Beijing 3946 226169621 2008-07-17T03:37:48Z SchfiftyThree 556700 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/212.200.151.114|212.200.151.114]] to last version by Joowwww (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]]) {{redirect|Peking|other uses|Peking (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox Settlement |official_name = Municipality of Beijing |native_name = {{lang|zh|北京市}} |nickname = |settlement_type = [[Municipality of China|Municipality]]<!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |translit_lang1 = Chinese |translit_lang1_type1 = [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]] ([[Pinyin]]) |translit_lang1_info1 = {{Audio|Zh-Beijing.ogg|Běijīng}} |translit_lang1_type2 = [[Wade-Giles]] |translit_lang1_info2 = Pei3 ching1 |translit_lang1_type3 = [[IPA]] |translit_lang1_info3 = [pèitɕíŋ] |motto = |image_skyline = Beijingskyline.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = The [[Forbidden City]] from the air |image_map = China Beijing.svg |mapsize = 275px |map_caption = Location of Beijing Municipality within China |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{PRC}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of China#County level|County-level&nbsp;divisions]] |subdivision_name1 = 18 |subdivision_type2 = [[Political divisions of China#Township level|Township&nbsp;divisions]] |subdivision_name2 = 2734 |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = [[Communist Party of China|CPC]] Beijing |leader_name = [[Liu Qi (Communist)|Liu Qi]] Committee Secretary |leader_title1 = [[Mayor]] |leader_name1 = [[Guo Jinlong]] |established_title = Settled |established_date = [[circa|c.]]473 BC |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = ([[List of China administrative regions by area|ranked 29th]]) |area_total_km2 = 16801.25<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2007 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 17430000 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = 8495000 |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = Ranks in China |population_blank1 = Population: [[List of China administrative regions by population|26th]]; Density: [[List of China administrative regions by population density|4th]] |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |population_blank2_title = Major [[Nationalities of China|nationalities]] |population_blank2 = [[Han Chinese|Han]]: 96%<br />[[Manchu]]: 2%<br />[[Hui people|Hui]]: 2%<br />[[Mongol]]ian: 0.3% |timezone = [[China Standard Time]] |utc_offset = +8 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd=39 |latm=54 |lats=50 |latNS=N |longd=116 |longm=23 |longs=30 |longEW=E |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = 43.5 |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = '''1000'''00 - '''1026'''00 |area_code = +86/010 |blank_name = [[License Plate (China)|License plate prefixes]] |blank_info = 京A, C, E, F, H, J, K, L, M <br />京B (taxis)<Br>京G, Y (outside urban area)<Br>京O (police and authorities)<br />京V (military headquarters,<br />central government) |blank1_name = [[ISO 3166-2]] |blank1_info = cn-11 |blank2_name = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] (2007) |blank2_info = [[Renminbi|CNY]] 900.62 billion ([[List of China administrative regions by gross domestic product|10th]]) |blank3_name = &nbsp;- per capita |blank3_info = [[Renminbi|CNY]] 57,431 ([[List of China administrative regions by GDP per capita|2nd]]) |blank4_name = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2005) |blank4_info = 0.882 ([[List of China administrative divisions by HDI|2nd]]) — <font color="#009900">high</font> |website = [http://www.beijing.gov.cn www.beijing.gov.cn]{{zh icon}}<br /> [http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn www.ebeijing.gov.cn] {{en icon}} |footnotes = <center><big>'''City [[tree]]s'''</big></br> [[Chinese arborvitae]] (''Platycladus orientalis'') <br />[[Styphnolobium|Pagoda tree]] (''Sophora japonica'')</center> <center><big>'''City [[flower]]s'''</big><br/> [[Chrysanthemum]] (''Chrysanthemum morifolium'') <br />[[rose|Chinese rose]] (''Rosa chinensis'')</center> }} '''Beijing''' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: {{lang|zh|北京}}) is a [[city]] in northern [[China]] and the [[capital]] of the [[People's Republic of China|People's Republic of China]]. It is one of the four [[municipality of China|municipalities of the PRC]], which are equivalent to [[province (China)|provinces]] in China's [[Political divisions of China|administrative structure]]. Beijing is one of the [[Historical capitals of China|Four Great Ancient Capitals of China]],<ref name="beefs up">{{cite news|title=Beijing airport beefs up security for Olympics|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23292621/|work=[[MSNBC]]|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|date=2008-02-22|accessdate=2008-03-15}}</ref> and has also been known in English as '''Peking''' <small>({{Audio-nohelp|Peking pronounced in English way.ogg|English pronunciation}})</small>. The municipality of Beijing borders [[Hebei|Hebei Province]] to the north, west, south, and for a small section in the east, and [[Tianjin|Tianjin Municipality]] to the southeast.<ref name="basic">{{cite web|title=Basic Information|url=http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/esite/bjsq/jbqk/|publisher=Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics|accessdate=2008-02-09}}</ref> Beijing is China's second largest city, after [[Shanghai]]. It is a major transportation hub, with dozens of railways, roads and motorways passing through the city. It is also the focal point of many international flights to China. Beijing is recognised as the [[politics|political]], [[education]]al, and [[Chinese culture|cultural]] center of the People's Republic of China, while [[Shanghai]] and [[Hong Kong]] predominate in [[economic]] fields.<ref name="columbia encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Beijing|url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/be/Beijing.html|encyclopedia=[[The Columbia Encyclopedia]]|edition=6th|year=2007}}</reF> The city will host the [[2008 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="beefs up"/> == Names == [[Image:TempleofHeaven-HallofPrayer.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Temple of Heaven]] is one of Beijing's most recognisable landmarks.]] Beijing or Peking ({{linktext|lang=zh|北|京}}) means "northern capital", in line with the common [[East Asia]]n tradition whereby capital cities are explicitly named as such. Other cities that are similarly named include [[Nanjing]] ({{linktext|lang=zh|南|京}}), China, meaning "southern capital"; [[Tokyo]] ({{linktext|lang=zh|東|京}}), [[Japan]], and [[Đông Kinh]] ({{lang-zh|東京}}, now [[Hanoi]]), [[Vietnam]], both meaning "eastern capital"; as well as [[Kyoto]] ({{linktext|lang=zh|京|都}}), [[Japan]], and [[]] ({{linktext|lang=zh|京|城}}; now [[Seoul]]), [[Korea]], both meaning simply "capital". '''Peking''' is the name of the city according to [[Chinese Postal Map Romanization]], and the traditional customary name for Beijing in English (passports issued by the British Embassy are still printed as being issued by the "British Embassy, Peking"). The term Peking originated with French missionaries four hundred years ago and corresponds to an older pronunciation predating a subsequent [[sound change]] in [[Mandarin (linguistics)|Mandarin]] from {{IPA|[kʲ]}} to {{IPA|[tɕ]}}<ref>Coblin, W. South. "A Brief History of Mandarin." Journal of the American Oriental Society 120, no. 4 (2000): 537-52.</ref> ({{IPA|[tɕ]}} is represented in [[pinyin]] as '''j''', as in Bei'''j'''ing). It is still used in many languages (as in [[French language|French]] (''Pékin''), [[Italian language|Italian]] (''Pechino''), [[Spanish language|Spanish]] (''Pekín''), [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (''Pequim''), [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] (''Pekinas''), [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[German language|German]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Czech language|Czech]], and [[Polish language|Polish]]). The city has been [[Geographical renaming|renamed]] several times. During the [[Jin Dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin Dynasty]], the city was known as '''Zhongdu''' ({{linktext|lang=zh|中都}}) , and then later under the Mongol [[Yuan Dynasty]] as '''Dadu''' ({{linktext|lang=zh|大都}}) in Chinese<ref>{{harvnb|Li|Dray-Novey|Kong|2007|p=7}}</ref> , and '''[[Khanbaliq]]'''<ref>{{cite web|last=Qin|first=Sankira|title=Khanbaliq|url=http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Places/Place/335298|work=The Orient|publisher=Ancient Worlds|accessdate=2008-06-14}}</ref> in [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] (recorded as '''Cambuluc'''<ref name="columbia encyclopedia"/> by [[Marco Polo]]). Twice in the city's history, the name was changed from "Beijing" (Peking) to '''Peiping''' (Beiping) ({{linktext|lang=zh|北|平}} [[Pinyin]]: Beiping; [[Wade-Giles]]: Pei-p'ing), literally "Northern Peace". This occurred first under the [[Hongwu Emperor]] of the [[Ming Dynasty]], and again in 1928 with the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) government of the [[Republic of China]].<ref name="columbia encyclopedia"/> On each occasion, the name change removed the element meaning "capital" (''jing'' or ''king'', {{lang-zh|京}}) to reflect the fact the national capital had changed to [[Nanjing]]. The city's name was also twice changed from "Beiping" (Peiping) to "Beijing" (Peking). This occurred first under the [[Yongle Emperor]] of the [[Ming Dynasty]], who moved the capital from [[Nanjing]] back to [[Beijing]], and again in 1949, when the [[Communist Party of China]] restored Beijing as China's capital after the founding of the [[People's Republic of China]].<ref name="columbia encyclopedia"/> : ''The history section below outlines other historical names of Beijing.'' == History == {{main|History of Beijing}} ===Early history=== [[Image:Zhoukoudian Museum July2004.jpg|180px|right|thumb|[[Zhoukoudian]]]] The earliest remnants of human habitation in the Beijing municipality are found in the caves of Dragon Bone Hill near the village of [[Zhoukoudian]] in [[Fangshan District]], where the [[Peking Man]] lived. ''[[Homo erectus]]'' fossils from the caves date to 230,000 to 250,000 years ago. [[Paleolithic]] ''[[homo sapiens]]'' also lived there about 27,000 years ago<ref>[http://www.unesco.org/ext/field/beijing/whc/pkm-site.htm The Peking Man World Heritage Site at Zhoukoudian]</ref>. There were cities in the vicinities of Beijing by the [[1st millennium BC]], and the capital of the [[State of Yan]], one of the powers of the [[Warring States Period]] (473-221 BC), '''Ji''' (薊/蓟), was established in present-day Beijing.<ref name="hist">{{cite web|title=Beijing's History|url=http://china.org.cn/english/features/beijing/30785.htm|publisher=China Internet Information Center|date=|accessdate=2008-05-01}}</ref> After the fall of the [[Yan (state)|Yan]], the subsequent [[Qin Dynasty|Qin]], [[Han Dynasty|Han]], and [[Jìn Dynasty (265-420)|Jin]] dynasties set-up local prefectures in the area.<ref name="hist"/> In [[Tang Dynasty]] it became the headquarter for Fanyang [[jiedushi]], the virtual military governor of current northern [[Hebei]] area. [[An Lushan]] launched [[An Shi Rebellion]] from here in 755 AD. ===Medieval period=== [[Image:Tianning sita.jpg|180px|right|thumb|The [[Pagoda of Tianning Temple]] near Guang'anmen in Beijing, built in 1120 during the Liao Dynasty.]] In 936, the [[Later Jin Dynasty (Five Dynasties)|Later Jin Dynasty]] (936-947) of northern China ceded a large part of its northern frontier, including modern Beijing, to the [[Khitan people|Khitan]] [[Liao Dynasty]]. In 938, the [[Liao Dynasty]] set up a secondary capital in what is now Beijing, and called it Nanjing (the "Southern Capital"). In 1125, the [[Jurchen]] [[Jin Dynasty (1115-1234)|Jin Dynasty]] conquered Liao, and in 1153 moved its capital to Liao's Nanjing, calling it '''Zhongdu''' (中都), "the central capital."<ref name="hist"/> Zhongdu was situated in what is now the area centered around Tianningsi, slightly to the southwest of central Beijing. Some of the oldest existing relics in Beijing including the [[Niujie Mosque]] and the [[Pagoda of Tianning Temple (Beijing)|Tianning Temple]] date to the Liao era. [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] forces burned Zhongdu to the ground in 1215 and rebuilt it to the north of the Jin capital in 1267.<ref name="economist">{{cite web|title=Beijing - Historical Background|url=http://www.economist.com/cities/findstory.cfm?city_id=BJS&folder=Facts-History|work=Cities Guide|publisher=Economist.com|date=2008|accessdate=2008-05-01}}</ref> In preparation for the conquest of all of China, [[Yuan Dynasty|Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty]] founder [[Kublai Khan]] made this his capital as '''[[Khanbaliq|Dadu]]''' (大都, [[Chinese written language|Chinese]] for "great capital")<ref name="economist"/>, or '''[[Khanbaliq]]''' to the Mongols, otherwise spelled as ''Cambuluc'' in [[Marco Polo]]'s accounts. Construction of Dadu finished in 1293.<ref name="hist"/> The decision of the Khan greatly enhanced the status of a city that had been situated on the northern fringe of [[China proper]]. Dadu was situated north of modern central Beijing. It centered on what is now the northern stretch of the [[2nd Ring Road]], and stretched northwards to between the [[3rd Ring Road|3rd]] and [[4th Ring Road]]s. There are remnants of Yuan-era wall still standing and are known as the Tucheng (土城 literally, the 'earth wall').<ref>{{zh icon}} {{cite web|title=元大都土城遗址公园|url=http://www.tuniu.com/places/17645|work=Tuniu.com|accessdate=2008-06-15}}</ref> ===Ming and Qing period=== [[Image:Wachturm der Verbotenen Stadt.jpg|thumb|left|A corner tower of the [[Forbidden City]], located at the middle of Beijing.]] After the fall of the [[Yuan Dynasty]] in 1368, the city was later rebuilt by the [[Ming Dynasty]] and Shuntian (順天) prefecture was established in the area around the city.<ref>{{harvnb|Li|Dray-Novey|Kong|2007|p=23}}</ref> In 1403, the third Ming [[Emperor of China|Emperor]] [[Yongle Emperor|Yongle]] moved the Ming capital south to [[Nanjing]] (Nanking) from the renamed '''Beiping''' (北平), or "northern peace".<ref name="economist"/> During the Ming Dynasty, Beijing took its current shape, and the Ming-era city wall served as the [[Beijing city wall]] until modern times, when it was pulled down and the [[2nd Ring Road]] was built in its place.<ref>{{cite web|title=Renewal of Ming Dynasty City Wall|url=http://www.btmbeijing.com/contents/en/btm/2003-02/knowyourbeijing/ming|work=Beijing This Month|date=2003-02-01|accessdate=2008-06-14}}</ref> It is believed that Beijing was the largest city in the world from 1425 to 1650 and from 1710 to 1825. It is now the 17th largest city in the world.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rosenburg|first=Matt T.|title=Largest Cities Through History|url=http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm|publisher=[[About.com]]}}</ref> [[Image:Gugun panorama-2005-1.jpg|thumb|400px|Panorama view of the [[Forbidden City]], home to the [[Emperor of China|Emperors]] of the [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing Dynasty|Qing]] Dynasties.]] The [[Forbidden City]] was constructed soon after that (1406-1420),<ref name="economist"/> followed by the [[Temple of Heaven]] (1420),<ref>{{cite web|title=Tiantan (The Temple of Heaven)|url=http://2006.chinataiwan.org/web/webportal/W2037439/Uadmin/A2042746.html|work=ChinaTaiwan.org|date=2001-04-13|accessdate=2008-06-14}}</ref> and numerous other construction projects. [[Tiananmen]], which has become a state symbol of the [[People's Republic of China]] and is featured on its emblem, was built in 1651.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Tiananmen Square|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/printable.aspx?id=1B1:380715|encyclopedia=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia|year=2008}}</ref> Yongle moved the Ming capital back north to Beiping in 1421 as a measure to guard the empire against the Mongols and control the northern armies; he also renamed Beiping to '''Beijing''' (北京), or "northern capital".<ref name="economist"/> Jesuits finished building the first Beijing-area [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic church]] in 1652 at the [[Xuanwu Gate]], where Italian Jesuit [[Matteo Ricci]] lived; the modern [[Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Beijing|Nantang]] (南堂, Southern Cathedral) has been built over the original cathedral.<ref>{{harvnb|Li|Dray-Novey|Kong|2007|p=33}}</ref> For 40 days in 1644, [[Li Zicheng]] led a peasant uprising against the Ming regime. Following the end of Li's control of the city, the Manchus captured Beijing. After the [[Manchu]]s overthrew the [[Ming Dynasty]] and established the [[Qing Dynasty]] in its place, Beijing remained China's capital throughout the Qing period.<ref name="britannica ming qing">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Beijing - History - The Ming and Qing Dynasties|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/448956/Beijing/14708/Centuries-of-growth#toc=toc14709|encyclopedia=Britannica Online Encyclopedia|year=2008}}</ref> Just like during the preceding dynasty, Beijing was also known as '''Jingshi''', which corresponded to the Manchu '''Gemun Hecen''' with the same meaning.<ref>{{harvnb|Elliott|2001|p=98}}</ref> It was the scene of the siege of the foreign legations during the [[Boxer Rebellion]] in the 1900.<ref>{{harvnb|Li|Dray-Novey|Kong|2007|pp=119-120}}</ref> ===Republican era=== The [[Xinhai Revolution]] of 1911, aimed at replacing Qing rule with a republic, originally intended to establish its capital at [[Nanjing]]. After high-ranking Qing official [[Yuan Shikai]] forced the abdication of the Qing emperor in Beijing and ensured the success of the revolution, the revolutionaries in Nanjing accepted that Yuan should be the president of the new [[Republic of China]], and that the capital should remain at Beijing. Yuan gradually consolidated power and became by 1915 the new emperor but died less than a year into his reign.<ref>{{harvnb|Li|Dray-Novey|Kong|2007|pp=133-134}}</ref> China then fell under the control of regional warlords, and the most powerful factions fought frequent wars (the [[Zhili-Anhui War]], the [[First Zhili-Fengtian War]], and the [[Second Zhili-Fengtian War]]) to take control of the capital at Beijing. [[Image:318-0.JPG|thumb|[[Tiananmen Square protests|Student protests]] in [[Tiananmen Square]] in Beijing during the [[May Fourth Movement|Tiananmen Square protests of 1919]].<br><sub>Photo by [[Jeff Widener]] ([[Associated Press]])</sub>]] Following the success of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT)'s [[Northern Expedition (1926–1927)|Northern Expedition]] which pacified the warlords of the north, Nanjing was officially made the capital of the Republic of China in 1928, and Beijing was renamed '''Beiping''' ('''Peip'ing''') (北平) on June 28 that year<ref>{{harvnb|MacKerras|Yorke|1991|p=8}}</ref>, in English meaning "northern peace" or "north pacified".<ref name="columbia encyclopedia"/> During the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]],<ref name="columbia encyclopedia"/> Beiping fell to [[Japan]] on [[29 July]], [[1937]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Incident on July 7, 1937|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-06/27/content_3141055.htm|publisher=Xinhua News Agency|date=2005-06-27|accessdate=2008-06-20}}</ref> Japan renamed the city to its former name, Beijing, and made it the seat of the [[Provisional Government of the Republic of China]], a [[puppet state]] that ruled the [[Han Chinese|ethnic Chinese]] portions of Japanese-occupied [[northern China]];<ref>{{harvnb|Li|Dray-Novey|Kong|2007|p=166}}</ref> the government was later merged into the larger [[Wang Jingwei Government]] based in Nanjing.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cheung|first=Andrew|title=Slogans, Symbols, and Legitimacy: The Case of Wang Jingwei's Nanjing Regime|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~easc/resources/working_paper/noframe_6a_sloga.htm|publisher=Indiana University|date=1995|accessdate=2008-06-20}}</ref> ===People's Republic=== [[Image:PRCFounding.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mao Zedong]] proclaiming the establishment of the [[People's Republic of China]] in 1949]] [[Image:Tianasquare.jpg|thumb|A man stands before a column of tanks sent to [[Tiananmen Square]] to suppress the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989|1989 Tiananmen Square student protests]].]] On [[January 31]], [[1949]], during the [[Chinese Civil War]], Communist forces entered Beijing without a fight. On [[October 1]] of the same year, the [[Communist Party of China]], under the leadership of [[Mao Zedong]], announced in [[Tiananmen]] the creation of the [[People's Republic of China]] and renamed the city Beijing.<ref>{{harvnb|Li|Dray-Novey|Kong|2007|p=168}}</ref> Just a few days earlier, the [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]] had decided that Beijing would be the capital of the new government, and that its name would be changed back to Beijing. At the time of the founding of the People's Republic, Beijing Municipality consisted of just its urban area and immediate suburbs. The urban area was divided into many small districts inside what is now the [[2nd Ring Road (Beijing)|2nd Ring Road]]. The [[Beijing city wall]] was torn down to make way for the construction of the [[2nd Ring Road (Beijing)|2nd Ring Road]], which was finished by 1981 in accords with the 1982 city plan. That road was the first of a series of new ring roads intended for automobiles rather than for bicycles.<ref>{{harvnb|Li|Dray-Novey|Kong|2007|p=217}}</ref> Following the [[Chinese economic reform|economic reforms]] of [[Deng Xiaoping]], the urban area of Beijing has expanded greatly. Formerly within the confines of the 2nd Ring Road and the 3rd Ring Road, the urban area of Beijing is now pushing at the limits of the recently-constructed 5th Ring Road and 6th Ring Road, with many areas that were formerly farmland now developed residential or commercial districts.<ref>{{harvnb|Li|Dray-Novey|Kong|2007|p=255}}</ref> According to a 2005 newspaper report, the size of the newly developed Beijing land was one and a half times larger than the land of old Beijing within the 2nd Ring Road.<ref>{{harvnb|Li|Dray-Novey|Kong|2007|p=252}}</ref> [[Wangfujing]] and [[Xidan]] have developed into flourishing shopping districts,<ref>{{harvnb|Li|Dray-Novey|Kong|2007|p=149}}</ref> while [[Zhongguancun]] has become a major centre of electronics in China.<ref>{{harvnb|Li|Dray-Novey|Kong|2007|pp=249-250}}</ref> In recent years, the expansion of Beijing has also brought to the forefront some problems of urbanization, such as heavy traffic, poor [[air quality]], the loss of historic neighbourhoods, and significant influx of migrants from poorer regions of the country, especially rural areas.<ref>{{harvnb|Li|Dray-Novey|Kong|2007|pp=255-256}}</ref> On [[July 13]], [[2001]], the [[International Olympic Committee]] selected Beijing as the host for the [[2008 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Election|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/beijing/election_uk.asp|publisher=IOC|date=|accessdate=2008-06-15}}</ref> == Geography and climate == {{main|Geography of Beijing}} [[Image:Beijing SPOT 1059.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Beijing seen from SPOT satellite]] [[Image:Large Beijing Landsat.jpg|thumb|A simulated-color image of Beijing, taken by [[NASA]]'s [[Landsat 7]].]] Beijing is situated at the northern tip of the roughly triangular [[North China Plain]], which opens to the south and east of the city. Mountains to the north, northwest and west shield the city and northern China's agricultural heartland from the encroaching desert steppes. The northwestern part of the municipality, especially [[Yanqing County]] and [[Huairou]] District, are dominated by the [[Jundu Mountains]], while the western part of the municipality is framed by the [[Xishan Mountains]]. The [[Great Wall of China]], which stretches across the northern part of Beijing Municipality, made use of this rugged topography to defend against nomadic incursions from the steppes. [[Mount Dongling]] in the Xishan ranges and on the border with [[Hebei]] is the municipality's highest point, with an altitude of 2303 m. Major rivers flowing through the municipality include the [[Yongding River]] and the [[Chaobai River]], part of the [[Hai River]] system, and flowing in a southerly direction. Beijing is also the northern terminus of the [[Grand Canal of China]] which was built across the North China Plain to [[Hangzhou]]. [[Miyun Reservoir]], built on the upper reaches of the [[Chaobai River]], is Beijing's largest reservoir, and crucial to its water supply. The urban area of Beijing is situated in the south-central part of the municipality and occupies a small but expanding part of the municipality's area. It spreads out in bands of concentric [[Ring Roads of Beijing|ring roads]], of which the fifth and outermost (the [[Sixth Ring Road]]; the numbering starts at 2) passes through several satellite towns. [[Tian'anmen]] (Gate of Heavenly Peace) and [[Tian'anmen Square]] are at the centre of Beijing, and are directly to the south of the [[Forbidden City]], former residence of the emperors of China. To the west of Tian'anmen is [[Zhongnanhai]], residence of the paramount leaders of the [[People's Republic of China]]. Running through central Beijing from east to west is [[Chang'an Avenue]], one of Beijing's main thoroughfares. The city's [[climate]] is a monsoon-influenced [[humid continental climate]] ([[Koppen climate classification]] ''Dwa''), characterised by hot, humid summers due to the East Asian [[monsoon]], and generally cold, windy, dry winters that reflect the influence of the vast [[Siberian]] [[anticyclone]].<ref name="people's daily"/> Average temperatures in January are at around 1 °[[Celsius|C]] (33°[[Fahrenheit|F]]), while average temperatures in July are around 30°[[Celsius|C]] (87 °[[Fahrenheit|F]]). The highest temperature ever recorded was 42°C and the lowest recorded was -27°C. <ref>{{cite web|title=The Climate of Beijing|url=http://www.chinats.com/beijing/beijing23.htm|publisher=Chinats.com}}</ref> In 2005, the total [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] was 410.77 mm; a majority of it occurred in the summer.<ref name="basic"/> {{Beijing weatherbox}} === Pollution === [[Image:Beijing Forbidden City Smog.jpg|thumb|Heavy air pollution has resulted in widespread smog]] Air pollution levels on an average day in Beijing are nearly five times above [[World Health Organization]] standards for safety.<ref>{{Citation | last=Macur | first=Juliet | author-link= | title=Olympic Teams Vying to Defeat Beijing’s Smog | journal=[[The New York Times]] | volume= | issue= | pages= | year=2008 | date=2008-01-24 | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/24/sports/othersports/24mask.html?_r=1&oref=slogin&pagewanted=all }}</ref> China's extremely inefficient use of coal - the country's main source of energy - results in much of the pollution. Despite promises to stage a green [[2008 Summer Olympics]], Bejing has had persistent air pollution - thus city officials are planning to reduce its motor traffic by half during the Games to improve air quality.<ref>{{Citation | last=Yardley | first=Jim | author-link= | title=Smoggy Beijing Plans to Cut Traffic by Half for Olympics, Paper Says | newspaper=[[New York Times]] | volume= | issue= | pages= | year=2008 | date=2008-01-24 | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/24/world/asia/24beijing.html }}</ref> In February 2008, the Chinese government announced that it would close 144 gas stations in Beijing, which amounts to about 10% of such stations in the city, to improve air quality in preparation for the Olympics.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beijing petrol stations to close|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7246955.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=2008-02-15|accessdate=2008-02-15}}</ref> Since 2001, when Beijing won the right to hold the Olympics, nearly $17 billion has been spent to clean the air, but the city remains under smoggy conditions on many days and athletes frequently complain about the air quality.<ref>{{Cite news | last=Shipley | first=Amy | author-link= | title=IOC wants to clear the air in Beijing | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | volume= | issue= | pages=A1 | year= | date=2008-03-18 | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/17/AR2008031700973_pf.html }}</ref> === Dust storm === Dust from erosion of deserts in northern and northwestern China result in seasonal [[dust storm]]s that plague the city; the [[Beijing Weather Modification Office]] sometimes artificially induces rainfall to fight such storms and mitigate their effects.<ref>{{cite news|title=China says it made rain to wash off sand|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12644965/from/RSS/|publisher=[[MSNBC]]|date=2006-05-05}}</ref> In the first four months of 2006 alone, there were no fewer than eight such storms.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beijing hit by eighth sandstorm|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/asia-pacific/4915690.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=2006-04-17}}</ref> In April 2002, one dust storm alone dumped nearly 50,000 tons of dust onto the city before moving on to [[Japan]] and [[Korea]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Weaver|first=Lisa Rose|title=More than a dust storm in a Chinese teacup|url=http://cnnstudentnews.cnn.com/2002/WEATHER/04/03/dust.storm/|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=2002-04-04|accessdate=2008-02-07}}</ref> == City layout == [http://25kmiles.com/map/index.html#maptype=m^zoom=11^center=39.912896,116.39328 Layout Map] === Neighbourhoods === [[Image:Wangfujing Nankou.jpg|thumb|Southern end of [[Wangfujing]] Road (July 2004 image).]] [[Image:Beijing By Night 2003.jpg|thumb|Beijing by night]] [[Image:BeijingBookstore.jpg|thumb|Beijing Bookshop at [[Xidan]]]] Major neighbourhoods in urban Beijing include the following. Neighbourhoods may overlap across multiple districts (see below): *[[Andingmen]] {{lang|zh-Hans|安定门}} *[[Beiyuan]] {{lang|zh-Hans|北苑}} *[[Chaoyangmen]] {{lang|zh-Hans|朝阳门}} *[[Dongzhimen]] {{lang|zh-Hans|东直门}} *[[Fangzhuang]] {{lang|zh-Hans|方庄}} *[[Fuchengmen]] {{lang|zh-Hans|阜成门}} *[[Fuxingmen]] {{lang|zh-Hans|复兴门}} *[[Guomao]] {{lang|zh-Hans|国贸}} *[[Hepingli]] {{lang|zh-Hans|和平里}} *[[Wangjing, Beijing|Wangjing]] {{lang|zh-Hans|望京}} *[[Wangfujing]] {{lang|zh-Hans|王府井}} *[[Wudaokou]] {{lang|zh-Hans|五道口}} *[[Xidan]] {{lang|zh-Hans|西单}} *[[Xizhimen]] {{lang|zh-Hans|西直门}} *[[Yayuncun]] {{lang|zh-Hans|亚运村}} *[[Zhongguancun]] {{lang|zh-Hans|中关村}} Several place names in Beijing end with ''mén'' ({{lang|zh-Hans|门}}), meaning "gate", as they were the locations of gates in the former [[Beijing city wall]]. Other place names end in ''cūn'' ({{lang|zh-Hans|村}}), meaning "village", as they were originally villages outside the city wall. === Towns === Towns within Beijing Municipality but outside the urban area include (but are not limited to): *[[Changping]] {{lang|zh-Hans|昌平}} *[[Huairou]] {{lang|zh-Hans|怀柔}} *[[Miyun]] {{lang|zh-Hans|密云}} *Liangxiang {{lang|zh-Hans|良乡}} *Liulimiao {{lang|zh-Hans|琉璃庙}} *[[Tongzhou]] {{lang|zh-Hans|通州}} *[[Yizhuang]] {{lang|zh-Hans|亦庄}} *[[Xiaotangshan]] {{lang|zh-Hans|小汤山}} === Subdivisions === {{See also|List of administrative divisions of Beijing}} Beijing Municipality comprises 18 administrative sub-divisions, [[Political divisions of China#County level|county-level units]] governed directly by the municipality (second-level divisions). Of these, 16 are [[district of China|districts]] and 2 are [[county of China|counties]]. The urban and suburban areas of the city are divided into eight (8) districts:<ref name="basic"/> {|class="wikitable" !District !Population (2000 census) !Area (km²) !Density (per&nbsp;km²) |- |[[Dongcheng District, Beijing|Dongcheng District]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|东城区}}: Dōngchéng Qū) || 536,000 || 24.7 || 21,700 |- |[[Xicheng District]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|西城区}}: Xīchéng Qū) || 707,000 || 30.0 || 23,567 |- |[[Chongwen District]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|崇文区}}: Chóngwén Qū) || 346,000 || 15.9 || 21,761 |- |[[Xuanwu District, Beijing|Xuanwu District]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|宣武区}}: Xuānwǔ Qū) || 526,000 || 16.5 || 31,879 |- |[[Chaoyang District, Beijing|Chaoyang District]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|朝阳区}}: Cháoyáng Qū) || 2,290,000 || 470.8 || 4,864 |- |[[Haidian District]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|海淀区}}: Hǎidiàn Qū) || 2,240,000 || 426.0 || 5,258 |- |[[Fengtai District]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|丰台区}}: Fēngtái Qū) || 1,369,000 || 304.2 || 4,500 |- |[[Shijingshan District]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|石景山区}}: Shíjǐngshān Qū) || 489,000 || 89.8 || 5,445 |- |'''City proper + inner suburbs''' || '''8.50 million''' || '''1377.9''' || '''6,171''' |} The following six districts encompass the more distant suburbs and satellite towns, constituting part of the [[metropolitan area]]: {|class="wikitable" !District !Population (2000 census) !Area (km²) !Density (per&nbsp;km²) |- |[[Mentougou District]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|门头沟区}}: Méntóugōu Qū) || 267,000 || 1,331.3 || 201 |- |[[Fangshan District]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|房山区}}: Fángshān Qū)<br/>Fangshan County until 1986 || 814,000 || 1,866.7 || 436 |- |[[Tongzhou District]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|通州区}}: Tōngzhōu Qū)<br/>Tong County until 1997 || 674,000 || 870.0 || 775 |- |[[Shunyi District]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|顺义区}}: Shùnyì Qū)<br/>Shunyi County until 1998 || 637,000 || 980.0 || 650 |- |[[Changping District]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|昌平区}}: Chāngpíng Qū)<br/>Changping County until 1999 || 615,000 || 1,430.0 || 430 |- |[[Daxing District]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|大兴区}}: Dàxīng Qū)<br/>Daxing County until 2001 || 672,000 || 1,012.0 || 664 |- |'''Outer suburbs''' || '''3.68 million''' || '''7,490''' || '''491''' |} The other two districts and the two counties located further out govern semirural and rural areas:<ref>[http://geohive.com/cntry/subs/cn-11.aspx Geohive]</ref> {|class="wikitable" !District !Population (2000 census) !Area (km²) !Density (per&nbsp;km²) |- |[[Pinggu District]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|平谷区}}: Pínggǔ Qū)<br/>Pinggu County until 2001 || 397,000 || 1,075.0 || 369 |- |[[Huairou District]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|怀柔区}}: Huáiróu Qū)<br/>Huairou County until 2001 || 296,000 || 2,557.3 || 116 |- |[[Miyun County]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|密云县}}: Mìyún Xiàn) || 420,000 || 2,335.6 || 180 |- |[[Yanqing County]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|延庆县}}: Yánqìng Xiàn) || 275,000 || 1,980.0 || 139 |- |'''Peripheral areas''' || '''1.39 million''' || '''7,947.9''' || '''175''' |} Beijing's 18 districts and counties are further subdivided into 273 lower (third)-level administrative units at the [[Political divisions of China#Township level|township level]]: 119 [[town of China|towns]], 24 [[township of China|townships]], 5 [[ethnic township]]s and 125 [[Subdistricts of China|subdistricts]]. == Politics == {{main|Politics of Beijing}} Municipal government is regulated by the local [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) in issuing administrative orders, collecting taxes, and operating the economy. The local CCP also directs a standing committee of the Municipal People's Congress in making policy decisions and overseeing local government. Local government figures include a [[Mayor of Beijing|mayor]], vice-mayor, and numerous bureaus focusing on law, public security, and other affairs. Additionally, as the capital of China, Beijing houses all the important national governmental and political institutions, including the [[National People's Congress]].<ref name="britannica government">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Beijing - Administration and society - Government|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/448956/Beijing/232381/Administration-and-society#toc=toc232382|encyclopedia=Britannica Online Encyclopedia|date=2008}}</ref> == Economy == [[Image:CCTV Beijing April 2008.jpg|thumb|[[China Central Television]]'s [[CCTV Headquarters|headquarters]] under construction]] [[Image:Dawangqiao Area.jpg|thumb|[[Dawangqiao]] area around [[Beijing CBD]]]] In 2006, Beijing's nominal GDP was 772.03 billion [[Renminbi|RMB]] (about 97 billion [[USD]]), a year-on-year growth of 12% from the previous year. Its GDP per capita was 49,505 RMB, an increase of 8.8% from the previous year and more than twice as much as in 2000. In 2005, Beijing's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 9.77 billion RMB, 210.05 billion RMB, and 461.63 billion RMB. In 2008, Urban [[disposable income]] per capita was 21,989 yuan, a [[real price|real]] increase of 10% from the previous year. Per capita pure income of rural residents was 9,559 RMB, a real increase of 10.9%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Beijing annual GDP per capita hit $6,000|url=http://en.beijing2008.cn/54/97/article214029754.shtml|work=Beijing2008.cn|date=2007-04-03|accessdate=2008-06-27}}</ref> Per capita disposable income of the 20% low-income residents increased 16.7%, 11.4 percentage points higher than the growth rate of the 20% high-income residents. The [[Engel's coefficient]] of Beijing's urban residents reached 31.8% in 2005 and that of the rural residents was 32.8%, declining 4.5 percentage points and 3.9 percentage points, respectively, compared with 2000. Beijing's [[real estate]] and [[automobile]] sectors have continued to bloom in recent years. In 2005, a total of 28.032 million [[square metre]]s of housing real estate was sold, for a total of 175.88 billion [[Renminbi|RMB]]. The total number of cars registered in Beijing in 2004 was 2,146,000, of which 1,540,000 were privately-owned (a year-on-year increase of 18.7%).<ref name="urban construction">{{cite web|title=Urban Construction|url=http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/esite/bjsq/csjs/|publisher=Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics|date=2006|accessdate=2008-03-15}}</ref> The [[Beijing CBD]], centred at the [[Guomao]] area, has been identified as the city's new [[central business district]], and is home to a variety of corporate regional headquarters, shopping precincts, and high-end housing. The [[Beijing Financial Street]], in the [[Fuxingmen]] and [[Fuchengmen]] area, is a traditional financial centre. The [[Wangfujing]] and [[Xidan]] areas are major shopping districts. [[Zhongguancun]], dubbed "China's Silicon Valley", continues to be a major centre in [[electronics]]- and [[computer]]-related industries, as well as [[pharmaceuticals]]-related research. Meanwhile, [[Yizhuang]], located to the southeast of the urban area, is becoming a new centre in pharmaceuticals, IT, and materials engineering.<ref name="social economic">{{cite paper|title=Statistical Communique on the 2003 National Economic and Social Development of the City of Beijing|url=http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/esite/tjgb/200611/t20061121_77051.html|publisher=Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics|date=2004-02-12|accessdate=2008-03-15}}</ref> Urban Beijing is also known for being a centre of pirated goods and anything from the latest designer clothing to the latest DVDs can be found in markets all over the city, often marketed to expatriates and international visitors.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pirates weave tangled web on 'Spidey'|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3i1ea868cbfd17e7ac48b8fbc3fcc3473c|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=2007-04-27|accessdate=2008-03-15}}</ref> It is also a world leader in the production and distribution of melamine and melamine-related compounds.<ref>{{cite news|last=Niu|first=Shuping|coauthors=Hornby, Lucy|title=Melamine in big demand in China as a food additive|url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2007/04/30/melamine_in_big_demand_in_china_as_a_food_additive/|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=2007-04-30|accessdate=2008-03-15}}</ref> [[Image:Bejingcbd.jpg|thumb|A corner of the emerging Beijing CBD.]] Major industrial areas include [[Shijingshan]], located on the western outskirts of the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=ShiJingShan|url=http://www.bjinvest.gov.cn/english/dac/sjs/|publisher=Beijing Economic Information Center|accessdate=2008-06-22}}</ref> <!-- More information on Beijing's heavy and light industries please!-->[[Agriculture]] is carried out outside the urban area of Beijing, with [[wheat]] and [[maize]] (corn) being the main crops.<ref name="people's daily"/> [[Vegetable]]s are also grown in the regions closer to the urban area in order to supply the city. Beijing is increasingly becoming known for its innovative [[entrepreneurs]] and high-growth start-ups. This culture is backed by a large community of both Chinese and foreign [[venture capital]] firms, such as [[Sequoia Capital]], whose head office in China resides in Chaoyang, Beijing. Though Shanghai is seen as the economic centre of China, this is typically based on the numerous large corporations based there, rather than as a centre for Chinese [[entrepreneurship]]. The development of Beijing continues to proceed at a rapid pace, and the vast expansion of Beijing has created a multitude of problems for the city. Beijing is known for its [[smog]] as well as the frequent "power-saving" programmes instituted by the government. Citizens of Beijing as well as tourists frequently complain about the quality of the water supply and the cost of the basic services such as electricity and natural gas. The major industrial areas outside of Beijing were ordered to clean their operations or leave the Beijing area in an effort to alleviate the smog that covers the city. Most factories, unable to update, have moved and relocated to other cities such as [[Xi'an]], China. == Demographics == [[Image:Beijing wangjing 1.jpg|thumb|The [[Wangjing, Beijing|Wangjing]] neighbourhood, in [[Chaoyang District, Beijing]], known for its Koreatown.]] [[Image:WangfujingCathedral.jpg|thumb|Wangfujing Cathedral]] The population of Beijing Municipality, defined as the total number of people who reside in Beijing for 6 months or more per year, was 17.43 million in 2007. 12.03 million people in Beijing Municipality had Beijing ''[[hukou]]'' (permanent residence) and the remainder were on temporary residence permits.<ref name="exceeds 17">{{cite news|title=Beijing's population exceeds 17.4 million|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-12/04/content_7197045.htm|publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|date=2007-12-04}}</ref> In addition, there is a large but unknown number of [[migrant worker]]s (''[http://www.commonlanguageproject.net/flash/Fang_Beijing/ min gong]'') who live illegally in Beijing without any official residence permit (or unregistered people).<ref>{{cite news|last=Dempster|first=Tyra|title=Hard lessons for Beijing migrant workers|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUKPEK22242120080509?sp=true|publisher=Reuters UK|date=2008-05-09|accessdate=2008-06-22}}</ref> The population of Beijing's urban core (city proper) is around 7.5 million. Most Beijing's residents belong to the [[Han Chinese]] majority. Other ethnic minorities include the [[Manchu]], [[Hui people|Hui]], and [[Mongol]].<ref name="people's daily">{{cite web|title=Beijing|url=http://english.people.com.cn/data/province/beijing.html|work=People's Daily|date=March 2001|accessdate=2008-06-22}}</ref> A Tibetan [[high school]] exists for youth of Tibetan ancestry, nearly all of whom have come to Beijing from [[Tibet]] expressly for their studies.<ref>{{cite news|title=Praying for peace in their hometown, Tibetan students in Beijing speak out|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90785/6379112.html|work=People's Daily|publisher=Xinhua|date=2008-03-24|accessdate=2008-06-22}}</ref> A sizable international community exists in Beijing, mostly attracted by the highly growing foreign business and trade sector, and many live in the Beijing urban area's densely populated northern, northeastern and eastern sections. In recent years there has also been an influx of [[South Korea]]ns who live in Beijing predominantly for business and study purpose. Many of them live in the [[Wangjing]] area.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ding|first=Ying|title=The Korean Mergence|url=http://www.bjreview.com.cn/quotes/txt/2008-03/04/content_102173.htm|work=Beijing Review|date=2008-03-04|accessdate=2008-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Foreigners Working in Beijing Settle In|url=http://english.hanban.edu.cn/english/2002/Feb/27064.htm|work=Beijing Youth Daily|date=2002-02-17|accessdate=2008-06-15}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! align=center colspan=3 | Ethnic groups in Beijing, 2000 census |- ! [[Nationalities of China|Nationality]] !! Population !! Percentage |- | [[Han Chinese]] || 12,983,696 || 95.69% |- | [[Manchu|Manchu Chinese]] || 250,286 || 1.84% |- | [[Hui people|Hui Chinese]] || 235,837 || 1.74% |- | [[Mongols|Mongol Chinese]] || 37,464 || 0.28% |- | [[Korean Chinese]] || 20,369 || 0.15% |- | [[Tujia|Tujia Chinese]] || 8372 || 0.062% |- | [[Zhuang people|Zhuang Chinese]] || 7322 || 0.054% |- | [[Hmong people|Miao Chinese]] || 5291 || 0.039% |- | [[Uyghur people|Uyghur Chinese]] || 3129 || 0.023% |- | [[Tibetan people|Tibetan Chinese]] || 2920 || 0.022% |} Excludes members of the [[People's Liberation Army]] in active service.<br/><ref>Department of Population, Social, Science and Technology Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics of China ({{lang|zh-Hans|国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司}}) and Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China ({{lang|zh-Hans|国家民族事务委员会经济发展司}}), eds. ''Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China'' ({{lang|zh-Hans|《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》}}). 2 vols. Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House ({{lang|zh-Hans|民族出版社}}), 2003. (ISBN 7-105-05425-5)</ref> == Architecture == Three styles of architecture predominate in urban Beijing. First, the traditional architecture of imperial China, perhaps best exemplified by the massive [[Tian'anmen]] (Gate of Heavenly Peace), which remains the PRC's trademark edifice, the [[Forbidden City]], and the [[Temple of Heaven]]. Next there is what is sometimes referred to as the "Sino-Sov" style, built between the 1950s and the 1970s, which tend to be boxy, bland, and poorly made.<ref>{{cite book|title=Business Buide to Beijing and North-East China|edition=2006-2007|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=M2TvFN9DmqkC&pg=PA108&lpg=PA108&dq=%22sino-sov%22+%2Barchitecture&source=web&ots=Ei9NtnrmZT&sig=HWSTtiM-I2vG7rMQdwYH3XJpE2A&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result#PPA108,M1|page=108|isbn=9889867338}}</ref> Finally, there are much more modern architectural forms — most noticeably in the area of the [[Beijing CBD]]. Pictured below are some images of Beijing architecture — blending the old and the new. <center><gallery> Image:Taimiao.jpg|Beijing's Taimiao Image:70s_Architecture_Beijing.jpg|The boxy look of buildings built in the 1970s Image:Architecture_Beijing_Modern.jpg|Modern Architecture Image:Old_Roof_Architecture_Beijing.jpg|Details of traditional architecture Image:BeijingArchitectureCombo70s90s.jpg|A mix of 70s and 90s styles Image:Blend Architecture Beijing.jpg|Mix and match of the old and the new Image:TianGuard.jpg|Tian'anmen Image:Wangfujing.jpg|Wangfujing, a major commercial street </gallery></center> A mixture of both old and new styles of architecture can be seen at the [[798 Art Zone]], which mixes 1950s-design with a blend of the new. The influence of American urban form and social values in manifest in the creation of [[Orange County, China]], a suburban development about one hour north of the city.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rosenthal|first=Elisabeth|title=North of Beijing, California Dreams Come True|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E0DE1338F930A35751C0A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all|work=The New York Times|date=2003-02-03|accessdate=2008-06-28}}</ref> == Culture == [[Image:BejingOperaProduction.jpg|thumb|right|A Beijing performance of the classic opera ''Farewell my Concubine'' (September 2002).]] [[Image:National Grand Theatre.jpg|thumb|right|The [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (China)|National Centre for the Performing Arts]]]] People native to urban Beijing speak the [[Beijing dialect]], which belongs to the Mandarin subdivision of [[Chinese spoken language|spoken Chinese]]. [[Beijing dialect]] is the basis for [[Standard Mandarin]], the language used in the [[People's Republic of China]], the [[Republic of China]] on [[Taiwan]], and [[Singapore]]. Rural areas of Beijing Municipality have their own dialects akin to those of [[Hebei]] province, which surrounds Beijing Municipality. [[Beijing Opera]], or Peking Opera (''Jingju''京剧), is well-known throughout the national capital. Commonly lauded as one of the highest achievements of [[Chinese culture]], Beijing Opera is performed through a combination of song, spoken dialogue, and codified action sequences, such as gestures, movement, fighting and acrobatics. Much of Beijing Opera is carried out in an archaic stage dialect quite different from modern Standard Mandarin and from the [[Beijing dialect]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Jingxi|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/112926/jingxi|encyclopedia=Britannica Online Encyclopedia|date=2008}}</ref> [[Image:Pekin hutong i fragment Wielkiego Kanalu Chinskiego 05.JPG|thumb|right|A ts of a square housing compound, with rooms enclosing a central courtyard. This courtyard often contains a [[pomegranate]] or other type of tree, as well as potted flowers or a [[fish tank]].]] Siheyuans line [[Hutong]]s ({{lang|zh-Hans|胡同}}), or alleys, which connect the interior of Beijing's old city. They are usually straight and run east to west so that doorways can face north and south for [[Feng Shui]] reasons. They vary in width — some are very narrow, enough for only a few pedestrians to pass through at a time. Once ubiquitous in Beijing, siheyuans and hutongs are now rapidly disappearing, as entire city blocks of hutongs are leveled and replaced with high-rise buildings.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shen|first=Wei|title=Chorography to record rise and fall of Beijing's Hutongs|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-02/16/content_306506.htm|work=China Daily|date=2004-02-16|accessdate=2008-06-27}}</ref> Residents of the hutongs are entitled to apartments in the new buildings of at least the same size as their former residences. Many complain, however, that the traditional sense of community and street life of the hutongs cannot be replaced.<ref>{{harvnb|Li|Dray-Novey|Kong|2007|p=253}}</ref> Residents, however, have limited control over their own property, as the government usually owns it.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gallagher|first=Sean|title=Beijing's urban makeover: the 'hutong' destruction|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/arts-photography/hutong_destruction_3632.jsp|work=Open Democracy|date=2006-12-06|accessdate=2008-06-27}}</ref> Some particularly historic or picturesque hutongs are being preserved and restored by the government, especially for the 2008 Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|title=Beijing Olympics - City gets an Olympic facelift|url=http://938live.sg/portal/site/938Live/menuitem.43735da1634c4377d21b2910618000a0/?vgnextoid=de751c923a888110VgnVCM1000001f0aa8c0RCRD&mcParam=9d73638896593110VgnVCM100000e101000aRCRD|work=938 Live|publisher=MediaCorp|date=2008-03-07|accessdate=2008-06-27}}</ref> [[Mandarin cuisine]] is the local style of cooking in Beijing. [[Peking Roast Duck]] is perhaps the most well-known dish. The [[Manhan Quanxi]] ("[[Manchu]]-[[Han Chinese]] full banquet") is a traditional banquet originally intended for the ethnic-[[Manchu]] emperors of the [[Qing Dynasty]]; it remains very prestigious and expensive. [[Teahouse]]s are also common in Beijing. Chinese [[tea]] comes in many varieties and some rather expensive types of Chinese tea are said to cure an ailing body extraordinarily well. The [[cloisonné]] (or ''Jingtailan'') metalworking technique and tradition is a specialty of Beijing's cultural art, and is one of the most revered traditional crafts in China. Beijing [[lacquerware]] is well known for the patterns and images carved into its surface. The [[Fuling Jiabing]] is a traditional Beijing snack food, a pancake (''bing'') resembling a flat disk with filling, made from ''fu ling'' (''[[Poria cocos]] (Schw.) Wolf'', or "tuckahoe"), an ingredient common in traditional [[Chinese medicine]]. [[Image:BJHouhai08.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Beijing Houhai ("Back Lake") lake area with traditional architecture, where many trendy bars and restaurants are located.]] Younger residents of Beijing have become more attracted to the [[nightlife]], which has flourished in recent times breaking prior cultural traditions that practically restricted it to the upper class.<ref>{{cite news|last=Levin|first=Dan|title=Beijing Lights Up the Night|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/15/fashion/15beijing.html?_r=1&oref=slogin&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&pagewanted=all|work=The New York Times|date=2008-06-15|accessdate=2008-06-15}}</ref> == Transportation == {{main|Transportation in Beijing}} With the growth of the city following economic reforms, Beijing has evolved as an important transportation hub. Encircling the city are five ring roads, nine expressways and city express routes, eleven China National Highways, several railway routes, and an international airport. === Rail === Beijing has two major railway stations: [[Beijing Railway Station]] (or the central station) and [[Beijing West Railway Station]]. Three other railway stations in Metropolitan Beijing handle regular passenger traffic: [[Beijing East Railway Station|Beijing East]], [[Beijing North Railway Station|Beijing North]], and [[Fengtai Railway Station|Fengtai]]. There are also several other small stations serving suburban areas. As of [[August 1]] [[2006]], [[Beijing Railway Station]] has 167 trains stopping daily, while [[Beijing West Railway Station]] has 176 trains. Beijing is a railway hub. There are [[Rail transport in the People's Republic of China|railway lines]] from Beijing to [[Guangzhou]], [[Shanghai]], [[Harbin]], [[Baotou]], [[Taiyuan]], [[Chengde]] and [[Qinhuangdao]]. Direct trains to [[Kowloon]], [[Hong Kong]] [[Special Administrative Region|SAR]] also depart from Beijing. International trains, including lines to cities in [[Russia]] and [[Pyongyang]], [[North Korea]] (DPRK), all run through Beijing. Construction on a [[Beijing-Tianjin high-speed rail]] began on [[July 4]] [[2005]], and is scheduled to be completed in 2007. === Roads and expressways === :''See: [[Ring Roads of Beijing]], [[Expressways of Beijing]] and [[China National Highways of Beijing]] for more related information.'' [[Image:Beijing Bus Rapid Transit.jpg|thumb|An air-conditioned articulated bus operating on Beijing Bus Rapid Transit Line 1.]] Beijing is connected via road links from all parts of China. Nine [[expressways of China]] (with six wholly new expressways under projection or construction) connect with Beijing, as do eleven [[China National Highway]]s. Within Beijing itself, an elaborate network of five ring roads has developed, but they appear more rectangular than ring-shaped. Roads in Beijing often are in one of the four compass directions (unlike, for example, [[Tianjin]]). One of the biggest concerns with traffic in Beijing deals with its apparently ubiquitous traffic jams. Traffic in the city centre is often gridlocked, especially around rush hour. Even outside of rush hour, several roads still remain clogged up with traffic. Urban area ring roads and major thoroughfares especially near [[Chang'an Avenue]], are normally cited as high congestion areas. Recently expressways have been extended (in some cases reconstructed as express routes) into the territories within the [[3rd Ring Road (Beijing)|3rd Ring Road]]. As they are either expressways or express routes, drivers do not need to pass through intersections with traffic lights. This may finally solve the difficulties in "hopping between one ring and another". Exacerbating Beijing's traffic problems is its underdeveloped mass transit system. Frequently cited is the city's subway system which has 5 lines for its 17 million citizens. In comparison, [[New York City Subway| New York City]] has 26 lines for its 8 million citizens. Beijing's urban design layout further complicates the situation of the transportation system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beijingers spend lives on road as traffic congestion worsens|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003-10/06/content_269518.htm|work=[[China Daily]]|publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|date=2003-10-06}}</ref> Compounding the problem is patchy enforcement of traffic regulations, and [[Road rage (phenomenon)|road rage]]. Beijing authorities claim that traffic jams may be a thing of a past come the [[2008 Olympics]]. The authorities have introduced several bus lanes where, during rush hour, all vehicles except for public buses must keep clear. [[Chang'an Avenue]] runs east-west through the centre of Beijing, past [[Tian'anmen]]. It is a major through route and is often called the "First Street in China" by authorities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minzu Hotel Beijing|url=http://www.sinohotelguide.com/beijing/minzu/index.html|publisher=Sino Hotel Guide|accessdate=2008-02-06}}</ref> === Air === Beijing's main airport is the [[Beijing Capital International Airport]] (PEK) near [[Shunyi District|Shunyi]], which is about 20&nbsp;km northeast of Beijing city centre. Most domestic and nearly all international flights arrive and depart at Capital Airport. Capital Airport is the main hub for [[Air China]]. It is linked to central Beijing by the [[Airport Expressway (Beijing)|Airport Expressway]] and is a roughly 40-minute drive from the city centre during good traffic hours. In preparation for the 2008 Olympics, another expressway is being built to the Airport, as well as a lightrail system. Other airports in the city include [[Beijing Liangxiang Airport]], [[Beijing Nanyuan Airport]], [[Beijing Xijiao Airport]], [[Beijing Shahe Airport]] and [[Beijing Badaling Airport]]. However, these are primarily for military use and less well-known to the public. [[Image:Tiananmenstation01.jpg|right|thumb|Inside Beijing's Tian 'An Men Subway station (Line 1)]] === Public transit === The evolving [[Beijing Subway]] has five lines (two above ground, three underground), with several more being built in preparation for the [[2008 Summer Olympics]]. There were 626 [[bus]] and [[trolleybus]] routes in Beijing as of 2005.<ref name="construction">{{cite web|title=Urban Construction|url=http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/esite/bjsq/csjs/|publisher=BMBS|accessdate=2008-06-22}}</ref> Registered [[Taxis]] can be found throughout Beijing although a large number of unregistered taxis also exist. As of [[June 30]] [[2008]] all fares on legal taxis start at 10 [[Renminbi]] for the first 3 km and 2.00 [[Renminbi]] per additional kilometer not counting idling fees. Most taxis are Hyundai Elantras, Hyundai Sonatas, Peugeot Citroen and Volkswagen Jettas. After 15 km, the base fare is increased by 50% (but only applied to the portion of the distance ''over'' 15 km, so that the passenger is not retroactively charged extra for the first 15 km). Between 11pm and 6am, the fee is increased by 20%, starting at 11 RMB and increasing at a rate of 2.4 RMB per&nbsp;km. Rides over 15 km and between 11pm and 6am apply both charges, for a total increase of 80% (120%*150%=180%). == Education == {{main|List of colleges and universities in Beijing}} Beijing is home to a great number of colleges and universities, including several well-regarded universities of international stature as [[Peking University]] and [[Tsinghua University]].<ref name="columbia encyclopedia"/> Owing to Beijing's status as the political and cultural capital of China, a larger proportion of tertiary-level institutions are concentrated here than any other city in China, reaching at least 59 in number. Many international students from [[Japan]], [[Korea]], [[North America]], [[Europe]], [[Southeast Asia]], and elsewhere come to Beijing to study every year. The institutions listed here are administered by China's [[Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Education]]. *[[Peking University]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|北京大学}}) or [[University of Beijing]] (founded in 1898) is consistently the highest ranking university in China. *[[Tsinghua University]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|清华大学}}) (founded in 1911) is ranked nationally as one of the top universities in China. *[[Renmin University of China]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|中国人民大学}}) (founded in 1937), which is known for its law school, social sciences and humanities. *[[Beijing Normal University]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|北京师范大学}}) (founded 1902) *[[Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics]] (Beihang University) ({{lang|zh-Hans|北京航空航天大学}}) (founded in 1952) *[[Beijing Institute of Technology]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|北京理工大学}}) *[[Beijing International Studies University]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|北京第二外国语大学}}) *[[Beijing Foreign Studies University]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|北京外国语大学}}) *[[Central University of Finance and Economics]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|中央财经大学}}) *[[Beijing Forestry University]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|北京林业大学}}) *[[Beijing Language and Culture University]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|北京语言大学}}) *[[Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|北京邮电大学}}) *[[Communication University of China]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|中国传媒大学}}) *[[Beijing Jiaotong University]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|北京交通大学}}) *[[Beijing Film Academy]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|北京电影学院}}) *[[Beijing University of Chemical Technology]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|北京化工大学}}) *[[Beijing University of Chinese Medicine]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|北京中医药大学}}) *[[Beijing University of Petroleum]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|石油大学}}) *[[Beijing University of Technology]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|北京工业大学}}) *[[Capital Normal University]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|首都师范大学}}) *[[Central Academy of Drama]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|中央戏剧学院}}) *[[Central Academy of Fine Arts]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|中央美术学院}}) *[[Central Conservatory of Music]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|中央音乐学院}}) *[[Central University for Nationalities]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|中央民族大学}}) *[[China Agricultural University]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|中国农业大学}}) *[[China Conservatory of Music]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|中国音乐学院}}) *[[China University of Political Science and Law]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|中国政法大学}}) *[[North China Electric Power University]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|华北电力大学}}) *[[University of International Business and Economics]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|对外经济贸易大学}}) *[[University of International Relations]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|国际关系学院}}) *[[University of Science and Technology Beijing]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|北京科技大学}}) == Media == [[Image:Xinhua News Agency.JPG|right|thumb|[[Xinhua News Agency]].]] === Television and radio === {{see also|Beijing Radio Stations}} [[Beijing Television]] (BTV) broadcasts on numbered channels 1 through 10. Three radio stations feature programmes in English: ''Hit FM'' on FM 88.7, ''Easy FM'' by [[China Radio International]] (CRI) on FM 91.5, and the newly launched ''Radio 774'' on AM 774. [[Beijing Radio Stations]] is the family of radio stations serving the city audience; its stations include the music station on 97.4 FM as well as a series of other stations focused on news, sports, educational programming, and others. === Press === The well-known ''[[Beijing Evening News]]'' (''Beijing Wanbao'') [[newspaper]] is distributed every afternoon, covering news about Beijing in Chinese. Other newspapers include ''The Beijing News'' (''Xin Jing Bao''), the ''Beijing Star Daily'', the ''Beijing Morning News'', the ''[[Beijing Youth Daily]]'' (''Beijing Qingnian Bao''), as well as English-language weeklies ''[[Beijing Weekend]]'' and ''[[Beijing Today]]'' (the English-language edition of ''Youth Daily''). ''[[People's Daily]]'' and ''[[China Daily]]'' (English) are also published in Beijing. Nationally-circulated Chinese newspapers are also available in Beijing. Publications primarily aimed at international visitors and the expatriate community include the English-language periodicals ''[[City Weekend]]'', ''[[Beijing This Month]]'', ''[[Beijing Talk]]'', ''[[that's Beijing]]'' and ''[[MetroZine]]''. The international press, including English and Japaneselanguage newspapers and magazines, are available in major international hotels and [[Friendship store]]s, and content often appears complete. == Sports == [[Image:Beijing Stadium April 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Beijing National Stadium]], nicknamed "the bird's nest"]] Beijing will host the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] and the [[2008 Summer Paralympics]]. According to author Mike Davis in his book ''Planet of Slums'', which details urban population growth and the urban poor in developing nations, Beijing removed and relocated 350,000 people for the construction of the [[Beijing National Stadium]],<ref>{{harvnb|Davis|2006|p=106}}</ref> which was completed on [[June 28]], 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beijing Olympics Bird's Nest ready|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7478923.stm|work=BBC News|date=2008-06-28|accessdate=2008-06-28}}</ref> Professional sports teams based in Beijing include: *[[Chinese Football Association Super League]] ** [[Beijing Guoan]] *[[Chinese Football Association Jia League‎]] ** [[Beijing Hongdeng]] ** [[Beijing Institute of Technology FC]] *[[Chinese Basketball Association]] ** [[Beijing Ducks]] *[[Women's Chinese Basketball Association]] ** Beijing Shougang *[[Asia League Ice Hockey]] ** [[China Sharks]] *[[China Baseball League]] ** [[Beijing Tigers]] The [[Beijing Aoshen Olympians]] of the [[American Basketball Association (21st century)|ABA]], formerly a [[Chinese Basketball Association|CBA]] team, kept their name and maintained a roster of primarily Chinese players after moving to [[Maywood, California]] in 2005. == City and regional partnerships == Beijing maintains [[Town twinning|partnerships]] or "sister city" status with the following international locations. (''Note: some locations are [[province]]s or [[region]]al-level units, not cities properly. Beijing itself is not technically a city, being a [[municipality of China|Chinese municipality]]'').<ref>{{cite web|title=Beijing Official Website International|url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/ying/default.htm|work=Beijing International|date=2007-10-22|accessdate=2007-10-23}}</ref> {| | valign="top" | * {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] ''([[March 14]], [[1979]])'' * {{flagicon|United States}} [[New York City]], [[United States|USA]] ''([[February 25]], [[1980]])'' * {{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]] ''([[October 14]], [[1980]])'' * {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Lima]], [[Peru]] ''([[November 21]], [[1983]])'' * {{flagicon|United States}} [[Washington D.C.]], [[United States|USA]] ''([[May 15]], [[1984]])'' * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Madrid]], [[Spain]] ''([[September 16]], [[1985]])'' * {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]] ''([[November 24]], [[1986]])'' * {{flagicon|France}} [[Ile-de-France]] (Paris), [[France]] ''([[July 2]], [[1987]])'' * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Köln]], [[Germany]] ''([[September 14]], [[1987]])'' * {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]], [[Turkey]] ''([[June 20]], [[1990]])'' * {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] ''([[November 28]], [[1990]])'' * {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] ''([[August 4]], [[1992]])'' * {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]] ''([[November 8]], [[1992]])'' | valign="top" | * {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] ''([[May 26]], [[1993]])'' * {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] ''([[July 13]], [[1993]])'' * {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]] ''([[October 23]], [[1993]])'' * {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]] ''([[December 13]], [[1993]])'' * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Berlin]], [[Germany]] ''([[April 5]], [[1994]])'' * {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]] ''([[September 22]], [[1994]])'' * {{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Hanoi]], [[Vietnam]] ''([[October 6]], [[1994]])'' * {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]] ''([[October 29]], [[1994]])'' * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], [[Russia]] ''([[May 16]], [[1995]])'' * {{flagicon|France}} [[Paris]], [[France]] ''([[October 23]], [[1997]])'' * {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Rome]], [[Italy]] ''([[May 28]], [[1998]])'' * {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Gauteng]], [[South Africa]] ''([[December 6]], [[1998]])'' | valign="top" | * {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Ottawa, Ontario|Ottawa]], [[Canada]] ''([[October 19]], [[1999]])'' * {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Bucharest]], [[Romania]] ''([[June 21]], [[2005]])'' * {{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Havana]], [[Cuba]] ''([[September 4]], [[2005]])'' * {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Manila]], [[Philippines]] ''([[November 14]], [[2005]])'' * {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[London]], [[United Kingdom]] ''([[April 10]], [[2006]])'' * {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]] ''([[April 17]], [[2006]])'' * {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Wellington]], [[New Zealand]] ''([[May 10]], [[2006]])'' * {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]] ''([[July 14]], [[2006]])'' * {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]] ''([[November 16]], [[2006]])'' * {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]] ''([[November 21]], [[2006]])'' * {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]], [[Chile]] ''([[August 7]], [[2007]])'' * {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]] ''([[October 22]], [[2007]])'' |} == See also == *[[Lao zihao]] *[[List of mayors of Beijing]] *[[List of hospitals in Beijing]] *[[2045 Peking]] - the name of an asteroid *[[Yanjing Beer]] *[[Tourist attractions of Beijing]] == References == {{Refimprove|date=February 2008}} {{reflist|2}} == Further reading == *{{citation|last=David|first=Mark|title=Planet of Slums|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FToaDLPB2jAC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0|year=2006|publisher=Verso|place=[[Brooklyn, New York]], United States|isbn=1844670228}} *{{citation|last=Elliott|first=Mark C.|title=The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&printsec=frontcover|place=[[Palo Alto, California]], [[United States]]|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2001|isbn=0804746842}} *{{citation|last=Li|first=Lillian|last2=Dray-Novey|first2=Alison||last3=Kong|first3=Haili|year=2007|title=Beijing: From Imperial Capital to Olympic City|place=[[New York, New York]], United States|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=1403964734}} *{{citation|last=MacKerras|first=Colin|last2=Yorke|first2=Amanda|year=1991|title=The Cambridge Handbook of Contemporary China|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yiq_f71uXboC&printsec=frontcover&dq=beiping+beijing&source=gbs_summary_r|place=[[Cambridge, England]], [[United Kingdom]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=0521387558}} == External links == {{contains Chinese text}} {{sisterlinks|Beijing}} *[http://www.beijing.gov.cn/ Beijing Government website]{{zh icon}} *[http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/ Beijing Government website]{{en icon}} *{{wikitravel}} {{s-start|noclear=y}} {{s-bef|before=[[Lin'an]] ([[Song Dynasty]])|row=1}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Historical capitals of China|Capital of China]] (as Dadu) |years=1264-1368|row=1}} {{s-aft|after=[[Nanjing]] ([[Ming Dynasty]])|row=1}} {{s-bef|before=[[Nanjing]] ([[Ming Dynasty]])|row=2}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Historical capitals of China|Capital of China]] |years=1420-1928|row=2}} {{s-aft|after=[[Nanjing]] ([[ROC]])|row=2}} {{s-bef|before=[[Nanjing]] ([[ROC]]) |row=3}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Historical capitals of China|Capital of the People's Republic of China]] |years=1949-present|row=3}} {{s-aft|after=present capital|row=3}} {{end}} {{Template group |list = {{Beijing}} {{Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}} {{Major cities of Greater China}} {{Most populous cities in the People's Republic of China}} {{Asian capitals}} {{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}} {{World's most populated metropolitan areas}} {{World's most populated urban areas}} }} {{coord|39.9|116.4|type:city|display=title}} [[Category:Articles including recorded pronunciations]] [[Category:Beijing| ]] [[Category:Capitals in Asia]] [[Category:Cities in China]] [[Category:Host cities of the Summer Olympic Games]] [[Category:Independent cities]] {{Link FA|de}} {{Link FA|hu}} {{Link FA|sr}} [[af:Beijing]] [[am:ቤዪጂንግ]] [[ar:بكين]] [[an:Pekín]] [[frp:Pèquin]] [[ast:Pequín]] [[az:Pekin]] [[bn:বেইজিং]] [[zh-min-nan:Pak-kiaⁿ]] [[be:Горад Пекін]] [[be-x-old:Пэкін]] [[bcl:Pekin]] [[bo:པེ་ཅིན]] [[bs:Peking]] [[br:Beijing]] [[bg:Пекин]] [[ca:Pequín]] [[cv:Пекин]] [[ceb:Beijing]] [[cs:Peking]] [[za:Baekging]] [[cy:Beijing]] [[da:Beijing]] [[de:Peking]] [[dv:ބީޖިންގ]] [[et:Peking]] [[el:Πεκίνο]] [[es:Pekín]] [[eo:Pekino]] [[eu:Pekin]] [[fa:پکن]] [[fr:Pékin]] [[fy:Peking]] [[ga:Béising]] [[gan:北京]] [[gd:Beijing]] [[gl:Beijing - 北京]] [[zh-classical:北京市]] [[hak:Pet-kîn]] [[ko:베이징]] [[hy:Պեկին]] [[hi:बेजिंग]] [[hsb:Peking]] [[hr:Peking]] [[io:Beijing]] [[bpy:বেইজিং]] [[id:Beijing]] [[os:Пекин]] [[is:Beijing]] [[it:Pechino]] [[he:בייג'ינג]] [[jv:Beijing]] [[pam:Beijing]] [[ka:პეკინი]] [[sw:Beijing]] [[kv:Пекин]] [[ht:Peken]] [[ku:Pekîn]] [[la:Pechinum]] [[lv:Pekina]] [[lb:Peking]] [[lt:Pekinas]] [[lij:Pechin]] [[hu:Peking]] [[mk:Пекинг]] [[ml:ബെയ്‌ജിങ്ങ്‌]] [[mr:बीजिंग]] [[ms:Beijing]] [[cdo:Báe̤k-gĭng]] [[mn:Бээжин]] [[nah:Pequin]] [[na:Beijing]] [[nl:Peking]] [[ja:北京市]] [[no:Beijing]] [[nn:Beijing]] [[nrm:Péqùin]] [[nov:Beyjing]] [[oc:Pequin]] [[uz:Pekin]] [[pms:Pechin]] [[pl:Pekin]] [[pt:Pequim]] [[crh:Pekin]] [[ro:Beijing]] [[qu:Beijing]] [[ru:Пекин]] [[se:Peking]] [[sco:Beijing]] [[sq:Pekini]] [[scn:Pechinu]] [[simple:Beijing]] [[sk:Peking]] [[sl:Peking]] [[szl:Pekin]] [[sr:Пекинг]] [[sh:Peking]] [[srn:Beijing]] [[su:Beijing]] [[fi:Peking]] [[sv:Peking]] [[tl:Beijing]] [[ta:பெய்ஜிங்]] [[th:ปักกิ่ง]] [[vi:Bắc Kinh]] [[tg:Пекин]] [[tpi:Beijing]] [[tr:Pekin]] [[uk:Пекін]] [[zh-yue:北京]] [[bat-smg:Pekėns]] [[zh:北京市]]