soviet historiography]], the battle of Grunwald was styled as a racial struggle between [[Slavs]] and [[Germans]], where the Teutonic Knights were portrayed as the medieval forerunners of Hitler's armies, while the battle itself was seen as the medieval counterpart of stemming the German tide at Stalingrad.<ref>Lonnie Johnson, ''Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends'', Oxford University Press 1996, p43</ref> == Banners == === Poland === The exact [[Order of Battle]] of the Polish forces is unknown. However, [[Ioannes Longinus]] in his ''Historiæ Polonicæ'' written after 1455 recorded 51 Polish [[Choragiew|banners]], together with their descriptions, blazoning and commanders. This list also has some obvious errors: at the time of the battle several of the banners attributed to Poland were constituents of the Lithuanian army (e.g. Lwow, Podolia, Halitcz); [[Vytis]] (The Pursuit) was an exclusively Lithuanian banner; arrows, axes and horseshoes are typical to Lithuanian heraldry, but not the Polish one, etc. It is not certain whether the list is complete. {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 85%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center;" |- style="background: #ececec;" ! Banner of ! Battle sign ! Origin ! Remarks |- ! colspan="14" style="background: #f9f9f9; text-align: left;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;''Army of [[The Crown]]'' - Court Banners |- ! [[Banner of Poland|Great Banner of Kraków and the Kingdom of Poland]] | align="left" | [[Image:Choragiew Krakowska.png|40px|The Crown]] [[Coat of Arms of Poland|Arms of Poland]] | | Elite troops, under [[Zyndram of Maszkowice]] |- ! "Gończa" Court Banner | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Goncza.jpg|30px|Goncza]] [[Goncza Coat of Arms]] | | under Andrzej of Ochocice of [[Osorya]] |- ! Vytis Court Banner | align="left" | [[Image:Pogon.png|40px|Pogoń]] [[Vytis]] | | under Andrzej [[Ciolek Coat of Arms|Ciołek]] of [[Żelechów]] and Jan of Sprowa of [[Odrawaz Coat of Arms|Odrowąż]] |- ! [[Saint George]] | align="left" | <!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:Flaga_Saint_George.jpg|30px|Saint George]] --> | | Bohemian and Moravian mercenaries, under Sokol and Zbyslavek |- ! colspan="14" style="background: #f9f9f9; text-align: left;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;''Army of [[The Crown]]'' - Regional Banners |- ! [[Greater Poland]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Wielkopolska.jpg|30px|Greater Poland]] [[Coat of Arms of Greater Poland]] | | |- ! Land of [[Sandomierz]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Sandomierz.jpg|30px|Sandomierz]] [[Flag of Sandomierz]] | | |- ! [[Kalisz]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Kalisz.jpg|30px|Kalisz]] [[Flag of Kalisz]] | | |- ! Land of [[Sieradz]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Sieradz.jpg|30px|Sieradz]] [[Flag of Sieradz]] | | |- ! Land of [[Lublin]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Lublin.jpg|30px|Lublin]] [[Jelen Coat of Arms|Jeleń]] | | |- ! Land of [[Łęczyca]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Leczyca.jpg|30px|Leczyca]] [[Flag of Leczyca|Flag of Łęczyca]] | | |- ! Land of [[Cuyavia]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Kujawy.jpg|30px|Cuyavia]] [[Coat of Arms of Cuyavia]] | | |- ! Land of [[Lwów]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Lwow.jpg|30px|Lwow]] [[Coat of Arms of Halicz Ruthenia|Banner of Lwów]] | | |- ! Land of [[Wieluń]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Wielun.svg|30px|Wielun]] [[Flag of Wielun|Flag of Wieluń]] | | Reinforced with mercenaries from [[Silesia]] |- ! Land of [[Przemysl|Przemyśl]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Przemysl.jpg|30px|Przemyśl]] [[Flag of Przemyśl]] | | |- ! [[Dobrzyn|Dobrzyń]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Dobrzyn1.jpg|30px|Dobrzyn]] [[Coat of Arms of Dobrzyn|Coat of Arms of Dobrzyń]] | | |- ! Land of [[Chełm]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Chelm1.jpg|30px|Chelm]][[Coat of Arms of Chelm|Coat of Arms of Chełm]] | | |- ! Three banners of [[Podolia]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Podole.png|40px|Podolia]] [[Coat of Arms of Podolia]] | | Split up due to large number of knights |- ! Land of [[Halicz]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Halicz.jpg|30px|Halicz]] [[Coat of Arms of Halicz]] | | |- ! colspan="14" style="background: #f9f9f9; text-align: left;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;''Army of [[The Crown]]'' - Masovian Banners |- ! Two banners of <br>Duke [[Siemowit IV of Masovia]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Mazowsze.jpg|30px|Masovia]] [[Coat of Arms of Masovia]] | [[Masovia]], mostly [[Płock]] area | [[Dukes of Masovia]] |- ! Duke [[Janusz I of Masovia]] | align="left" | [[Image:Banner Masovia.png|40px|Banner of Masovia as flown by the forces of Janusz I]] own | [[Masovia]], mostly [[Warsaw]] area | [[Dukes of Masovia]] |- ! colspan="14" style="background: #f9f9f9; text-align: left;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;''Army of [[The Crown]]'' - Personal Banners |- ! Archbishop of [[Gniezno]] <br>[[Mikolaj Kurowski|Mikołaj Kurowski]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Szreniawa.png|40px|Sreniawa]] [[Sreniawa Coat of Arms|Śreniawa]] | | |- ! Bishop of [[Poznań]] <br>[[Wojciech Jastrzebiec|Wojciech Jastrzębiec]] | align="left" | [[Image:Herb Jastrzebiec.jpg|30px|Jastrzębiec]] [[Jastrzebiec Coat of Arms|Jastrzębiec]] | | under [[Jarand of Brudzewo]] |- ! Castellan of [[Kraków]] <br>[[Krystyn of Ostrów]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Rawicz.png|40px|Rawicz]] [[Rawicz Coat of Arms|Rawicz]] | | |- ! [[Voivode|Voivod]] of [[Kraków]] <br>[[Jan z Tarnowa (1367-1433)|Jan of Tarnów]] | align="left" | [[Image:Herb Leliwa.jpg|30px|Leliwa]] [[Leliwa Coat of Arms|Leliwa]] | | |- ! Voivod of [[Poznań]] <br>[[Sedziwoj of Ostrorog|Sędziwój of Ostroróg]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Nalecz.png|40px|Nałęcz]] [[Nalecz Coat of Arms|Nałęcz]] | | |- ! Voivod of [[Sandomierz]] <br>[[Mikolaj of Michalowo|Mikołaj of Michałowo]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Poraj.png|40px|Poraj]] [[Poraj Coat of Arms|Poraj]] | | |- ! Voivod of [[Sieradz]] <br>[[Jakub of Koniecpol]] | align="left" | [[Image:Herb Pobog.jpg|30px|Pobóg]] [[Pobóg]] | | |- ! [[Castellan]] of [[Śrem, Poland|Śrem]] <br>[[Iwo of Obiechów]] | align="left" | [[Image:Herb Wieniawa.jpg|30px|Wieniawa]] [[Wieniawa]] | | |- ! Voivod of [[Łęczyca]] <br>[[Jan Ligeza|Jan Ligęza]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Polkozic.png|40px|Półkozic]] [[Polkozic Coat of Arms|Półkozic]] | | |- ! Castellan of [[Wojnice]] <br>[[Andrzej of Teczyn|Andrzej of Tęczyn]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Topór.png|40px|Topór]] [[Topór]] | | |- ! Marshal of The Crown <br>[[Zbigniew of Brzezie]] | align="left" | [[Image:Herb Zadora.jpg|30px|Zadora]] [[Zadora]] | | |- ! [[Chambelain]] of [[Kraków]] <br>[[Piotr Szafraniec]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Starykon.png|40px|Starykon]] [[Starykon Coat of Arms|Starykoń]] | | |- ! Castellan of [[Wiślica]] <br>[[Klemens of Moskorzów]] | align="left" | [[Image:Herb Pilawa.jpg|30px|Pilawa]] [[Pilawa Coat of Arms|Piława]] | | |- ! Castellan of [[Śrem, Poland|Śrem]] and mayor of Greater Poland <br>[[Wincenty of Granów]] | align="left" | [[Image:Herb Leliwa.jpg|30px|Leliwa]] [[Leliwa]] | | |- ! [[Dobko of Olesnica|Dobko of Oleśnica]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Debno.png|40px|Dębno]] [[Debno Coat of Arms|Dębno]] | | |- ! [[Spytek z Tarnowa i Jaroslawia|Spytko of Tarnów]] | align="left" | [[Image:Herb Leliwa.jpg|30px|Leliwa]] [[Leliwa]] | | |- ! Lord High Steward of [[Kalisz]] <br>[[Marcin of Slawsko|Marcin of Sławsko]] | align="left" | [[Image:Herb Zaremba.jpg|30px|Zaremba]] [[Zaremba]] | | |- ! [[Dobrogost Swidwa|Dobrogost Świdwa]] of [[Szamotuły]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Nalecz.png|40px|Nałęcz]] [[Nalecz Coat of Arms|Nałęcz]] | | |- ! [[Krystyn of Kozieglowy|Krystyn of Koziegłowy]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Lis.png|40px|Lis]] [[Lis Coat of Arms|Lis]] | | |- ! Master King's Cup-Bearer <br>[[Jan Mezyk|Jan Mężyk]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Wadwicz.png|40px|Wadwicz]] [[Wadwicz Coat of Arms|Wadwicz]] | | |- ! Deputy Chancellor of the Crown <br>[[Mikolaj Traba|Mikołaj Trąba]] | align="left" | [[Image:Herb Traby.jpg|30px|Trąby]] [[Traby Coat of Arms|Trąby]] | | |- ! [[Mikolaj Kmita|Mikołaj Kmita]] of [[Wisnicz|Wiśnicz]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Szreniawa.png|40px|Sreniawa]] [[Sreniawa Coat of Arms|Śreniawa]] | | |- ! Gryf Clan | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Gryf.png|40px|Gryf]] [[Gryf Coat of Arms|Gryf]] | | Family of Gryf, under [[Zygmunt of Bobowa]] |- ! [[Zaklika Korzkwicki|Zaklika of Korzkiew]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Syrokomla.png|40px|Syrokomla]] [[Syrokomla]] | | |- ! Clan of Koźlerogi | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Jelita.png|40px|Kozlerogi]] [[Kozlerogi Coat of Arms|Koźlerogi]] | | Family, under Castellan of [[Wiślica]] [[Florian of Korytnica]] |- ! [[John of Jičín|Jan of Jičín]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Odrowaz.png|40px|Odřivous]] [[Odrowaz Coat of Arms|Benešovici]] | [[Moravia]] | Volunteers from Moravia, commanded by Jan Helm, the [[hejtman]] in the duty of aristocratic family [[House of Kravaře|of Kravaře]] |- ! Steward of the Crown and starost of [[Lwów]]<br>[[Gniewosz of Dalewice]] | align="left" | [[Image:Flaga Kosciesza.png|40px|Strzegomia]] [[Strzegomia]] | [[Czech lands]] | Only volunteers and mercenaries from [[Silesia]], [[Bohemia]] and [[Moravia]] |- ! Duke of Lithuania [[Sigismund Korybut]] | align="left" | [[Image:Pogon.png|40px|Pogoń]] [[Vytis]] | | |- |} === Lithuania === Due to different system of [[feudal]] overlordship, as well as lack of heraldic traditions, the units of [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] were all grouped under banners of two types: the [[Vytis]] and the [[Columns of Gediminas]]. The only difference between various lands using the same emblem was the [[blazon]]. The hareness and the colour of the horse on the [[Vytis]] (Pogoń) differed. Note that the number of Lithuanian banners is uncertain. According to [[Ioannes Longinus]] there were 40 banners on the right flank of the Polish-Lithuanian forces, 10 flying the [[Columns of Gediminas]] and 30 flying the [[Vytis]]. However, he also mentions that there might have been 2 additional banners from [[Smolensk]] and up to six additional banners of [[Samogitia]]. German authors also mention that there were three auxiliary banners of [[Moldavia]] flying their own flags. In addition, it is probable that the units from [[Trakai]], [[Volhynia]], [[Smolensk]], [[Kiev]] and [[Nowogrodek]] used their own emblems. {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 85%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center;" |- style="background: #ececec;" ! Banner of ! Battle sign ! Origin ! Remarks |- ! colspan="14" style="background: #f9f9f9; text-align: left;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;''Army of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Grand Duchy]]'' - Flying the Vytis Banners |- ! [[Vytautas the Great]] | align="left" | [[Image:Pogon White Ruthenia.png|30px|Coat of arms of Lithuania]] [[Coat of arms of Lithuania]] | | |- ! [[Minsk]] | align="left" | [[Image:Pogon White Ruthenia.png|30px|Coat of arms of Lithuania]] [[Coat of arms of Lithuania]] | | |- ! [[Polotsk]] | align="left" | [[Image:Pogon White Ruthenia.png|30px|Coat of arms of Lithuania]] [[Coat of arms of Lithuania]] | | |- ! [[Hrodna]] | align="left" | [[Image:Pogon White Ruthenia.png|30px|Coat of arms of Lithuania]] [[Coat of arms of Lithuania]] | | |- ! [[Kreva]] | align="left" | [[Image:Pogon White Ruthenia.png|30px|Coat of arms of Lithuania]] [[Coat of arms of Lithuania]] | | |- ! [[Krichev]] | align="left" | [[Image:Pogon White Ruthenia.png|30px|Coat of arms of Lithuania]] [[Coat of arms of Lithuania]] | | |- ! [[Mahilyow]] | align="left" | [[Image:Pogon White Ruthenia.png|30px|Coat of arms of Lithuania]] [[Coat of arms of Lithuania]] | | |- ! [[Niasvizh]] | align="left" | [[Image:Pogon White Ruthenia.png|30px|Coat of arms of Lithuania]] [[Coat of arms of Lithuania]] | | |- ! [[Novgorod]] | align="left" | [[Image:Pogon White Ruthenia.png|30px|Coat of arms of Lithuania]] [[Coat of arms of Lithuania]] | | |- ! [[Novhorod-Siverskyi]] | align="left" | [[Image:Pogon White Ruthenia.png|30px|Coat of arms of Lithuania]] [[Coat of arms of Lithuania]] | | |- ! [[Orsha]] | align="left" | [[Image:Pogon White Ruthenia.png|30px|Coat of arms of Lithuania]] [[Coat of arms of Lithuania]] | | |- ! [[Slonim]] | align="left" | [[Image:Pogon White Ruthenia.png|30px|Coat of arms of Lithuania]] [[Coat of arms of Lithuania]] | | |- ! [[Slutsk]] | align="left" | [[Image:Pogon White Ruthenia.png|30px|Coat of arms of Lithuania]] [[Coat of arms of Lithuania]] | | |- ! [[Vitsebsk]] | align="left" | [[Image:Pogon White Ruthenia.png|30px|Coat of arms of Lithuania]] [[Coat of arms of Lithuania]] | | |- ! [[Volodymyr-Volynsky|Vladzimir]] | align="left" | [[Image:Pogon White Ruthenia.png|30px|Coat of arms of Lithuania]] [[Coat of arms of Lithuania]] | | |- ! colspan="14" style="background: #f9f9f9; text-align: left;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;''Army of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Grand Duchy]]'' - Flying the Columns Banners |- ! [[Sigismund Kestutaitis]] | align="left" | [[Image:Slupy Giedymina.png|30px|Columns of Gediminas]] [[Columns of Gediminas]] | | |- ! [[Manvydas]] | align="left" | [[Image:Slupy Giedymina.png|30px|Columns of Gediminas]] [[Columns of Gediminas]] | | |- ! Yurij, son of [[Lengvenis]] | align="left" | [[Image:Slupy Giedymina.png|30px|Columns of Gediminas]] [[Columns of Gediminas]] | | |- ! [[Trakai]] | align="left" | [[Image:Slupy Giedymina.png|30px|Columns of Gediminas]] [[Columns of Gediminas]] | | |- ! [[Vilnius]] | align="left" | [[Image:Slupy Giedymina.png|30px|Columns of Gediminas]] [[Columns of Gediminas]] | | |- ! [[Hrodna]] | align="left" | [[Image:Slupy Giedymina.png|30px|Columns of Gediminas]] [[Columns of Gediminas]] | | |- ! [[Kaunas]] | align="left" | [[Image:Slupy Giedymina.png|30px|Columns of Gediminas]] [[Columns of Gediminas]] | | |- ! [[Lida]] | align="left" | [[Image:Slupy Giedymina.png|30px|Columns of Gediminas]] [[Columns of Gediminas]] | | |- ! [[Medininkai]] | align="left" | [[Image:Slupy Giedymina.png|30px|Columns of Gediminas]] [[Columns of Gediminas]] | | |- ! Three (?) Banners of [[Smolensk]] | align="left" | [[Image:Slupy Giedymina.png|30px|Columns of Gediminas]] [[Columns of Gediminas]] | | under [[Lengvenis]] (Simon Lingwen) |- ! [[Vitebsk]] | align="left" | [[Image:Slupy Giedymina.png|30px|Columns of Gediminas]] [[Columns of Gediminas]] | | |- ! [[Kiev]] | align="left" | [[Image:Slupy Giedymina.png|30px|Columns of Gediminas]] [[Columns of Gediminas]] | | |- ! [[Pinsk]] | align="left" | [[Image:Slupy Giedymina.png|30px|Columns of Gediminas]] [[Columns of Gediminas]] | | |- ! [[Navahrudak]] | align="left" | [[Image:Slupy Giedymina.png|30px|Columns of Gediminas]] [[Columns of Gediminas]] | | |- ! [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]] | align="left" | [[Image:Slupy Giedymina.png|30px|Columns of Gediminas]] [[Columns of Gediminas]] | | |- ! [[Wolkowysk]] | align="left" | [[Image:Slupy Giedymina.png|30px|Columns of Gediminas]] [[Columns of Gediminas]] | | |- ! [[Drohiczyn]] | align="left" | [[Image:Slupy Giedymina.png|30px|Columns of Gediminas]] [[Columns of Gediminas]] | | |- ! [[Mielnik]] | align="left" | [[Image:Slupy Giedymina.png|30px|Columns of Gediminas]] [[Columns of Gediminas]] | | |- ! [[Krzemieniec]] | align="left" | [[Image:Slupy Giedymina.png|30px|Columns of Gediminas]] [[Columns of Gediminas]] | | |- ! [[Starodub]] | align="left" | [[Image:Slupy Giedymina.png|30px|Columns of Gediminas]] [[Columns of Gediminas]] | | |- ! colspan="14" style="background: #f9f9f9; text-align: left;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;''Auxiliary Units'' |- ! [[Lipka Tatars]] | align="left" | none | | approximately 1000 skirmishers under [[Calaletdin|Jalal ad-Din]] |- ! Three Banners of [[Moldavia]] | align="left" | [[Image:Moldavia flag.svg|30px|Bour]] [[Flag and coat of arms of Moldavia|Aurochs of Moldavia]] | | approximately 900 foot soldiers and 25 knights under [[logofăt]] Mihaiu Alexandrel |- |} ==Footnotes== {{reflist}} ==References== * [[Stephen Turnbull (historian)|Stephen Turnbull]], ''[http://www.ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title=S5619~ser=CAM~per=41 Tannenberg 1410 Disaster for the Teutonic Knights]'', 2003, London: Osprey Campaign Series no. 122 ISBN 9781841765617 *Разин Е. А. (E. A. Razin), История военного искусства XVI — XVII вв. — СПб.: ООО «Издательство Полигон», 1999. ISBN 5891730413 (XVI — XVII вв.), сс. 485-489. *V. V. Boguslavskii (ed.), Slavianskaia entsiklopediia: Kievskaia Rus' - Moskoviia. V 2-kh tomakh. Tom 1: A-M, Moskva, 2001, Olma Media Group, T. 1, ISBN 5224022509, p. 317 *Johnson, Lonnie, ''Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends'', Oxford University Press (US), 1996, ISBN 0195100719 * Mickunaite, Giedre, A Medieval parade, in The Man of Many Devices, Who Wandered Full Many Ways:festschrift in honour of János M. Bak, Balazs Nagy, Marcell Sebők, Central European University Press, 1999 ISBN 963911667X ==Further reading== === Non-fiction === * [[Stefan Kuczyński]], [[Szymon Kobyliński]], ''Chorągwie grunwaldzkich zwycięzców'' (''The Banners of the Victors of Grunwald''); WAiF, [[Warsaw]], 1989. ISBN 83-221-0467-7 * [[Jan Długosz|Ioannes Longinus]] (Jan Długosz), ''Annales seu Cronicæ Incliti Regni Poloniæ''; PWN, [[Warsaw]], 2000. ISBN 83-01-13301-5 * [[Jan Dlugosz|Ioannes Longinus]] (Jan Długosz), ''Bitwa grunwaldzka''; [[Ossolineum]], [[Wrocław]], 2003. ISBN 83-04-04632-6 * Mečislovas Jučas, ''Žalgirio mūšis'' (''Battle of Grunwald''); Mokslas, [[Vilnius]], 1990. ISBN 5-420-00242-6 * [[Sven Ekdahl]], Die Schlacht bei Tannenberg 1410. Quellenkritische Untersuchungen. Bd. 1: Einführung und Quellenlage. ISBN 3-428-05243-9 * [[Sven Ekdahl]] Die "Banderia Prutenorum" des Jan Dlugosz: Eine Quelle zur Schlacht bei Tannenberg 1410 : Unters. zu Aufbau, Entstehung u. Quellenwert d. Hs. : mit e. ... Klasse ; Folge 3, Nr. 104). ISBN 3-525-82382-7 === Fiction === * [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]], ''Krzyżacy'' (''[[The Teutonic Knights (novel)|The Teutonic Knights]]''); Tygodnik Ilustrowany, [[Kraków]], 1900. ISBN 0-7818-0433-7 * [[James A. Michener]], ''Poland''; Random House, 1984. ISBN 0-449-20587-8 * [[Robert L. Stevenson]], "Prince Otto" in "Seven Novels"; Barnes & Noble, 2006. ISBN 13:978-978-0-7607-8012-1 ISBN 10-0-7607-8012-9 ==See also== * [[Grunwald Swords]] * [[Battle of the Ice]] * [[Banderia Prutenorum]] == External links == {{commons|Battle of Grunwald}} *[http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/matthaywood/main/Battle_of_Tannenberg.htm Analysis of the battle] *[http://www.kresy.co.uk/grunwald.html Battle of Grunwald 1410] *[http://www.deremilitari.org/RESOURCES/SOURCES/dlugosz.htm Account of the battle by Jan Dlugosz, secretary to the Bishop of Kraków, written sixty years after battle] *[http://www.powiat-ostrodzki.pl/powiat.php?n=grunwald Grunwald Commune (with pictures of the Grunwald Battle 1999 and 2000)] *[http://mapa.szukacz.pl/?x=574000,00&y=625000,00&zoom=2 Triangle of villages near Grunwald on a map of Poland] *[http://wiem.onet.pl/wiem/00f0ec.html Ignacy Paderewski speech at the Grunwald monument inauguration in Kraków 1910 (500 aniversary)] *[http://www.malarstwohistoryczne.px.pl/matejko/grunwald.htm Battle of Grunwald, a painting by Jan Matejko] *[http://www.gospelcom.net/chi/DAILYF/2002/07/daily-07-15-2002.shtml Gospelcom Summary] *Dariusz Gałązka, Leszek Marks, {{pl icon}} [http://www.pgi.gov.pl/images/stories/przeglad/pg_2007_01_17.pdf Bitwa pod Grunwaldem w 1410 r.—oczami geologa], Przegląd Geologiczny, vol. 55, nr 1, 2007 *{{de icon}} [http://www.dendlon.de/Tannen.html#Sch Schlacht bei Tannenberg- Historical account by Jörg Dendl] {{Template:Polish wars and conflicts}} [[Category:1410 in Lithuania]] [[Category:15th century conflicts]] [[Category:Battles of the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War|Grunwald]] [[Category:Islam in Poland]] [[be:Бітва пад Грунвальдам, 1410]] [[be-x-old:Грунвальдзкая бітва]] [[cs:Bitva u Grunwaldu]] [[da:Slaget ved Tannenberg (1410)]] [[de:Schlacht bei Tannenberg (1410)]] [[es:Batalla de Grunwald]] [[fr:Bataille de Grunwald]] [[it:Battaglia di Grunwald]] [[he:קרב גרונוולד]] [[la:Grunwald]] [[lt:Žalgirio mūšis]] [[hu:Grünwaldi csata]] [[nl:Slag bij Tannenberg (1410)]] [[ja:タンネンベルクの戦い (1410年)]] [[no:Slaget ved Tannenberg (1410)]] [[pl:Bitwa pod Grunwaldem]] [[pt:Batalha de Grunwald]] [[ro:Bătălia de la Grunwald]] [[ru:Грюнвальдская битва]] [[sl:Bitka pri Grunvaldu]] [[sr:Битка код Гринвалда]] [[fi:Tannenbergin taistelu (1410)]] [[sv:Slaget vid Tannenberg (1410)]] [[tt:Grünwald suğışı]] [[uk:Грюнвальдська битва]] [[bat-smg:Žalgėrė kuova]]