Berber people 48132 226084833 2008-07-16T19:30:56Z Dutchlad1985 693254 {{Citations missing|date=May 2008}} {{Cleanup|date=June 2008}} {{Infobox Ethnic group |group = Berbers |image = [[Image:Augustine of Hippo.jpg|70px]][[Image:Tariq ibn Ziyad.JPG|70px]][[Image:IbnBattuta.jpg|70px]][[Image:Abd el-Krim.jpg|70px]][[Image:Zidane_in_Poznan.jpg|75px]] |caption = [[List of Berbers|Notable Berbers]]: <p>[[Saint Augustine of Hippo]], [[Tariq ibn Ziyad]], [[Ibn Battuta]], [[Abd el-Krim]], [[Zinedine Zidane]] |population = ? <!--Please insert reliable statistics WITH REFERENCES --> |region1 = {{flagcountry|Morocco}} |region2 = {{flagcountry|Algeria}} |region3 = {{flagcountry|Tunisia}} |region4 = {{flagcountry|Mali}} |region5 = {{flagcountry|Niger}} |region6 = {{flagcountry|Libya}} |region7 = {{flagcountry|Spain}} |region8 = {{flagcountry|France}} |region9 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} |pop9 = =+/- 300,000 |ref9 =<ref>{{cite web|url=http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&DM=SLNL&PA=37325&D1=0&D2=2-4,11,46,95-96,136,151,193,214,231&D3=a&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0,4,8,l&HD=080328-1648&HDR=T,G3,G4,G5&STB=G2,G1|title=Bevolking; herkomstgroepering, generatie, geslacht en leeftijd, 1 januari|publisher=[[Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek]]|author=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek|year=2008|language=Dutch}}</ref> |region10 = {{flagcountry|Belgium}} |langs=[[Berber languages]], [[Arabic]]<br> |rels=mostly [[Islam]] (mostly [[Sunni]], minority [[Ibadi]]), minority [[Christianity]] (mostly Kabyle [[Catholicism|Catholic]]) }} '''Berbers''' are the indigenous [[ethnic group|people]]s of [[North Africa]] west of the [[Nile Valley]]. They are discontinuously distributed from the Atlantic to the [[Siwa oasis]], in [[Egypt]], and from the [[Mediterranean]] to the [[Niger River]]. They speak various [[Berber languages]], which together form a branch of the [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]] language family. Between fourteen and twenty-five million Berber speakers live within this region, most densely in [[Morocco]] and becoming generally scarcer eastward through the rest of the [[Maghreb]] and beyond. Many Berbers call themselves some variant of the word ''Imazighen'' (singular ''Amazigh''), meaning "free men".<ref name=Brett1996>{{cite book | author = Brett, M. | coauthors = Fentress, E.W.B. | year = 1996 | title = The Berbers | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | isbn = }}</ref><ref name=Maddy-weitzman2006>{{cite journal | author = Maddy-weitzman, B. | year = 2006 | title = Ethno-politics and globalisation in North Africa: The berber culture movement* | journal = The Journal of North African Studies | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 71–84 | url = http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/index/J28P5N4836V252T6.pdf | accessdate = 2007-07-17 | doi = 10.1080/13629380500409917 <!--Retrieved from CrossRef by DOI bot--> }}</ref> This is common in Morocco, but elsewhere within the Berber homeland a local, more particular term, such as [[Kabyle people|Kabyle]] or [[Chaoui]], is more often used instead.<ref>Mohand Akli Haddadou, ''Le guide de la culture berbère'', Paris Méditerranée, 2000, p.13-14</ref> Historically Berbers have been variously known, for instance as [[Ancient Libya|Libyans]] by the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]],<ref>Brian M. Fagan, Roland Oliver, Africa in the Iron Age: C. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1400 p. 47</ref> as [[Numidians]] and [[Mauretania|Mauri]] by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], and as [[Moors]] by medieval and early modern Europeans. The modern English term is borrowed from Arabic, but the deeper [[etymology]] of "Berber" is not certain. (See also: [[Berber (Etymology)]].) The best known of them were the Roman author [[Apuleius]], the Roman emperor [[Septimius Severus]], and [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine]], whose mother was a Berber<ref>[[Encyclopedia Americana]]'', Scholastic Library Publishing, 2005, v.3, p.569</ref>. == Berber people in Maghreb == During the pre-Roman era, several successive Independent States ([[Massaesyles]], [[Massyles]], [[Moors]] ... etc) existed before the king [[Massinissa]] unified the people of [[Numidia]]. <ref>Histoire de l'émigration kabyle en France au XXe siècleréalités culturelles ... De Karina Slimani-Direche</ref> <ref>http://books.google.fr/books?id=7oIJeNasSw8C&pg=PA109&dq=massinissa+unificateur&sig=vhUBHBFLF9YIlNHxXjn779NbaPk</ref> <ref>Les cultures du Maghreb De Maria Angels Roque, Paul Balta, Mohammed Arkoun</ref> <ref>Histoire de l'émigration kabyle en France au XXe siècleréalités culturelles ... De Karina Slimani-Direche </ref> <ref>Dialogues d'histoire ancienne De Université de Besançon, Centre de recherches d'histoire ancienne </ref> <ref> Les cultures du Maghreb De Maria Angels Roque, Paul Balta, Mohammed Arkoun </ref> According to historians of the Middle Ages, the Berbers are divided into two branches, two are from their ancestor Mazigh. In sum, the two branches Botr and Barnès are also divided into tribes. each Maghreb region is made up of several tribes. The large Berber tribes or peoples are [[Sanhadja]], [[Houaras]], [[Zenata]], [[Masmouda]], [[Kutama]], [[Awarba]], [[Berghwata]] ... etc. Each tribe is divided into sub tribes. All these tribes have independence and territorial decisions. <ref>Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale De Ibn Khaldūn, William MacGuckin </ref> <ref> http://books.google.fr/books?id=H3RBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR2&dq=in+khaldoun#PPR15,M1</ref> Several Berber dynasties have emerged during the Middle Ages to the Maghreb, Sudan, in Andalusia, Italy, in Mali, Niger, Senegal, Egypt ... etc.. Ibn Khaldun has a table summarizing the Maghreb dynasties whose Berber Dynasties: [[Zirid]], [[Banu Ifran]], [[Maghrawa]], [[Almoravid]], [[Hammadid]], [[Almohad]], [[Merinid]], [[Abdalwadid]], [[Wattasid]] , [[Meknassa]], ,,... Hafsides dynasties. <ref>http://books.google.fr/books?id=H3RBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR115&dq=ibn+khaldun#PPR10,M1</ref> <ref> Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale De Ibn Khaldūn, William MacGuckin </ref> == History == [[Image:ST-berberfamily.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A Berber family crossing a ford - scene in [[Algeria]]]] The Berbers have lived in North Africa between western Egypt and the Atlantic Ocean for as far back as records of the area go. The earliest inhabitants of the region are found on the rock art across the Sahara. References to them also occur often in [[Egyptian language|ancient Egyptian]], Greek, and Roman sources. Berber groups are first mentioned in writing by the [[ancient Egypt]]ians during the [[Predynastic Period of Egypt|Predynastic Period]], and during the [[New Kingdom]] the Egyptians later fought against the [[Meshwesh]] and [[Libu]] [[tribe]]s on their western borders. From about 945 BC the Egyptians were ruled by Meshwesh immigrants who founded the [[Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-second Dynasty]] under [[Shoshenq I]], beginning a long period of Berber rule in Egypt. They long remained the main population of the Western Desert—the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] chroniclers often complained of the ''Mazikes'' (Amazigh) raiding outlying monasteries there. For many centuries the Berbers inhabited the coast of North Africa from Egypt to the Atlantic Ocean. Over time, the coastal regions of North Africa saw a long parade of invaders and colonists including [[Phoenicians]] (who founded [[Carthage]]), [[Greeks]] (mainly in [[Cyrene, Libya]]), [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], [[Vandals]] and [[Alans]], [[Byzantines]], [[Arabs]], [[Ottomans]], and the [[France|French]] and [[Spain|Spanish]]. Most if not all of these invaders have left some imprint upon the modern Berbers as have slaves brought from throughout Europe (some estimates place the number of Europeans brought to North Africa during the Ottoman period as high as 1.25 million)[http://www.washtimes.com/national/20040310-115506-8528r.htm]. Interactions with neighboring Sudanic empires, sub-Saharan Africans, and nomads from East Africa also left impressions upon the Berber peoples. In historical times, the Berbers expanded south into the [[Sahara]] (displacing earlier populations such as the [[Azer]] and [[Bafour]]), and have in turn been mainly culturally assimilated in much of North Africa by [[Arab]]s, particularly following the incursion of the [[Banu Hilal]] in the 11th century. The areas of North Africa which retained the Berber language and traditions have, in general, been the highlands of Kabylie and Morocco, most of which in Roman and Ottoman times remained largely independent, and where the Phoenicians never penetrated far beyond the coast. But, these areas have been affected by some of the many invasions of North Africa, most recently including the [[France|French]]. The [[Arab slave trade|trans-Saharan slave trade]] was operated by the Berbers and Arabs. ===Berbers and the Islamic conquest=== Unlike the conquests of previous religions and cultures, the coming of [[Islam]], which was spread by [[Arabs]], was to have pervasive and long-lasting effects on the [[Maghreb]]. The new faith, in its various forms, would penetrate nearly all segments of society, bringing with it armies, learned men, and fervent mystics, and in large part replacing tribal practices and loyalties with new social norms and political idioms. Nonetheless, the Islamization and Arabization of the region were complicated and lengthy processes. Whereas nomadic Berbers were quick to convert and assist the Arab conquerors, not until the twelfth century, under the Almohad Dynasty, did the [[Christian]] and [[Jew]]ish communities become totally marginalized. The first Arab military expeditions into the Maghrib, between 642 and 669, resulted in the spread of Islam. These early forays from a base in [[Egypt]] occurred under local initiative rather than under orders from the central caliphate. But, when the seat of the caliphate moved from Medina to Damascus, the [[Umayyads]] (a Muslim dynasty ruling from 661 to 750) recognized that the strategic necessity of dominating the Mediterranean dictated a concerted military effort on the North African front. In 670, therefore, an Arab army under [[Uqba ibn Nafi]] established the town of [[Kairouan| Qayrawan]] about 160 kilometers south of present-day [[Tunis]] and used it as a base for further operations. [[Abu al Muhajir Dinar]], Uqba's successor, pushed westward into Algeria and eventually worked out a modus vivendi with [[Kusaila]], the ruler of an extensive confederation of Christian Berbers. Kusaila, who had been based in [[Tlemcen|Tilimsan]] (Tlemcen), became a Muslim and moved his headquarters to Takirwan, near Al Qayrawan. But this harmony was short-lived. Arab and Berber forces controlled the region in turn until 697. By 711, Umayyad forces helped by Berber converts to Islam had conquered all of North Africa. Governors appointed by the Umayyad caliphs ruled from [[Kairouan]], capital the new wilaya (province) of Ifriqiya, which covered [[Tripolitania]] (the western part of present-day Libya), [[Tunisia]], and eastern Algeria. The spread of Islam among the Berbers did not guarantee their support for the Arab-dominated caliphate due to unislamic racist attitudes of the Arabs. The ruling Arabs alienated the Berbers by taxing them heavily; treating converts as second-class Muslims; and, at worst, by enslaving them. As a result, widespread opposition took the form of open revolt in 739-40 under the banner of Kharijite Islam. The Kharijites objected to Ali, the fourth caliph, making peace with the Umayyads in 657 and left Ali's camp (khariji means "those who leave"). The Kharijites had been fighting [[Umayyad]] rule in the East, and many Berbers were attracted by the sect's seemingly egalitarian precepts. After the revolt, Kharijites established a number of theocratic tribal kingdoms, most of which had short and troubled histories. But others,like [[Sijilmasa]] and [[Tlemcen|Tilimsan]], which straddled the principal trade routes, proved more viable and prospered. In 750, the Abbasids, who succeeded the Umayyads as Muslim rulers, moved the caliphate to Baghdad and reestablished caliphal authority in Ifriqiya, appointing [[Ibrahim ibn al Aghlab]] as governor in [[Kairouan]]. Though nominally serving at the caliph's pleasure, Al Aghlab and his successors, the [[Aghlabid]]s, ruled independently until 909, presiding over a court that became a center for learning and culture. Just to the east of [[Aghlabid]] lands, [[Abd ar Rahman ibn Rustam]] ruled most of the central Maghrib from [[Tahert]], southwest of [[Algiers]]. The rulers of the [[Rustamid]] imamate, which lasted from 761 to 909, each an [[Ibadi]] [[Kharijite]] [[imam]], were elected by leading citizens. The imams gained a reputation for honesty, piety, and justice. The court at [[Tahert]] was noted for its support of scholarship in mathematics, astronomy, astrology, theology, & law. But the [[Rustamid]] imams failed, by choice or by neglect, to organize a reliable standing army. This important factor, accompanied by the dynasty's eventual collapse into decadence, opened the way for Tahert's demise under the assault of the [[Fatimids]]. ===Berbers in [[Al-Andalus]]=== The [[Muslim]]s who entered [[Iberian peninsula|Iberia]] in 711 were mainly Berbers, and were led by a Berber, [[Tariq ibn Ziyad]], though under the suzerainty of the Arab [[Caliph]] of [[Damascus]] [[Abd al-Malik]] and his North African Viceroy, [[Musa ibn Nusayr]]. A second mixed army of [[Arab]]s and Berbers came in 712 under Ibn Nusayr himself. They supposedly helped the [[Umayyad]] caliph [[Abd ar-Rahman I]] in [[Al-Andalus]], because his mother was a Berber. During the [[Taifa]] era, the petty kings came from a variety of ethnic groups; some-- for instance the [[Zirid]] kings of [[Granada]]--were of Berber origin. The Taifa period ended when a Berber dynasty--the [[Almoravid]]s from modern-day [[Western Sahara]] and [[Mauritania]]--took over [[Al-Andalus]]; they were succeeded by the [[Almohad]] dynasty from [[Morocco]], during which time al-Andalus flourished. In the power hierarchy, Berbers were situated between the Arabic aristocracy and the [[Muladi]] populace. Ethnic rivalry was one of the most important factors driving Andalusi politics. After the fall of the Caliphate, the taifa kingdoms of [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], [[Badajoz]], [[Málaga]] and Granada had Berber rulers. ===Arabization of Northwest Africa=== Before the 9th century, most of Northwest Africa was a Berber-speaking Muslim area. The process of Arabization only became a major factor with the arrival of the [[Banu Hilal]], a tribe sent by the [[Fatimid]]s of Egypt to punish the Berber [[Zirid]] dynasty for having abandoned [[Shiism]]. The Banu Hilal reduced the Zirids to a few coastal towns, and took over much of the plains; their influx was a major factor in the Arabization of the region, and in the spread of nomadism in areas where agriculture had previously been dominant. Soon after independence, the countries of North Africa established [[Arabic language|Arabic]] as their [[official language]], replacing French (except in Libya), although the shift from French to Arabic for official purposes continues even to this day. As a result, most Berbers had to study and know Arabic, and had no opportunities until the 21st century to use their [[mother tongue]] at school or university. This may have accelerated the existing process of Arabization of Berbers, especially in already bilingual areas, such as among the [[Chaoui]]s. [[Berberism]] had its roots before the independence of these countries, but was limited to some Berber elite. It only began to gain success when North African states replaced the colonial language with Arabic and identified exclusively as Arab nations, downplaying or ignoring the existence and the cultural specificity of Berbers. However, its distribution remains highly uneven. In response to its demands, Morocco and Algeria have both modified their policies, with Algeria redefining itself constitutionally as an "Arab, Berber, Muslim nation". Now, Berber is a "national" language in Algeria and is taught in some Berber speaking areas as a non-compulsory language. In Morocco, Berber has no official status, but is now taught as a compulsory language regardless of the area or the ethnicity. Berbers are sometimes not discriminated against based on their ethnicity or mother tongue. As long as they share the reigning ideology, they can reach high positions in the social hierarchy; good examples are the former president of Algeria, [[Liamine Zeroual]], and the current prime minister of Morocco, [[Driss Jettou]]. In Algeria, furthermore, [[Chaoui]] Berbers are over-represented in the Army for historical reasons. [[Berberists]] who openly show their political orientations rarely reach high hierarchical positions. But, [[Khalida Toumi]], a feminist and Berberist militant, has been nominated as head of the Ministry of Communication in Algeria. ===Modern-day Berbers=== [[Image:Maroc Atlas Imlil Luc Viatour 4.jpg|230px|left|thumb|Berber village in the high Atlas in Morocco (Imlil valley)]] The Berbers live mainly in [[Morocco]] (between 42% of the population) and in [[Algeria]] (about 27% of the population), as well as [[Libya]] and [[Tunisia]], though exact statistics are unavailable[http://www.ethnologue.com/]; see [[Berber languages#Population|Berber languages]]. Most [[North Africa]]ns who consider themselves [[Arab]] also have mainly Berber ancestry[http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v68n4/002582/002582.text.html]. Prominent Berber groups include the [[Kabyles]] of northern Algeria, who number about 4 million and have kept, to a large degree, their original language and culture; and the [[Chleuh]] (francophone plural of Arabic "Shalh" and [[Tashelhiyt language|Tashelhiyt]] "ašəlḥi") of south Morocco, numbering about 8 million. Other groups include the [[Riffians]] of north Morocco, the [[Chaouia]] of Algeria, and the [[Tuareg]] of the [[Sahara]]. There are about 2.2 million Berber immigrants in [[Europe]], especially the [[Riffians]] and the [[Kabyles]] in the [[Netherlands]] and [[France]]. Some proportion of the inhabitants of the [[Canary Islands]] are descended from the aboriginal [[Guanches]]--usually considered to have been Berber--among whom a few Canary Islander customs, such as the eating of [[gofio]], originated. [[Image:Berbers.png|thumb|right|Distribution of Berbers in Northwest Africa]] Though stereotyped in the West as nomads, most Berbers were in fact traditionally farmers, living in mountains relatively close to the Mediterranean coast, or oasis dwellers; but the [[Tuareg]] and [[Zenaga]] of the southern [[Sahara]], were nomadic. Some groups, such as the [[Chaoui]]s, practiced [[transhumance]]. Political tensions have arisen between some Berber groups (especially the [[Kabyle]]) and North African governments over the past few decades, partly over linguistic and cultural issues; for instance, in [[Morocco]], giving children Berber names was banned. == Origin == Various disciplines shed light on the origin of the Berbers. ===Archaeology=== The [[Neolithic]] [[Capsian culture]] appeared in North Africa around 9,500 BC and lasted until possibly 2700 BC. Linguists and population geneticists alike have identified this culture as a probable period for the spread of an [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic language]] (ancestral to the modern Berber languages) to the area. But the origins of the Capsian culture, are archeologically unclear. Some have regarded this culture's population as simply a continuation of the earlier [[Mesolithic]] [[Ibero-Maurusian]] culture, which appeared around ~22,000 BC, while others argue for a population change; the former view seems to be supported by dental evidence. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11006048] ===Physical Anthropology=== "At best we can define Berbers as [[Mediterranean race|Mediterranean]]. In terms of physical anthropology they are more closely related to [[Egyptians]], [[Sicilians]] and [[Spaniards]] than to [[Nigerians]], [[Saudi Arabians]], or [[Ethiopians]]... ."<ref>Michael Brett and Elizabeth Fentress, ''The Berbers'' (Blackwell 1997) at p.4, which is footnoted with the reference being to L. Cavalli Sforza, P. Menozzi and A. Piazza, ''History and Geography of Human Genes'' (Princeton, N.J. 1994) at 158ff.</ref>. There are also theories mixed with observations by acknowledged racists, now discredited by the scientific community, though once popular with the like-minded during the Nazi era, and earlier, which speculate about the Berber people of North Africa.<ref> (a) [[Madison Grant]]: "The Berbers of north Africa to-day are racially identical with the Spaniards and south Italians and the ancient Egyptians" (Madison Grant ''[[The Passing of the Great Race]]'', The mediterraneam Race, 1916); (b) [[Hans F.K. Günther]]: "In north Africa there are large areas with a predominantly Mediterranean population: the whole of the northern edge from Egypt to Morocco, and beyond Morocco a tract along the coast southwards and reaching over to the north-west African islands. The Spaniards have always been astonished at the likeness of their Berber foes in Morocco with themselves [...] Among the Berbers, particularly the Kabyles in the Riff and in the Aures range, a Nordic strain shows itself clearly, and in the Canary Islands there seems to be a strain of the Crô-magnon race" (Hans F.K. Günther,''The racial elements of european history'', Chapter VI Part Four, 1927): (c) [[Alfred Rosenberg]]: "The Berbers, among whom even today one finds light skins and blue eyes, do not go back to the Vandal invasions of the fifth century A.D., but to the prehistoric Atlantic Nordic (Aryan) human wave. The Kabyle huntsmen, for example, are to no small degree still wholly Nordic" (Alfred Rosenberg''[[The Myth of the Twentieth Century]]'', 1930); </ref> === Genetic evidence === In general, genetic evidence appears to indicate that most North Africans (whether they consider themselves Berber or [[Arab]]) are predominantly of Berber origin and that populations ancestral to the Berbers have been in the area since the [[Upper Paleolithic]] era. Berbers appear to be largely descended from a group or groups of people who expanded west from an eastern origin, along the southern rim of the [[Mediterranean sea]], beginning perhaps as much as 50 000 years ago. Significant proportions of both the Berber and [[Arabized Berber]] gene pools also derive from more recent [[human migration|migration]] of various groups who have left their genetic footprints to varying degrees throughout the region. ==== Y-chromosome DNA ==== Y chromosomes are passed exclusively through the paternal line. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11254456 Bosch et al. (2001)], found little genetic distinction between Arabic-speaking and Berber-speaking populations in North Africa, which they take to support the interpretation of the [[Arabization]] and [[Islamization]] of northwestern Africa, starting with word-borrowing during the 7th century A.D. and through State Arabic Language Officialisation post independence in 1962, as cultural phenomena without extensive genetic replacement. According to this study the historical origins of the NW African [[Y-chromosome]] pool may be summarized as follows: 75% [[Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)|E1b1b]] (M78, M35, and M81) from the [[Upper Paleolithic]] , 13% [[Haplogroup J|J]] (J1-M267 and J2-M172) from the [[Neolithic]], 4% historic European gene flow and 8% recent [[sub-Saharan African]]. They identify the "75% NW African Upper Paleolithic" E1b1b component as "an Upper Paleolithic colonization that probably had its origin in Eastern Africa", which further studies have narrowed down specifically to the [[Horn of Africa]]<ref>[Sanchez et al., Y-Chromosome analysis of the Somali population suggests the origin of the haplogroup E3b1]</ref><ref>Cruciani et al., Human Y-chromosome haplogroup E3b in Africa: a phylogeographic study</ref>, and which is supported by other studies: "E3b originated in sub-saharan Africa and spread to the Near East and North Africa at the end of the Pleistocene". <ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11415522 Underhill et al., The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations.</ref>The North-west African population's 75% E1b1b Y chromosome genetic contribution from the Horn of Africa contrasted with a 78% contribution to the Iberian population from western Asia, suggests that the northern rim of the Mediterranean with the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] acted as a strong, albeit incomplete, barrier. However this study only analysed a small sample of Moroccan Y lineages. A more recent and thorough study by [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1216069 Arredi et al. (2004)] which analyzed five additional Arab and Berber populations from Algeria, Egypt, and Tunisia concludes that "the North African pattern of Y-chromosomal variation" (including both [[Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)|E1b1b]] and [[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|J haplogroup]]s) "is largely of Neolithic origin", which suggests that "the Neolithic transition in this part of the world was accompanied by demic diffusion of Afro-Asiatic-speaking pastoralists from the Middle East". Further evidence for a significant Neolithic contribution to the population was later provided by [http://www.springerlink.com/content/x428750458w4080r/ Myles et al. (2005)]: <blockquote> The data presented here are consistent with a scenario in which proto-Berber-speaking ovicaprid pastoralists introduced the –13910T allele, and thereby lactose tolerance, into North Africa. This scenario implies a genetic input from migrating pastoralists from the Middle East and suggests that contemporary Berber populations share a Middle Eastern dairying origin with other Eurasian populations.<ref>Myles et al. (2005), ''Genetic evidence in support of a shared Eurasian-North African dairying origin'', Human Genetics 117 (1): 34-42</ref> </blockquote> [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1181964 Cruciani et al. (2004)] note that the E1b1b1b (M81) haplogroup on the Y-chromosome, colloquially known as the "Berber marker", correlates closely with Berber populations. [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=379148 Nebel et al. (2002)] of the [[Hebrew University]] argue that J1-M267 rather reflects "recent gene flow caused by the migration of [[Arabian]] tribes in the first millennium of the Common Era(700-800 A.D)." According to Nebel, the indigenous population of the Maghrib, the Berbers, have always been a composite people. After the 8th century CE, a process of Arabization affected the bulk of the Berbers, while the Arab-Islamic culture and population absorbed local elements as well. Under the unifying framework of Islam, on the one hand, and as a result of the Arab settlement, on the other, a fusion took place that resulted in a new ethnocultural entity all over the Maghrib<ref>[http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/340669 Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa]</ref>. Another study on Haplogroup J (Semino et al. 2004) agrees with Nebel et al.'s suggestion that J1-M267 may have spread to North Africa in historic times (as identified by the motif YCAIIa22-YCAIIb22; Algerians 35.0%, Tunisians 30.1%), which they assume to be a marker of the Arab expansion in the early medieval period.<ref>[http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/386295 Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J]</ref>. This theory is disputed by [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1216069 Arredi et al. (2004)], who argue like Bosch et al. 2001 that the J1-M267 haplogroup (formerly H71) and North African Y-chromosomal diversity indicate a [[Neolithic]]-era "demic diffusion of [[Afro-Asiatic]]-speaking pastoralists from the Middle East." ==== Mitochondrial DNA ==== [[mtDNA]], by contrast, is inherited only from the mother. According to [http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/~vincent/papers/980656.web.pdf Macaulay et al. 1999], "one-third of [[Mozabite]] Berber mtDNAs have a Near Eastern ancestry, probably having arrived in North Africa ∼50,000 years ago, and one-eighth have an origin in sub-Saharan Africa. Europe appears to be the source of many of the remaining sequences, with the rest having arisen either in Europe or in the Near East." [Maca-Meyer et al. 2003] analyze the "autochthonous North African lineage U6" in mtDNA, concluding that: ''The most probable origin of the proto-U6 lineage was the Near East. Around 30,000 years ago it spread to North Africa where it represents a signature of regional continuity. Subgroup U6a reflects the first African expansion from the Maghreb returning to the east in Paleolithic times. Derivative clade U6a1 signals a posterior movement from East Africa back to the Maghreb and the Near East. This migration coincides with the probable Afroasiatic linguistic expansion.'' A genetic study by [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15180702 Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. 2004] argues concerning certain exclusively North African haplotypes that "expansion of this group of lineages took place around 10,500 years ago in North Africa, and spread to neighbouring population", and apparently that a specific Northwestern African haplotype, U6, probably originated in the Near East 30,000 years ago but has not been highly preserved and accounts for 6-8% in [[Chleuh|southern Moroccan Berber]]s, 18% in [[Kabyle]]s and 28% in Mozabites. Rando et al. 1998 (as cited by [http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v68n4/002582/002582.html]) "detected female-mediated gene flow from sub-Saharan Africa to NW Africa" amounting to as much as 21.5% of the mtDNA sequences in a sample of NW African populations; the amount varied from 82% ([[Tuareg]]s) to 4% ([[Rif]]ains). This north-south gradient in the sub-Saharan contribution to the gene pool is supported by [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15204363 Esteban et al.] Nevertheless, individual Berber communities display a considerably high mtDNA heterogeneity among them. The Berbers of Jerba Island, located in South Eastern Tunisia, display an 87% [[Eurasian]] contribution with no U6 haplotypes[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=16378336&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus], while the Kesra of Tunisia, for example, display a much higher proportion of typical sub-Saharan mtDNA haplotypes (49%, including 4.2% of M1 haplogroup) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16114817&query_hl=3&itool=pubmed_docsum Cherni L, et al.], as compared to the Zriba (8%). According to the article, "The North African patchy mtDNA landscape has no parallel in other regions of the world and increasing the number of sampled populations has not been accompanied by any substantial increase in our understanding of its phylogeography. Available data up to now rely on sampling small, scattered populations, although they are carefully characterized in terms of their ethnic, linguistic, and historical backgrounds. It is therefore doubtful that this picture truly represents the complex historical demography of the region rather than being just the result of the type of samplings performed so far." Additionally, recent studies have discovered a close mitochondrial link between Berbers and the [[Sami people|Saami]] of Scandinavia which confirms that the Franco-Cantabrian refuge area of southwestern Europe was the source of late-glacial expansions of hunter-gatherers that repopulated northern Europe after the Last Glacial Maximum and reveals a direct maternal link between those European hunter-gatherer populations and the Berbers. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15791543] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16114817&query_hl=3&itool=pubmed_docsum] ===Linguistic=== {{Main|Berber languages}} The Berber languages form a branch of [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]], and thus descended from the proto-Afro-Asiatic language; on the basis of [[linguistic migration theory]], this is most commonly believed by historical linguists (notably [[Igor Diakonoff]] and [[Christopher Ehret]]) to have originated in east Africa no earlier than 12,000 years ago, although [[Alexander Militarev]] argues instead for an origin in the Middle East, a theory that has met little support. Ehret specifically suggests identifying the Capsian culture with speakers of languages ancestral to Berber and/or [[Chadic languages|Chadic]], and sees the Capsian culture as having been brought there from the African coast of the [[Red Sea]]. It is still disputed which branches of Afro-Asiatic are most closely related to Berber, but most linguists accept at least one of Semitic and Chadic as among its closest relatives within the family (see [[Afro-Asiatic languages#Classification history|Afro-Asiatic languages]].) The [[Nobiin language|Nobiin]] variety of [[Nubian languages|Nubian]] contains several Berber loanwords, according to Bechhaus-Gerst, suggesting a former geographical distribution extending further southeast than the present. There are between 14 and 25 million speakers of Berber languages in [[North Africa]] (see [[Berber languages#Population|population estimation]]), principally concentrated in [[Morocco]] and [[Algeria]] but with smaller communities as far east as [[Egypt]] and as far south as [[Burkina Faso]]. Their languages, the [[Berber languages]], form a branch of the [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic linguistic family]] comprising many closely related varieties, including [[Tarifit]], [[Kabyle language|Kabyle]] and [[Tashelhiyt language|Tashelhiyt]], with a total of roughly 35-40 million speakers. A frequently used generic name for all Berber languages is [[Tamazight]]. == Ethnic groups == *In [[Algeria]]: **[[Kabyle people|Kabyle]] **[[Chaoui]] **[[Mozabite]] *In [[Morocco]]: **[[Chleuh]] *Multiple countries: **[[Tuareg]] **[[Zenata]] ==Religions and beliefs== {{Main|Berber beliefs}} Berbers are mostly [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]], while the [[Mozabite]]s of the Saharan [[M'zab|Mozabite Valley]] are mostly [[Ibadite]]. <!-- Djerbans, Nafusis aren't Islamic sects, but regions, far away from where the Mozabites live. And, no, Mozabites aren't Sufi. ---> === Important Berbers in Islamic history === ==== '''Yusuf ibn Tashfin''' ==== (c. 1061 - 1106) was the Berber [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravid]] ruler in [[North Africa]] and [[Al-Andalus]] ([[Moors|Morrish]] [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]]). He took the title of ''amir al-muslimin'' (''commander of the Muslims'') after visiting the Caliph of Baghdad 'amir al-moumineen" ("commander of the faithful")and officially receiving his support. He was either a cousin or nephew of [[Abu-Bakr Ibn-Umar]], the founder of the Almoravid dynasty. He united all of the [[Muslim]] dominions in the Iberian Peninsula (modern [[Portugal]] and [[Spain]]) to the [[Kingdom of Morocco]] (circa 1090), after being called to the Al-Andalus by the [[Emir]] of [[Seville]]. Yusuf bin Tashfin is the founder of the famous Moroccan city [[Marrakech]] (in Berber ''Murakush'', corrupted to ''Morocco'' in English). He himself chose the place where it was built in 1070 and later made it the capital of his Empire. Until then the Almoravids had been desert nomads, but the new capital marked their settling into a more urban way of life. ==== '''Abu Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn Tumart''' ==== (c. 1080 - c. 1130), was a Berber [[religion|religious]] teacher and leader from the [[Masmuda]] tribe who spiritually founded the [[Almohad dynasty]]. He is also known as El-[[Mahdi]] (المهدي) in reference to his prophesied redeeming. In 1125 he began open revolt against [[Almoravid]] rule. The name "Ibn Tumart" comes from the [[Berber language]] and means "son of the earth." <ref>[http://i-cias.com/e.o/i_tumart.htm ''Encyclopaedia of the Orient'' - Ibn Tumart]</ref> ====[[Tariq ibn Ziyad]]==== (d. 720), known in Spanish history and legend as ''Taric el Tuerto'' (Taric the one-eyed), was a Berber [[Muslim]] and [[Umayyad]] general who led the conquest of [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] [[Hispania]] in 711. He is considered to be one of the most important military commanders in Spanish history. He was initially the deputy of [[Musa ibn Nusair]] in North Africa, and was sent by his superior to launch the first thrust of an invasion of the [[Iberian peninsula]]. Some claim that he was invited to intervene by the heirs of the [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] King, [[Wittiza]], in the Visigothic civil war. On [[April 29]], [[711]], the armies of Tariq landed at [[Gibraltar]] (the name ''Gibraltar'' is derived from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] name ''[[Jabal Tariq]]'', which means ''mountain of Tariq'', or the more obvious ''Gibr Al-Tariq'', meaning ''rock of Tariq''). Upon landing, Tariq is said to have burned his ships then made the following speech, well-known in the Muslim world, to his soldiers: : أيّها الناس، أين المفر؟ البحر من ورائكم، والعدوّ أمامكم، وليس لكم والله إلا الصدق والصبر... :''O People ! There is nowhere to run away! The sea is behind you, and the enemy in front of you: There is nothing for you, by God, except only sincerity and patience.'' (as recounted by [[al-Maqqari]]). ==== '''[[Ibn Battuta|Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta]]''' ==== (born [[February 24]], [[1304]]; year of death uncertain, possibly 1368 or 1377) was a Berber<ref>Ross E. Dunn, ''The Adventures of Ibn Battuta - A Muslim Traveler of the 14th Century'', University of California, 2004 ISBN 0520243854.</ref> [[Sunni Islam]]ic scholar and [[Jurisprudence|jurisprudent]] from the [[Maliki]] [[Madhhab]] (a school of [[Fiqh]], or Sunni Islamic law), and at times a [[Qadi]] or judge. However, he is best known as a traveler and [[exploration|explorer]], whose account documents his travels and excursions over a period of almost thirty years, covering some 73,000 miles (117,000 km). These journeys covered almost the entirety of the known Islamic world, extending from present-day [[West Africa]] to [[Pakistan]], [[India]], the [[Maldives]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Southeast Asia]] and [[China]], a distance readily surpassing that of his predecessor, near-contemporary [[Marco Polo]]. ==== '''Abu Ya'qub Yusuf''' ==== (died on [[July 29]], [[1184]]) was the second [[Almohad]] ''[[caliph]]''. He reigned from 1163 until 1184. He had the [[Giralda]] in [[Seville]] built. ==== '''Abu Yaqub al-Mustansir Yusuf''' ==== [[King of Morocco|Caliph of Morocco]] from 1213 until his death. Son of the previous caliph, [[Muhammad an-Nasir]], Yusuf assumed the throne following his father's death, at the age of only 16 years. ==== '''Ziri ibn Manad''' ==== (d. 971), founder of the [[Zirid]] dynasty in the [[Maghreb]]. Ziri ibn Manad was a clan leader of the Berber [[Sanhaja]] tribe who, as an ally of the [[Fatimids]], defeated the rebellion of [[Abu Yazid]] (943-947). His reward was the governorship of the western provinces, an area that roughly corresponds with modern [[Algeria]] north of the [[Sahara]]. ==== '''[[Muhammad Awzal]]''' ==== '''[[Muhammad Awzal|Muhammad ibn Ali Awzal]]''' or ''al-Awzali'' was a [[religious]] Berber [[poet]]. He is considered the most important author of the [[Tashelhiyt language|Tashelhiyt]] (southern [[Morocco]] [[Berber language]]) literary tradition. He was born around 1670 in the village of al-Qasaba in the region of [[Sous]], [[Morocco]] and died in 1748/9 (1162 of the [[Egira]]). ==== '''[[Muhammad al-Jazuli|Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Jazuli al-Simlali]]''' ==== From the tribe of [[Jazulah]] which was settled in the [[Sus]] area of [[Morocco]] between the Atlantic Ocean and the Atlas Mountains. He is most famous for compiling the [[Dala'il al-Khayrat]], an extremely popular [[Muslim]] prayer book. ===Important Berbers in Christian history=== Before adhering to Islam, most Berber groups were [[Christians]], and a number of Berber theologians were important figures in the development of [[Western Christianity]]. In particular, the Berber [[Donatus Magnus]] was the founder of a Christian group known as the [[Donatists]]. The 4th century [[Catholic]] (i.e. common or universal) Church viewed the Donatists as heretics and the dispute lead to a schism in the church dividing North African Christians.<ref>"The Donatist Schism. External History." History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311-600. [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc3.iii.ix.ii.html]</ref> The Romano-Berber theologian known as [[Augustine of Hippo]] (modern Chaoui city of [[Annaba]], Algeria), who is recognized as a [[saint]] and a [[Doctor of the Church]] by [[Roman Catholicism]] and the [[Anglican Communion]], was an outspoken opponent of Donatism.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1102076.htm Augustine's Letter to the Donatists (Letter 76)].</ref> Many believe that [[Arius]], another early Christian theologian who was deemed a heretic by the catholic Church, was of Libyan and Berber descent. ---- ===Berber Jews=== {{mainarticle|Berber Jews}} ==Berber culture== {{main|Berber music|Berber cuisine}} {{Expand-section|date=January 2007}} == Quotes == {{Cquote|Of all the fathers of the church, [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine]] was the most admired and the most influential during the Middle Ages... Augustine was an outsider - a native North African whose family was not Roman but Berber... He was a genius - an intellectual giant.<ref>[[Norman Cantor]], ''The Civilization of the Middle Ages'', Harper, 1993, p. 74</ref>}} == Famous Berbers == {{Main|List of Berbers}} ==See also== {{Portal|Berbers|Flag of the Kabyle people.svg|35|boxsize}} {{CommonsCat|Berber}} {{wikiquote}} *[[Kabylie]], a coastal Berber area, inhabited by Kabyles. *[[Rif]], a coastal Berber area, inhabited by Riffis. *[[Zenata]], ancestors of Riffis. *[[Senhaja]], ancestors of Souss Chleuhs. *[[Masmouda]], ancestors of Atlas Chleuhs *[[Tuareg]], a Saharan Berber group. *[[Guanches]], an indigenous people in the [[Canary Islands]]. *[[Berber languages]] *[[Tamazgha]], Berber name for North Africa. *[[Berber pantheon]] *[[Berber mythology]] *[[Berberism]] *[[Arabized Berber]] *[[Moors]] *[[Berber Jews]] *[[Barbary pirate]] *[[Barbary Coast]] ==References== {{Nofootnotes|date=July 2007}} * Arredi, Barbara, et al. (2004) "A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa". ''American Journal of Human Genetics'', 75: 338–345 * Bosch, Elena, et al. (2001) "High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Variation Shows a Sharp Discontinuity and Limited Gene Flow between Northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula". ''American Journal of Human Genetics'', 68: 1019–1029 * Brett, Michael; & Fentress, Elizabeth (1997). ''The Berbers (The Peoples of Africa)''. ISBN 0-631-16852-4. ISBN 0-631-20767-8 (Pbk). * ''The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800'' by Christopher Ehret * ''Egypt In Africa'' by Celenko * ''Stone Age Races of Northwest Africa'' by L. Cabot-Briggs * ''The people of Africa'' (People of the world series) by Jean Hiernaux * ''Britannica'' 2004 * ''Encarta'' 2005 * Blanc, S. H., ''Grammaire de la Langue Basque (d'apres celle de Larramendi)'', Lyons & Paris, 1854. * Cruciani, Fulvio, et al. (2004) "Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E‐M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa". ''American Journal of Human Genetics'', 74: 1014–1022 * Entwhistle, W. J. ''The Spanish Language'', (as cited in Michael Harrison's work, 1974.) London, 1936 * Gans Eric Lawrence, ''The Origin of Language'', Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, 1981. * Geze, L., ''Elements de Grammaire Basque'', Beyonne, 1873. * Hachid, Malika, ''Les Premiers Berberes'' EdiSud, 2001 * Hagan, Helene E., ''The Shining Ones: an Etymological Essay on the Amazigh Roots of Ancient Egyptian Civilisation.'' (XLibris, 2001) * Hagan, Helene E. ''Tuareg Jewelry: Traditional Patterns and Symbols'', (XLibris, 2006) * Harrison, Michael, ''The Roots of Witchcraft'', Citadel Press, Secaucus, N.J., 1974. * Hualde, J. I., ''Basque Phonology'', Routledge, London & New York, 1991. * Martins, J. P. de Oliveira, ''A History of Iberian Civilization'', Oxford University Press, 1930. * Myles, Sean, et al. (2005) "Genetic evidence in support of a shared Eurasian-North African dairying origin". ''Human Genetics'' '''117''' (1): 34-42 * Nebel, Almut, et al. (2002) "Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa" (letter to the editor). ''American Journal of Human Genetics'', 70: 1594–1596 * Osborn, Henry Fairfield, ''Men of the Old Stone Age'', New York, 1915-1923. * Renan, Ernest, ''De l'Origine du Langage'', Paris, 1858; La Societe' Berbere, Paris, 1873. * Ripley, W. Z., ''The Races of Europe'', D. Appleton & Co., New York, 1899. * Ryan, William & Pitman, Walter, ''Noah's Flood: The new scientific discoveries about the event that changed history'', Simon & Schuster, New York, 1998. * Saltarelli, M., ''Basque'', Croom Helm, New York, 1988. * Semino, Ornella, et al. (2004) "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area". ''American Journal of Human Genetics'', 74: 1023–1034 * Silverstein, Paul A. ''Algeria in France: Transpolitics, Race, and Nation'', Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 2004. ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.sousszik.com Amazigh Music/ tachlhit - souss] *[http://www.agraw.com Amazigh/Berber Culture] *[http://www.agraw.com/modules/Music/Music.php Amazigh/Berber Music] *[http://www.agraw.com/modules/Chat/Chat.php Amazigh/Berber Chat] *{{cite journal|url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jwh/14.4/smith.html |author=Richard L. Smith, Ferrum College|title= What Happened to the Ancient Libyans? Chasing Sources across the Sahara from Herodotus to Ibn Khaldun|journal=[[Journal of World History]]|volume=14|issue=44|date= 2003}} *[http://amazigh.startkabel.nl Amazigh Startkabel]. *[http://www.ircam.ma/ Institut Royal de la Culture Amazighe]. *[http://www2.nau.edu/~jar/RIL_10.html The New Mass Media and the Shaping of Amazigh Identity]. *[http://www.wam.umd.edu/~tlaloc/archastro/ae26.html Number Systems and Calendars of the Berber Populations of Grand Canary and Tenerife]. *[http://lexicorient.com/e.o/berbers.htm Encyclopedia of the Orient -- Berbers ]. *[http://fotw.vexillum.com/flags/berber.html Flags of the World -- Berbers/Imazighen]. *[http://imedyazen1.tripod.com/ Imedyazen cultural association (in Berber)]. *[http://www.acrossthedivide.com/wilkpedia/sahara.htm Photo Gallery of Berbers and Touregs from Erg Chebbi area of Moroccan Sahara] *[https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html The Genographic Project: Maps ancient human movements via genetic markers] *[http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf World Haplogroups Maps] {{Berber}} [[Category:Berber people| ]] [[Category:Islamic history]] [[Category:History of North Africa]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Morocco]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Western Sahara]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Algeria]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Mauritania]] [[Category:Indigenous peoples of Africa]] [[Category:Indigenous peoples of North Africa]] [[Category:Maghreb]] [[Category:Muslim communities]] {{Link FA|bg}} [[ar:أمازيغ]] [[an:Pueblos Berbers]] [[bs:Berberi]] [[bg:Бербери]] [[ca:Berber]] [[cs:Berbeři]] [[da:Berber]] [[de:Berber]] [[es:Etnia bereber]] [[eo:Berberoj]] [[eu:Berbere]] [[fa:قوم بربر]] [[fr:Berbères]] [[gl:Bérber]] [[hi:बर्बर]] [[hr:Berberi]] [[id:Orang Berber]] [[is:Berbar]] [[it:Berberi]] [[he:ברברים (עם)]] [[sw:Waberberi]] [[ku:Berberî (gel)]] [[lt:Berberai]] [[jbo:imazixen]] [[hu:Berberek]] [[ms:Barbar]] [[nl:Berbers]] [[ja:ベルベル人]] [[no:Berbere]] [[nn:Berbarar]] [[pl:Berberowie]] [[pt:Berberes]] [[ro:Berberi]] [[ru:Берберы]] [[simple:Berber people]] [[sl:Berberi]] [[sr:Бербери]] [[sh:Berberi]] [[fi:Berberit]] [[sv:Berber]] [[kab:Imaziɣen]] [[tr:Berberiler]] [[uk:Бербери]] [[vec:Berberi]] [[zh-yue:柏柏爾人]] [[zh:柏柏尔人]]