Bergen 56494 224593858 2008-07-09T15:55:25Z NawlinWiki 301395 Revert to revision 224139730 dated 2008-07-07 14:23:31 by 158.37.80.215 using [[:en:Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_popups|popups]] {{otheruses}} {{Infobox Kommune | name = Bergen | idnumber = 1201 | image_skyline = Fløyen view on Bergen.jpg | county = Hordaland | landscape = Midhordland | capital = Bergen | governor = [[Gunnar Bakke]] ([[Fremskrittspartiet|Frp]]) | governor_as_of = 2007 | arearank = 215 | area = 465 | arealand = 445 | areapercent = 0.14 | population_as_of = 2008 | populationrank = 2 | population = 247,746 | populationpercent = 5.19 | populationdensity = 533 | populationincrease = 8.0 | demonym = Bergenser | language = [[Norwegian language|Neutral]]<ref name="language">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bt.no/lokalt/bergen/article216557.ece|title=Fritt fram for nynorsk i Bergen!|accessdate=2007-10-08|publisher=bt.no|year=2005|author=Kari Pedersen|language=Norwegian}}</ref> | coatofarms = Bergen komm.svg | munwebpage = www.bergen.kommune.no | lat_deg = 60 | lat_min = 22 | lat_sec = 16 | lon_deg = 5 | lon_min = 24 |lon_sec = 30 | utm_zone = 32V | utm_northing = 6698166 | utm_easting = 0301993 | geo_cat = city(237,430),adm2nd }} {{Audio|Bergen.ogg|'''Bergen'''}} is the second-largest city in [[Norway]], a [[Municipalities of Norway|municipality]], and a former [[Counties of Norway|county]], in the county of [[Hordaland]]. The [[Norway|Norwegian]] city of '''Bergen''' was separated from Hordaland as a county of its own in 1831.<ref name="distriktsinnd">{{Cite web |url=http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/fad/dok/Veiledninger_og_brosjyrer/1995/Fylkesmannboka/4-Fylkesmannsembetene/43-Distriktsinndeling-og-navn.html?id=464957 |title=Distriktsinndeling og navn |accessdate=2007-09-16 |publisher=Fornyings- og administrasjonsdepartementet |language=Norwegian }}</ref> It was established as a municipality [[January 1]], [[1838]] (see [[formannskapsdistrikt]]). The rural municipality of [[Bergen landdistrikt]] was merged with Bergen [[January 1]], [[1877]].<ref name="kommuneendringer">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ssb.no/emner/00/90/rapp_9913/rapp_9913.pdf |title=Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen |accessdate=2007-08-14 |year=1999 |author=Statistics Norway |language=Norwegian }}</ref> The rural municipality of [[Årstad, Norway|Årstad]] was merged with Bergen [[July 1]], [[1915]]. The rural municipalities of [[Arna, Norway|Arna]], [[Fana]], [[Laksevåg]] and [[Åsane]] were merged with Bergen [[January 1]], [[1972]]. The city lost its status as a separate county on the same date.<ref name="styringssystembk"/> Bergen was Norway's biggest city until the 1830s,<ref name="attentretti">{{Cite web|url=http://www.arkivverket.no/webfelles/sab/innvandring/index.html|title=Innvandring 1600-2000, Arkivenes dag 2002|accessdate=2007-10-09|publisher=Arkivverket|language=Norwegian}}</ref> when it was passed by [[Oslo]]. The city is located on the south-western coast of Norway, in the county of Hordaland, with its centre situated between a group of mountains known collectively as ''de syv fjell'' ("the seven mountains"), although the number of mountains is a matter of definition. Bergen is host to part of the country's large oil industry, as well as deep sea operations. Its harbours are used by everything from small pleasure vessels to cruise ships and cargo vessels, and is the base of many of the country's fishing vessels. Bergen is an important cultural centre in its region and was one of nine European cities honoured with the title [[European Capital of Culture]] in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/eac/other_actions/cap_europ/cap_00_01_02_en.html |title=European Capitals of Culture 2000 - 2005 |accessdate=2007-04-26 |date=2006-05-04 |work=European Commission }}</ref> ==History== The city of Bergen, thought to have been founded by king [[Olav Kyrre]], son of [[Harald Hardråde]], in AD 1070,<ref name="omkomm">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bergen.kommune.no/aktuelt/omkommunen|title=Om kommunen|accessdate=2007-09-16|publisher=Bergen kommune|year=2007|author=Elisabeth Farstad|language=Norwegian}}</ref> celebrated its 900th anniversary in 1970. It is considered to have replaced [[Trondheim]] as Norway's capital in 1217, and that Oslo became ''de jure'' capital in 1299.<!-- <ref name="oslohoved">{{Cite web|url=http://folk.uio.no/chriskf/oslohoved.htm|title=“Er det riktig å si at Oslo ble Norges hovedstad i senmiddelalderen?”|accessdate=2007-09-16|publisher=Fornyings- og administrasjonsdepartementet|author=Christer Fossum|language=Norwegian}}</ref> -->{{Fact|date=December 2007}} Towards the end of the 13th century, Bergen became one of the [[Hanseatic League]]'s most important bureau cities.<ref name="candc">{{cite book | title=Castle and City: Through historical Bergen | last=Kloster | first=Robert |date=1952 }}</ref> The main reason for Bergen's importance was the trade with dried cod from the northern Norwegian coast,<ref name="codmr">{{Cite web |url=http://bell.lib.umn.edu/Products/cod.html |title=Cod |accessdate=2007-08-14 |year=2007 |author=Marguerite Ragnow }}</ref> which started around 1100 CE. By the late 1300s, Bergen had established itself as the center of the trade in Norway.<ref>{{cite journal|url = http://www.stm.unipi.it/Clioh/tabs/libri/1/12-Nielssen(6).pdf|title = Indigenous and Early Fisheries in North-Norway|author = Alf Ragnar Nielssen|journal = The Sea in European History|date = [[January 1]] [[1950]]}}</ref> The [[Saxons|Saxon]] [[Hanseatic League|Hanseatic]] merchants lived in their own separate quarter of town, where [[Middle Saxon]] (“Middle [[Low German]]”) was used, enjoying exclusive rights to trade with the northern fishermen that each summer sailed to Bergen.<ref name="riksarkivethansa">{{Cite web|url=http://www.riksarkivet.no/bergen/publikasjoner/artiklar/andre/kontoret.html|title=7. oktober 1754 - fra et hanseatisk kontor til et norsk kontor med hanseater|accessdate=2007-10-09|publisher=Arkivverket|author=Anette Skogseth Clausen|language=Norwegian}}</ref> Today, Bergen's old quayside, [[Bryggen]] is on [[UNESCO]]'s list of [[World Heritage sites]].<ref name="unescolist">{{Cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/59 |title=World Heritage List |accessdate=2007-08-14 |year=2007 |author=UNESCO }}</ref> <!--- [[User:Sassisch|Sassisch]] 20:00, 4 November 2007 (UTC) The Hanseatic merchants were not Germans (irrespective of later German usurpation and propaganda) but were Saxons from Saxony: Northern Albingia, Angria (Engern), Westphalia, Eastphalia, the eastern provinces of today’s Netherlands, and the colonized regions along the Baltic Sea coast. Only some Saxonized Frisians participated, not Frisians in general. All references to the Hanseatic League ought to be revised accordingly. ---> [[Image:Scoleus.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hieronymus Scholeus]] impression of Bergen. The drawing was made in about 1580 and published in an atlas with drawings of many different cities (Civitaes orbis terrarum)<ref>{{cite book | last =Brekke | first =Nils Georg | title =Kulturhistorisk vegbok Hordaland | publisher =Hordaland Fylkeskommune |date=1993 | location =Bergen | language=Norwegian | pages =p. 66 | isbn =82-7326-026-7 }}</ref>]] In 1349, the [[Black Death]] was introduced to [[Norway]] by the crew of an English ship arriving in Bergen.<ref name="14thBD">{{cite book | title=The Black Death in the Fourteenth Century | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WYpLLDoMTxQC&pg=PA18 | last=Carl Hecker | first=Justus Friedrich }}</ref> In the 15th century the city was several times attacked by the [[Victual Brothers]],<ref name="avikinghist">{{cite book |title=A History of the Vikings |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3Z8NgXgRytUC&pg=PA142&ots=Z8ELvXAD54&dq=victual+brothers+bergen&sig=5jAyCr5TbXRb0_ysqFP4L-YvZT4 |last=Downing Kendrick |first=Thomas |pages=142 }}</ref> and in 1429 they succeeded in burning the royal castle and much of the city. In 1536, the king was able to force the Saxon merchants to become Norwegian citizens or return home, heralding a decline in the Saxon influence. In 1665, the city's harbour was the site of the bloody [[Battle of Vågen]], between English ships on the one side and Dutch ships supported by the city's garrison on the other. Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, Bergen remained one of the largest cities in [[Scandinavia]], and was Norway's biggest city until the 1830s,<ref name="attentretti"/> when [[Oslo]] became the biggest. Bergen retained its monopoly of trade with Northern Norway until 1789.<ref name="histnor">{{Cite web|url=http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/ud/dok/NOU-er/2003/NOU-2003-32/10.html?id=373172|title=Historien om Norge i nord|accessdate=2007-10-09|publisher=Utenriksdepartementet|year=2003|author=Ivan Kristoffersen|language=Norwegian}}</ref> In 1916 parts of the city centre were destroyed by a devastating fire, the last of many such fires throughout the city's history. During [[World War II]], the city was occupied on the first day of the German invasion on [[April 9]] [[1940]], after a brief fight between German ships and Norwegian coastal artillery. On [[April 20]] [[1944]], during the German occupation, the Dutch cargoship [[Voorbode]] anchored off the [[Bergenhus Fortress]], loaded with over 120&nbsp;tons of explosives, blew up, killing at least 150 people and damaging historic buildings. The city was subject to some allied bombing raids, aiming at German naval installations in the harbour. Some of these led to civilian casualties numbering over 100. In 1972, Bergen was unified with neighbouring municipalities (Arna, Fana, Laksevåg and Åsane), abolishing its [[Ranked list of Norwegian counties|county]] status and getting its present boundaries.<ref name="styringssystembk">{{Cite web |url=http://byfjellene.no/bystyre_/ekstern/Styringssystemet_korrektur_fra_kommuneforlaget.pdf |title=Styringssystemet i Bergen kommune |accessdate=2007-08-14 |year=2007 |author=Bergen Kommune |language=Norwegian }}</ref> ===Toponymy=== The [[Old Norse language|Norse]] forms of the name were ''Bergvin'' and ''Bjørgvin''. The first element is ''berg'' (n) or ''bjørg'' (f), which translates to ''mountain''. The last element is ''[[vin (word)|vin]]'' (f), which translates to ''pasture'' or ''meadow''. The full meaning is then 'the meadow among the mountains'.<ref>{{cite book | last =Brekke | first =Nils Georg | title =Kulturhistorisk vegbok Hordaland | publisher =Hordaland Fylkeskommune |date=1993 | location =Bergen | language=Norwegian | pages =p. 252 | isbn =82-7326-026-7 }}</ref> (A suitable name: Bergen is often called 'the city among the seven mountains'. It was the playwright [[Ludvig Holberg]] who felt so inspired by the seven hills of [[Rome]], that he decided that his home town must be blessed with a corresponding seven mountains - and locals still argue which they are.) There are about one thousand names in Norway composed with the element ''-vin'', which are pronounced with the second tone. The only exception{{Fact|date=October 2007}} is the name ''Bergen'' (which is pronounced with the first tone). The cause of this is probably the German influence in the city. In 1918, there was a campaign to reintroduce the Norse form ''Bjørgvin'' as the name of the city. This was turned down - but as a compromise the name of the diocese was changed to ''[[Diocese of Bjørgvin|Bjørgvin bispedømme]]''.<ref name="bispedoeme">{{Cite web|url=http://www.scandion.no/article/archive/826/|title=Bjørgvin bispedøme|accessdate=2007-10-10|publisher=Scandion.no|year=2004|language=Norwegian}}</ref> [[Image:Brygge Norway 2005-08-18.jpg|center|800px|thumb|Panoramic view of [[Bryggen]]]] ==Geography== {{seealso|Geography of Norway}} [[Image:Ulriken.jpg|thumb|right|Ulriken, as seen from the centre of Bergen]] Bergen municipality occupies the majority of the Bergen peninsula in mid-western [[Hordaland]]. It is sheltered from the North Sea by the islands [[Askøy]], [[Holsnøy]] (municipality [[Meland]]) and [[Sotra]] (municipalities [[Fjell]] and [[Sund]]). It is the administration centre of [[Hordaland]], as well as the second-largest city in Norway and the largest in [[Vestlandet|Western Norway]]. Bergen is the centre of the [[Bergen region]], a [[Metropolitan regions of Norway|statistical metropolitan area]] with a population of 356,633. The municipality covers an area of 465&nbsp;[[square kilometre|km²]]. The population is 244,620,<ref name="ssbpop2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/01/10/folkemengde_en/tab-2007-03-08-14-en.html|title=Population, by sex, age and municipality. Hordaland. 1 January 2007|accessdate=2007-10-15|publisher=Statistics Norway|year=2007}}</ref> making the [[population density]] 534 people per km². The population of the main [[urban area]] is 220,418.<ref name="ssbpop">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/01/10/beftett_en/tab-2007-06-07-01-en.html|title=Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality. 1 January 2007|accessdate=2007-10-15|publisher=Statistics Norway|year=2007}}</ref> The municipality also contains eight minor urban settlements with a total population of 17,213,<ref name="ssbpop"/> with Indre Arna, situated in the borough [[Arna, Norway|Arna]], being the largest with a population of 6,151 as of [[January 1]], [[2007]].<ref name="ssbpop"/> Although not being geographically distant from the city centre, Arna is separated from it by mount [[Ulriken]]. Arna and the city centre are connected by a railway line; driving through [[Åsane]] or [[Nesttun]] is required if travelling by car or bus. Bergen's city centre is situated between a group of mountains known collectively as ''[[de syv fjell]]'' ("the seven mountains"), describing the mountains [[Ulriken]], [[Fløyen]], [[Løvstakken]] and [[Damsgårdsfjellet]], as well as three out of [[Lyderhorn]], [[Sandviksfjellet]], [[Blåmanen]], [[Rundemanen]], and [[Askøyfjellet]]. The first to name them "the seven mountains" might have been [[Ludvig Holberg]],<ref name="syvendehm">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bt.no/kuriosa/article380762.ece |title=I den syvende himmel |accessdate=2007-08-14 |publisher=Bergens Tidende |year=2007|author=Gunhild Agdesteen |language=Norwegian }}</ref> inspired by the [[seven hills of Rome]]. These seven mountains are, however, only a few of the mountains located within the borders of the Bergen municipality. [[Gullfjellet]] is the highest mountain in Bergen, at 987&nbsp;metres above sea level.<ref name="wcpeaks">{{Cite web |url=http://www.westcoastpeaks.com/Peaks/gullfjellstoppen.html |title=Norwegian Mountains: Gullfjellstoppen |accessdate=2007-09-08 }}</ref> Bergen borders the municipalities [[Meland]], [[Lindås]] and [[Osterøy]] to the north, [[Vaksdal]] and [[Samnanger]] to the east, [[Os, Hordaland|Os]] and [[Austevoll]] to the south, and [[Sund, Norway|Sund]], [[Fjell]] and [[Askøy]] to the west. ===Demographics=== As of 2002, the average [[gross income]] for men above the age of 17 is 426,000 [[Norwegian krone|NOK]], the average gross income for women above the age of 17 is 238,000 NOK, with the total average gross income being 330,000 NOK.<ref name="ssbtall">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ssb.no/kommuner/hoyre_side.cgi?region=1201|title=SSB: Tall om Bergen kommune|accessdate=2007-10-01|publisher=Statistics Norway|language=Norwegian}}</ref> In 2007, there were 104,6 men for every 100 women in the age group of 20-39.<ref name="ssbtall"/> 22,8% of the population were under 17 years of age, while 4,5% were 80 and above. 2,1% were [[First generation immigrant|first]] or second generation immigrants with [[Western world|Western]] backgrounds and 6,6% were first or second generation immigrants with non-Western backgrounds.<ref name="ssbtall"/> The largest immigrant groups in Bergen today are Iraqi (1 443), Vietnamese (1 217), Chileans (1 197), Polish (1 184) and Sri Lankan Tamils (1 050).{{Fact|date=March 2008}} ==Cityscape== The oldest remaining part of the city is on the north side of the bay of Vågen. ''[[Bryggen]]'', the product of rebuilding after a fire in 1702, is in this area. The buildings that form Bryggen were done in the style of the medieval buildings that stood on the site prior to the fire.<ref name="candc"/> ''Saint Mary's Church'' is the oldest building in Bergen, parts of it dating from around 1130.<ref name="candc"/> The altar piece of the church is the oldest ornament preserved. It dates back to the Hanseatic period, probably the 15th century, when the church was used by the German hanseats as their parish church. Much of the interior was replaced during a restoration of the church in the second half of the 18th century.<ref name="candc"/> Two other churches, the cathedral (''Domkirken'') and the Korskirken church are also medieval, although modified later. The ''[[Bergenhus fortress]]'' has several interesting buildings, notably ''[[Haakon's Hall]]'', a royal hall dating from 1261,<ref name="candc"/> and the ''[[Rosenkrantz Tower]]'', built around a medieval fortification in 1563.<ref name="candc"/> [[Image:BergenVaagen.jpg|thumb|left|View of [[Vågen]] and [[Nordnes]] from Fløyen.]] An open air fishmarket is located along the inner harbour of Vågen. Further south is the main shopping area, rebuilt after a fire in 1916 in art nouveau and functionalist style, around the main square [[Torgallmenningen]]. Several old quarters of white, wooden houses are scattered in and around the centre, most notably in ''[[Nordnes]]'', ''[[Marken, Norway|Marken]]'' and ''[[Sandviken, Bergen, Norway|Sandviken]]''. ''[[Nygård]]shøyden'' is a quaint area with a large number of buildings dating from late 19th century, many with [[neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] facades. Some parts of Bergen were rebuilt after [[World War II]], rectifying damage due to bombing, the [[Voorbode|1944 explosion accident]], and thoughtless urban planning.<ref name="byantikvarenkap2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bergen.kommune.no/byantikvaren/kap2_se.html |title=Bebyggelsesstruktur |accessdate=2007-09-08 |author=Byantikvaren i Bergen |language=Norwegian }}</ref> Whole blocks of old wooden houses have been demolished in the city centre, most recently in ''Nøstet'' and ''Krinkelkroken'', due to a lack of maintenance of the buildings.<ref name="jonsvoll">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bt.no/lokalt/bergen/article353415.ece |title=Jonsvollkvartalet borte |accessdate=2007-09-08 |publisher=Bergens Tidende |year=2007 |language=Norwegian }}</ref> Fløyen (320&nbsp;metres above sea level)<ref name="fløyen">{{Cite web |url=http://www.floibanen.no/default.asp |title=Fløibanen|accessdate=2007-08-14 |publisher=Fløibanen AS |year=2007 |language=Norwegian }}</ref> and Ulriken (643&nbsp;metres above sea level)<ref name="caplexulr">{{Cite web |url=http://www.caplex.no/Web/ArticleView.aspx?id=9338980 |title=Caplex, Ulriken |accessdate=2007-08-14 |publisher=J.W. Cappelens Forlag AS |year=2007 |language=Norwegian }}</ref> are connected to the city centre with a [[funicular]] and a cable car, respectively. The mountains, as well as the areas that surround them, are popular hiking areas for locals as well as tourists. Several urban parks are present in the city centre, the largest being [[Nygårdsparken]] located between the neighbourhoods of Nygård and Møhlenpris. [[Akvariet i Bergen|Bergen Aquarium]], housing fish, marine invertebrates, seals and penguins, as well as reptiles and monkeys, is located at the tip of the Nordnes peninsula. ==Administration== <!-- [[Image:Lille Lungegårdsvannet-improved.jpg|thumb|Lille Lungegårdsvannet in downtown Bergen. The city hall is visible on the right hand side]] --> Since 2000, the city of Bergen is governed by a city government (''byråd'') based on the principle of [[parliamentarism]].<ref name="styring">{{Cite web|url=http://www3.bergen.kommune.no/bystyre_/ekstern/styringssystem.html|title=Styringssystem|accessdate=2007-10-09|publisher=Bergen kommune|language=Norwegian}}</ref> The government consists of 6 government members called commissioners, and is appointed by the city council, the supreme authority of the city. Since the local elections of 2007, the city has been ruled by a centre-right coalition of the [[Progress Party (Norway)|Progress Party]], the [[Christian People's Party (Norway)|Christian People's Party]] and the [[Conservative Party of Norway|Conservative Party]], each with two commissioners.<ref name="byraadsmns">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bt.no/lokalt/bergen/article426820.ece|title=- Fantastisk å bli spurt|accessdate=2007-11-16|publisher=Bergens Tidende|year=2007|author=Christian Lura|language=Norwegian}}</ref> The Progress Party member [[Gunnar Bakke]] is [[mayor]],<ref name="ordfoerer">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bergen.kommune.no/aktuelt?articleId=9769&artSectionId=286|title=Har valt Gunnar Bakke til ordførar|accessdate=2007-11-16|publisher=Bergen kommune|year=2007|author=Vibeke Vik Nordang, Elisabeth Farstad|language=Norwegian}}</ref> while conservative [[Monica Mæland]] is the leader of the city government,<ref name="byraad1212">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bergen.kommune.no/portal/page/portal/bkinternet/subpage3?id=T1227472&m2_mode=&k1_mode=right&m4_mode=spot2&re1_mode=spot2&re2_mode=spot2&articleId=9772&artSectionId=505&sectionId=505|title=Byrådet er valt|accessdate=2007-11-16|publisher=Bergen kommune|year=2007|author=Vibeke Vik Nordang|language=Norwegian}}</ref> the most powerful political position in Bergen. {| {| class=wikitable align="right" |colspan="2" | '''Bergen city council 2007&ndash;2011'''<ref name="bystyret">{{Cite web|url=http://www.regjeringen.no/krd/html/valg2007/bk2_12_1.html|title= Resultater for Bergen i Hordaland|accessdate=2007-10-30|publisher=regjeringen.no|language=Norwegian}}</ref> |- |[[Conservative Party of Norway|Conservative Party]]||18 {{0}}(0) |----- |[[Norwegian Labour Party|Labour Party]]||16 (+1) |- |[[Progress Party (Norway)|Progress Party]] ||14 (+2) |----- |[[Socialist Left Party (Norway)|Socialist Left Party]] ||{{0}}5 (&ndash;3) |----- |[[Christian Democratic Party (Norway)|Christian Democratic Party]] ||{{0}}4 {{0}}(0) |----- |[[Liberal Party of Norway|Liberal Party]]||{{0}}4 (+2) |- |[[Red Electoral Alliance]] ||{{0}}3 (&ndash;1) |- |[[Centre Party (Norway)|Centre Party]]||{{0}}2 (+1) |- |[[Pensioners Party (Norway)|Pensioners Party]] ||{{0}}1 (&ndash;2) |- |'''Total''' ||'''67''' |} ===2007 elections=== The [[Norwegian local elections, 2007|2007 city council elections]] were held on [[September 10]]. The Socialist Left Party (SV) and the Pensioners Party (PP) ended up as the losers of the election, SV going from 11.6% of the votes in the [[Norwegian county council election, 2003|2003 elections]] to 7.1%, and PP losing 2.9% ending up at 1.2%. The Liberal Party more than doubled, going from 2.7% to 5.8%. The Conservative Party lost 1.1% of the votes, ending up at 26.3%, while the Progress Party got 20.2% of the votes, a gain of 3% since the 2003 elections. The Christian Democratic Party gained 0.2%, ending up at 6.3%. The Red Electoral Alliance lost 1.4%, ending up at 4.5%, while the Centre Party gained 1.2%, ending up at 2.8%. Finally, the Labour Party continued being the second largest party in the city, gaining one percent and ending up at 23.9%.<ref name="valg07res">{{Cite web|url=http://www.regjeringen.no/krd/html/valg2007/bk2_12_1.html|title=Valgresultater - regjeringen.no|accessdate=2007-09-29|publisher=Kommunal- og regionaldepartementet|year=2007|language=Norwegian}}</ref> [[Image:Bergen boroughs.png|thumb|left|upright=1.3|Map of the boroughs of Bergen]] ===Boroughs=== Bergen is divided into 8 boroughs,<ref name="bydeler">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ssb.no/kommuner/bydeler.html |title=Bydeler i Oslo, Bergen, Stavanger og Trondheim |accessdate=2007-08-14 |year=2004 |author=Statistics Norway |language=Norwegian }}</ref> as seen on the map to the right. Going clockwise, starting north, the boroughs are [[Åsane]], [[Arna, Norway|Arna]], [[Fana]], [[Ytrebygda]], [[Fyllingsdalen]], [[Laksevåg]], [[Årstad, Norway|Årstad]] and [[Bergenhus]]. The city centre is located in Bergenhus. Parts of Fana (= the fens), Ytrebygda, Åsane (= the hills) and Arna are not part of the Bergen urban area, explaining why the municipality has approximately 20,000 more inhabitants than the urban area. The separate borough administrations were closed [[June 30]], [[2004]],<ref name="bydeladm">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bergen.kommune.no/info/bydelene.html|title=Bydelsadministrasjonene lagt ned|accessdate=2007-11-17|publisher=Bergen kommune|language=Norwegian}}</ref> but were opened up again on [[January 1]] [[2008]].<ref>[http://www.bergen.kommune.no/tema/politikk?articleId=14696&artSectionId=791 www.bergen.kommune.no]</ref> ==Climate== {{seealso|Geography of Norway#Climate}} {{climate chart convertible|[[Bergen]] |-.4|3.6|190 |-.5|4|152 |.9|5.9|170 |3|9.1|114 |7.2|14.0|106 |10.2|16.8|132 |11.5|17.6|148 |11.6|17.4|190 |9.1|14.2|283 |9.6|11.2|271 |2.8|6.9|259 |.6|4.7|235 |float=right }} Bergen has been nicknamed ''The City of Rain'' for its plentiful [[rain]]fall - annual [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] is 2250&nbsp;mm (88&nbsp;inches) on average.<ref name="nedboerstat">{{Cite web |url=http://met.no/observasjoner/hordaland/normaler_for_kommune_1201.html |title=met.no: Normaler for Bergen |accessdate=2007-08-16 |year=2007 |author=Meterologisk Institutt |language=Norwegian }}</ref> This is because the city is surrounded by mountains that the clouds can not get over easily. Rain fell every day between [[October 29]] [[2006]] and [[January 21]] [[2007]], 85 consecutive days.<ref name="nedboersrekord">{{Cite web|url=http://www.siste.no/Innenriks/var_og_uvar/article2537456.ece|title=Stopp for nedbørsrekord|accessdate=2007-10-09|publisher=siste.no|year=2007|author=ANB-NTB|language=Norwegian}}</ref> In the winter, Bergen is one of the warmest cities in Norway, thanks to the [[Gulf Stream]]; 10&nbsp;°C and rain can happen in both January and July. The highest temperature ever recorded was 31.8&nbsp;°C, a record that dates back to 1947.<ref name="varmerekorder">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/2003/07/16/373782.html |title=Varmerekord i Bergen |accessdate=2007-08-16 |year=2003 |language=Norwegian }}</ref> The lowest ever recorded is -16.3&nbsp;°C, in 1987.<ref>Bjørbæk, G. 2003. ''Norsk vær i 110 år.'' N.W. DAMM & Sønn. ISBN 82-04-08695-4; page 260</ref> The high amount of precipitation is often used in the marketing of the city, and figures to a degree on postcards sold in the city. For a period of time there were umbrella vending machines in the city, but these did not turn out to be a success.<ref name="paraplyfiasko">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hegnar.no/hegnar/newsdet.asp?id=171839 |title=Paraply-fiasko i Bergen |accessdate=2007-08-16 |language=Norwegian }}</ref> {{Clear}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;width:100%;border:0px;text-align:center;line-height:120%;" ! style="background: #99CCCC; color: #000080" height="17" |Month ! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Jan ! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Feb ! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Mar ! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Apr ! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | May ! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Jun ! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Jul ! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Aug ! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Sep ! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Oct ! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Nov ! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Dec |- ! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" |Avg high °C | style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" | 3.6 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" | 4.0 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" | 5.9 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" | 9.1 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" | 14.0 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" | 16.8 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" | 17.6 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" | 17.4 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" | 14.2 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" | 11.2 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" | 6.9 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" | 4.7 |- ! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" height="16;" |Avg low temperature °C | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | -0.4 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | -0.5 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 0.9 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 3.0 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 7.2 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 10.2 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 11.5 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 11.6 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 9.1 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 9.6 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 2.8 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 0.6 |- ! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" height="16;" |Mean Total Precipitation (mm) | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 190 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 152 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 170 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 114 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 106 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 132 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 148 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 190 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 283 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 271 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 259 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 235 |- ! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" height="16;" |Mean Number of Precipitation Days | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 21 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 17 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 19 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 17 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 17 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 16 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 18 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 19 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 23 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 24 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 22 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 22 |- | colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|''Source: World Weather Information Service<ref>[http://www.worldweather.org/008/c00022.htm World Weather Information Service - Bergen<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |} ===Climate change=== {{seealso|Hatlestad slide}} [[Image:Hatlestad Terrasse, 2006.JPG|thumb|right|Damaged house after the 2005 slide]] In recent years, precipitation and winds have increased in the city. In late 2005, heavy rains caused floods and several landslides, the worst of which killed three people on September 14. It is predicted by meteorologists that due to [[global warming]], severe storms causing landslides and floods will become more powerful in the area and in surrounding counties in coming years. As a response, the municipality created a special 24-man rescue unit within the fire department in 2005, to future slides and other natural disasters,<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.bt.no/lokalt/bergen/article314825.ece | title=Bergen oppretter egen rasgruppe | accessdate=2007-09-11 | publisher=Bergens Tidende | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | author=Jan I. Eliassen | language=Norwegian }}</ref> and neighbourhoods considered at risk of slides were surveyed in 2006.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.bt.no/lokalt/article210511.ece | title=Rasfare sjekkes i hele kommunen | accessdate=2007-09-11 | publisher=Bergen Tidende | date=[[September 28]] [[2005]] | author=Kari Pedersen | language=Norwegian }}</ref> As of October 2007, the prediction has been supported by over 480 landslides in Hordaland county from the spring of '06 to the summer of '07. Most of the slides hit roads, but until October 2007, when a large rock dislodged and killed the driver of a car,<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article2050231.ece | title=Kvinne omkom da stein gikk gjennom frontruten | accessdate=2007-11-15 | publisher=Aftenposten | date=[[16 October]] [[2007]] | author=Jostein Ihlbæk | language=Norwegian }}</ref> none of them caused damage to cars, buildings, or people.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.dagsavisen.no/innenriks/article266233.ece | title=I værgudenes vold | accessdate=2007-09-11 | publisher=Dagsavisen | date=[[February 2]], [[2006]] | author=Tor Sandberg | language=Norwegian }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.bt.no/valg07/article404482.ece | title=480 ras på vegene i Hordaland | accessdate=2007-10-12 | publisher=Bergens Tidende | date=[[September 4]], [[2007]] | author=Johan Lindebotten | language=Norwegian }}</ref> Another concern is the risk of rising sea levels. Already today, Bryggen is regularly flooded at extreme tide, and it is feared that as sea levels rise, floods will become a major problem in Bergen. Floods may in the future reach the old fire station in Olav Kyrres Gate, as well as the railroad tracks leading out of the city.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article1750317.ece | title=Bergen går våt fremtid i møte | accessdate=2007-09-11 | publisher=Aftenposten | date=[[April 22]], [[2007]] | author=Cato Guhnfeldt | language=Norwegian }}</ref> It has therefore been suggested by among others Stiftelsen Bryggen, the foundation responsible for preserving the UNESCO site, that a sea wall, built so that it could be raised and lowered as demanded by the tides, be built outside the harbour to protect the city.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.bt.no/lokalt/bergen/tettpa/article321091.ece | title=Sluse kan redde Bryggen | accessdate=2007-09-11 | publisher=Bergens Tidende | date=[[December 6]], [[2006]] | author=Øivind Ask | language=Norwegian }}</ref> Another effect of recent years' weather conditions in the area is that Norwegians increasingly believe that climate change is a threat.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.bt.no/miljo/article328201.ece | title=Klimaskepsisen fordampa i rekordvarmt år | accessdate=2007-09-11 | publisher=Bergens Tidende | date=[[January 2]] [[2007]] | author=Eva Røyrane, Hans K. Mjelva | language=Norwegian }}</ref> ==Education== {{See also|Education in Norway}} ===Higher education=== [[Image:Bergen-University-modf.jpg|thumb|right|Bergen Museum, a part of The [[University of Bergen]]]] Bergen has one university, the [[University of Bergen]], and one university college, [[Bergen University College]], with a total of 22,000 students and 3,600 staff. With approximately 16,000 students and 3,000 staff,<ref name="omuib">{{Cite web |url=http://www.uib.no/info/generell/#hva |title=Om Universitetet i Bergen |accessdate=2007-08-16 |language=Norwegian }}</ref> the University of Bergen ([[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]: ''Universitetet i Bergen'') is the third largest university in Norway, after the [[University of Oslo]] and the [[Norwegian University of Science and Technology]]. Although it was founded as late as 1946, academic activity had been taking place at [[Bergen Museum]] since 1825. The university's academic profile focuses on marine research and co-operation with [[developing country|developing countries]].<ref name="uibacprof">{{Cite web|url=http://www.uib.no/info/english/aprofile.html|title=Academic profile|accessdate=2007-10-09|publisher=University of Bergen|year=2005}}</ref> In 2002, the university was awarded three national centres of excellence in [[climate research]], [[Petroleum|petroleum research]] and [[medieval studies]].<ref name="uibsff">{{Cite web|url=http://nyheter.uib.no/?modus=vis_nyhet&id=120602111405|title=UiB får tre SFF|accessdate=2007-10-09|publisher=på høyden|year=2002|author=Mia Kolbjørnsen and Hilde Kvalvaag|language=Norwegian}}</ref> In December 2004, billionaire [[Trond Mohn]] donated 250 million NOK to the University as research funding.<ref name="mohn1">{{Cite web |url=http://nyheter.uib.no/?modus=vis_nyhet&id=221204164909 |title=250 nye millioner fra Mohn |accessdate=2007-08-16 |year=2004 |language=Norwegian }}</ref> In addition, he has given the university several individual gifts of 50 million NOK.<ref name="mohn2">{{Cite web |url=http://nyheter.uib.no/?modus=vis_nyhet&id=35730 |title=Nye 50 millioner fra Mohn |accessdate=2007-08-16 |year=2007 |language=Norwegian }}</ref><ref name="mohn3">{{Cite web |url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/okonomi/artikkel.php?artid=259839 |title=Donerer 250 millioner til Universitetet i Bergen |accessdate=2007-08-16 |year=2004 |language=Norwegian }}</ref> [[Image:Faculty of Education at HiB.JPG|thumb|left|The Faculty of Education at Landås]] [[Bergen University College]] (Norwegian: ''Høgskolen i Bergen'') is one of 24 state-owned university colleges in Norway. As of 2007, it has approximately 6,000 students and 600 staff.<ref name="hib">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hib.no/om/index.html |title=Om Høgskolen i Bergen |accessdate=2007-08-16 |year=2007 |language=Norwegian }}</ref> The university college offers studies directed towards specific professions. The college is organised in 3 faculties: the ''Faculty of Education'', the ''Faculty of Engineering'', and the ''Faculty of Health and Social Sciences''. The [[NHH|Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration]] (Norwegian: ''Norges Handelshøyskole'') is a leading school of business and economics in Norway. [[Finn E. Kydland]], the last (2004) of three Norwegian laureates of the [[Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel|Economy Nobel Prize]],<ref name="kydlandprize">{{Cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2004/ |title=The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2004 |accessdate=2007-08-16 |year=2007 }}</ref> has studied and lectured at the school. The school has approximately 2,700 students and 350 staff.<ref name="omnhh">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nhh.no/omnhh/organisasjon/ |title=Om NHH |accessdate=2007-08-16 |year=2006 |language=Norwegian }}</ref> As the result of a resolution passed by the Norwegian [[storting]] in 1917, the school was founded in 1936 as the first [[business school]] in Norway. As of 2007, the school's [[MSc]] programme is ranked by the [[Financial Times]] as the 36th best in Europe.<ref name="mim-nhh">{{Cite web|url=http://rankings.ft.com/masters-in-management|title=FT.com / Business Education / Masters in management|accessdate=2007-09-29|publisher=Financial Times|year=2007|language=Norwegian}}</ref> The [[Bergen School of Architecture]] (''Bergen Arkitekt Skole''), founded in 1986 by [[architect]] [[Svein Hatløy]], has alternative programs, with graduants like 3RW arkitekter and [[Tommie Wilhemsen]]. The [[Bergen National Academy of the Arts]] (''Kunsthøgskolen i Bergen'', approximately 300 students and 100 staff)<ref name="khib">{{Cite web |url=http://www.khib.no/index.php/khib/organisasjon/om_khib |title=Om Kunsthøgskolen i Bergen |accessdate=2007-08-16 |language=Norwegian }}</ref> is one of the two independent institutions of higher learning in the visual arts and design in Norway. Students can take a three-year Bachelor degree and a two-year Master degree in the following areas: Visual Art; Interior Architecture; Furniture Design; Room Design; Visual Communications; Photography; Printmaking; Ceramics and Textiles. The [[Norwegian Naval Academy|Naval Academy]] (''Sjøkrigsskolen'') of the [[Royal Norwegian Navy]] is located at Laksevåg in Bergen. ===Primary and secondary education=== There are 64 elementary schools,<ref name="barnskoler">{{Cite web|url=http://www3.bergen.kommune.no/portal/page?_pageid=74,56541&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&articleId=126&artSectionId=41&menuSectionId=41&sectionId=41|title=Oversikt over barneskoler|accessdate=2007-09-29|publisher=Bergen kommune|year=2007|language=Norwegian}}</ref> 18 lower secondary schools<ref name="ungdomsskoler">{{Cite web|url=http://www3.bergen.kommune.no/portal/page?_pageid=74,56541&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&articleId=117&artSectionId=41&menuSectionId=41&sectionId=41|title=Oversikt over ungdomsskoler|accessdate=2007-09-29|publisher=Bergen kommune|year=2007|language=Norwegian}}</ref> and 20 upper secondary schools<ref name="hordskoler">{{Cite web|url=http://utdanning.hfk.no/templates/Page.aspx?id=2055|title=Skoleportalen|accessdate=2007-09-29|publisher=Hordaland fylkeskommune|year=2007|language=Norwegian}}</ref> in Bergen, as well as 11 combined elementary/lower secondary schools.<ref name="kombiskoler">{{Cite web|url=http://www3.bergen.kommune.no/portal/page?_pageid=74,56541&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&articleId=116&artSectionId=41&menuSectionId=41&sectionId=41|title=Oversikt over kombinerte skoler|accessdate=2007-09-29|publisher=Bergen kommune|year=2007|language=Norwegian}}</ref> [[Image:HolbergKatedralskolenBergen.jpg|right|thumb|The former building of Bergen katedralskole, then known as Bergen latinskole]] [[Bergen Katedralskole]] ([[Latin]]: ''Scholae Bergensis Cathedralis'') is believed to have been founded in 1153 by [[Pope Adrian IV]]<ref name="byleksikon">{{cite book | title=Bergen Byleksikon| last=Hartvedt| first=Gunnar Hagen|date=1994| publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget| id=82-57-30485-9}}</ref> (then known as ''Nicholas Breakspear''), thus making it Bergen's oldest school and one of the oldest schools in Norway. The school moved to its present location in 1840, and the old building was left mostly unused until the School Museum of Bergen moved into the building in 2003.<ref name="skolemuseum">{{Cite web |url=http://www.museumsnett.no/bergenskolemuseum/informasjon/visart.php?id=3 |title=Bergen Skolemuseum, Informasjon, Historikk |accessdate=2007-09-09 |language=Norwegian }}</ref> Since 1972 the school is a regular [[Education in Norway|upper secondary school]] (similar to a [[high school]] in the [[Education in the United States|United States]] and the [[Education in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]). In 2006, [[Bergen Handelsgymnasium]], an upper secondary school in Bergen, was chosen as a finalist in the [[Holberg International Memorial Prize|The Holberg Prize School Project]].<ref>[http://www.holbergprisen.no/skole/en_skoleprosjekt.html The Holberg Prize - School projects]</ref> ===Research=== The University of Bergen and Haukeland University Hospital are by far the largest research institutions in Bergen. The [[Chr. Michelsen Institute]] (''Christian Michelsens Institutt''), founded in 1930, is located in Bergen. With an annual turnover of 56 million [[Norwegian krone|NOK]],<ref name="cmi">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cmi.no/about/|title=About CMI|accessdate=2007-10-02|language=Norwegian}}</ref> it is one of Scandinavia's largest independent research institutes on human rights and development issues. The aim of CMI is to inform and influence policy on international development issues.<ref name="cmi"/> The [[Norwegian Institute of Marine Research]] (Norwegian: ''Havforskningsinstituttet''), formerly known as ''Norwegian Fisheries Investigations'' (Norwegian: ''Norske Fiskeriundersøgelser'') has been located in Bergen since 1900. The primary responsibility of the institute is to provide advice to national authorities, society and industry regarding questions related to the ecosystems of the [[Barents Sea]], the [[Norwegian Sea]], the [[North Sea]] and the Norwegian coastal zone and in the field of aquaculture. The institute has a staff of 700,<ref name="imr">{{Cite web|url=http://www.imr.no/english/about_imr|title=About imr|accessdate=2007-10-02|language=Norwegian}}</ref> making it the largest marine research institution in Norway. ==Economy== [[Image:Strandgatenbg.jpg|thumb|right|The shopping street Strandgaten]] Bergen's inter-municipal harbour is by far Norway's largest port and one of Europe's largest ports, according to the inter-municipal company Port of Bergen.<ref name="bergenhavn">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bt.no/na24/article278586.ece |title=Bergen havn holder koken |accessdate=2007-08-16 |publisher=NA24 |year=2004 |language=Norwegian }}</ref> In August 2004, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine named the city one of Europe's 14 "secret capitals"<ref name="secretcaps">{{Cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/europe/secret/opener.html |title=Europe's Secret Capitals |accessdate=2007-08-14 |publisher=TIME Magazine |year=2004 }}</ref> where Bergen's capital reign is acknowledged within maritime businesses and activities such as aquaculture and marine research, with the Institute of Marine Research (IMR) (the second-largest in Europe) as the leading institution. Bergen is the main base for the [[Royal Norwegian Navy]] (at [[Haakonsvern]]) and its international airport [[Bergen Airport, Flesland|Flesland]] is the main heliport for the huge Norwegian North Sea oil and gas industry, from where thousands of offshore workers commute to their work places onboard oil and gas rigs and platforms.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.wnfc.no/index.php?page=gallery&category=3&id=20|title = Film Location:Bergen|publisher = West Norway Film Commission|accessdate = 2007-10-09}}</ref> The headquarters of [[TV 2 (Norway)|TV 2]] Norway's largest commercial [[television channel]] are located in Bergen. However, they may be moving to Oslo when they lose their analog TV broadcasting license in 2008.<ref name="tv2flytte">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/okonomi/5194006.html|title=TV 2 med flytteplaner fra Bergen|accessdate=2007-10-15|publisher=NRK.no|year=2005|language=Norwegian}}</ref> Tourism is an important income source for the city. The hotels in the city may be full at times,<ref name="russerne">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bt.no/na24/article371611.ece|title=Russerne kommer|accessdate=2007-10-10|publisher=bt.no|author=Lars Kvamme and Ingvild Bruaset|language=Norwegian}}</ref><ref name="bergensturister">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bt.no/lokalt/bergen/article278593.ece|title=Sender bergensturister vekk|accessdate=2007-10-10|publisher=bt.no|year=2006|author=Frode Buanes and Lars Kvamme|language=Norwegian}}</ref> due to the increasing number of tourists and conferences. Prior to the [[Rolling Stones]] concert in September 2006, many hotels were already full-booked several months in advance.<ref name="fullehoteller">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bt.no/lokalt/bergen/article273195.ece|title=Fulle hoteller møter Stones-fansen|accessdate=2007-10-10|publisher=bt.no|year=2006|author=Arild Berg Karlsen and Erik Fossen|language=Norwegian}}</ref> Bergen is recognised as the unofficial capital of the region known as [[West Norway]], and recognised and marketed as the gateway city to the world famous [[fjord]]s of Norway and for that reason it has become Norway's largest - and one of Europe's largest - [[cruise ship]] ports of call.<ref name="cruisebergen">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bergenhavn.no/cruise.asp |title=Velkommen til Bergen havn - "Inngangen til Fjordene" |accessdate=2007-08-14 |author=Bergen Havn |language=Norwegian }}</ref> ==Transportation== [[Image:Trolleybus Gaia-modf.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A trolleybus operated by the defunct [[Gaia Trafikk]]]] Bergen has an international [[airport]], [[Bergen Airport, Flesland]], with direct flights to several European cities. The [[Bergensbanen]] [[railway]] line runs east to [[Voss]], [[Geilo]], [[Hønefoss]] and [[Oslo]]. The [[European route E16|E16]] road to Oslo passes through the [[Lærdalstunnelen]], the longest road tunnel in the world.<ref name="laerdal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.vegvesen.no/region_vest/prosjekter/lardalstunnelen/index.stm |title=Lærdalstunnelen |accessdate=2007-08-16 |year=2007 |language=Norwegian}}</ref> Bergen was the first city in [[Northern Europe]] to introduce a ring of [[toll road]]s entirely surrounding the city, making entering the city centre by car impossible without paying the toll. The toll road system, established to fund new roads and motorways, opened [[January 2]], [[1986]]. The toll was collected by both [[toll plaza]]s and an [[electronic toll collection]] system. In the early 2000s, the electronic toll collection system [[AutoPASS]] was introduced, replacing both the remaining toll plazas and the existing but dated electronic toll collection system.<ref name="bbl1">{{cite journal | author=Gunnar Hagen Hartvedt| title=bompengering| journal=Bergen Byleksikon| year=1994| pages=119–120}}</ref> Public transportation is provided by the transportation company [[Tide (transportation company)|Tide]], the result of a merger between ''Gaia'' and ''HSD''. Among the fleet of buses are 8 [[Bergen trolleybus|trolleybuses]] (two of which are dual-mode buses). Local train transport to Arna is provided by [[Norges Statsbaner]]. There is a funicular ([[Fløibanen]]) and an aerial tramway ([[Ulriksbanen]]). The city's tram system was closed in 1965, although a museum line still operates on [[Møhlenpris]].<ref name="trikk">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vp.no/prosjekter/05150/|title=Museumstrikk: Bergens Elektriske Sporvei: Møhlenpris-Engen|accessdate=2007-09-16|language=Norwegian}}</ref> The construction of a modern [[Bergen Light Rail|light rail]] line connecting the city centre with [[Nesttun]] and Bergen Airport has been approved by [[Stortinget]] and is underway.<ref name="bybanen">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bergen.kommune.no/bybane/ |title=Bybanen |accessdate=2007-08-16 |year=2007 |language=Norwegian}}</ref> Express buses go to all larger destinations in Norway.<ref name="tideekspressbuss">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tide.no/Default.aspx?pageid=749|title=Ekspressbuss (Tide ASA)|accessdate=2007-09-16|publisher=Tide ASA|language=Norwegian}}</ref><ref name="lavprisekspressen.no">{{Cite web|url=https://lavprisekspressen.no/|title=Lavprisekspressen.no|accessdate=2007-09-16|publisher=Lavprisekspressen.no|language=Norwegian}}</ref><ref name="fjord1buss">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fjord1.no/default.asp?page=1203&type=iframe&url=http%3A//www.ruteinfo.net/ruter-f1/index/ekspressbusser.html|title=Fjord1 - Ekspressbussruter|accessdate=2007-09-16|publisher=Fjord1|language=Norwegian}}</ref> [[Image:Midnatsol TITEL.jpg|thumb|left|Coastal Express ''MS Midnatsol'']] The Norwegian coastal steamer service [[Hurtigruten]] originates in Bergen, running north to Trondheim, Bodø, Tromsø and Kirkenes.<ref name="hurtigruten">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hurtigruten.com/no/default.aspx?side_id=270|title=Hurtigruten ASA - Seilingsliste og ruteplan|accessdate=2007-09-16|publisher=Hurtigruten ASA|language=Norwegian}}</ref> Passenger catamarans run from Bergen south to [[Haugesund]] and [[Stavanger]],<ref name="tideruter">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tide.no/Default.aspx?pageid=789|title=Hurtigbåt- og lokalbåtruter|accessdate=2007-09-16|publisher=Tide ASA|language=Norwegian}}</ref> and north to [[Sognefjorden]] and [[Nordfjord]].<ref name="fjord1ferries">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fjord1.no/default.asp?page=407#scroll|title=Fjord1 - Ekspressbåter|accessdate=2007-09-16|publisher=Fjord1|language=Norwegian}}</ref> Car ferries connect to [[Hanstholm]],<ref name="fjordline">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fjordline.com/index.php|title=Fjord Line|accessdate=2007-09-16|publisher=Fjord Line AS|language=Norwegian}}</ref> and [[Hirtshals]]<ref name="colorline">{{Cite web|url=http://www.colorline.no/|title=Color Line|accessdate=2007-09-16|publisher=Color Line AS|language=Norwegian}}</ref> in Denmark, [[Lerwick]],<ref name="Smyrilline">{{Cite web|url=http://www.smyril-line.no/SEILINGSPLAN.aspx|title=Smyril Line Seilingsplan|accessdate=2007-09-16|publisher=Smyril Line Norge|language=Norwegian}}</ref> [[Scrabster]],<ref name="Smyrilline"/> and [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]]<ref name="dfds">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dfds.no/dsw/no|title=DFDS Seaways|accessdate=2007-09-16|publisher=DFDS Seaways|language=Norwegian}}</ref> in the United Kingdom, [[Tórshavn]]<ref name="Smyrilline"/> on the Faroe Islands, and [[Seyðisfjörður]]<ref name="Smyrilline"/> on Iceland. ==Culture and sports== Bergen is an important cultural centre in its region and in Norway, maybe best known for hosting the annual Bergen International Festival (''Festspillene i Bergen''). The city is home of the [[Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra]], which was founded in 1765 and is one of the world's oldest orchestral institutions.<ref name="filhar">{{Cite web |url=http://www.filharmonien.no/ |title=Bergen Filharmoniske Orkester |accessdate=2007-08-16 |year=2006 |language=Norwegian }}</ref> The orchestra performs regularly at the 1,500 seat<ref name="grieghall">{{Cite web |url=http://www.grieghallen.no/facilities/capacity/?l=en |title=Grieghallen: Floor space and capacity |accessdate=2007-09-08 |publisher=Grieghallen.no }}</ref> [[Grieg Hall]]. The city is also home of the [[Bergen Woodwind Quintet]], which is made up primarily of principal winds of the Bergen Philharmonic. Bergen was a [[European Capital of Culture]] in 2000.<ref name="cultcap">{{Cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/eac/other_actions/cap_europ/cap_00_01_02_en.html |title=European Capitals of Culture 2000 - 2005 |accessdate=2007-08-16 }}</ref> Other main cultural events include ''Nattjazz'', ''Lost Weekend Festivalen'' and ''Bergenfest'' (formerly ''Ole Blues'').<ref name="oleblues">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tellus.no/tellus/db.dll?dv_js=1&icp=visitbergen/product&sp=NO&PR1_481_1 |title=Bergenfest (tidligere Ole Blues) |accessdate=2007-08-16 |language=Norwegian }}</ref> [[Image:Grieghallen.JPG|thumb|The 1,500 seat ''Grieg Hall'' (Grieghallen)]] There are numerous amateur bands in Bergen and the surrounding communities, performing regularly throughout the city. They generally fall within two distinct categories: [[brass bands]], following the British band tradition, and ''Janitsjar'' or [[Concert band|wind bands]], which include both woodwind and brass instruments. Both of these types of bands tend to be quite competitive, and the Grieg Hall in Bergen is home to the annual Norwegian Brass Band Championships, which takes place in late winter.<ref name="brassnm">{{Cite web|url=http://62.97.235.172/nyhetsbrev/Nhbrevmal2.asp?NID=228|title=INVITASJON TIL NORGESMESTERSKAPET FOR BRASSBAND 2008 |accessdate=2007-10-09|publisher=Norges Musikkorps Forbund|language=Norwegian}}</ref> With [[Newspaper circulation|circulations]] of 87,076 and 30,719 in 2006,<ref name="opplag">{{Cite web|url=http://mediebedriftene.no/index.asp?id=71672|title=Avisenes leser- og opplagstall for 2006|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=oktober 26|publisher=Mediebedriftenes Landsforening|year=2007|language=Norwegian}}</ref>) [[Bergens Tidende]] and [[Bergensavisen]] are the two largest newspapers in Bergen. Bergens Tidende has won three [[European Newspaper Awards]], in 2006 for ''best designed regional newspaper'',<ref name="eunewsawards">{{Cite web|url=http://www.editorial-design.com/06/award06e/index.html|title=The winners of the 8th European Newspaper Award|accessdate=2007-10-27|publisher=Office for Newspaper Design|year=2006|language=Norwegian}}</ref> in 2004 for ''best designed weekly newspaper'',<ref name="eunewsawards2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.editorial-design.com/04/award04e/index.html|title=The winners of the sixth European Newspaper Award|accessdate=2007-10-27|publisher=Office for Newspaper Design|year=2004|language=Norwegian}}</ref> and in 2002 for ''best designed regional newspaper''.<ref name="eunewsawards3">{{Cite web|url=http://editorial-design.com/02/award02e/index.html|title=The winners of the fourth European Newspaper Award|accessdate=2007-10-27|publisher=Office for Newspaper Design|year=2002|language=Norwegian}}</ref> The city is also the home of several smaller newspapers and publications, including [[Fanaposten]] (circulation of 4,062<ref name="opplag"/>), a local newspaper for the borough [[Fana]], and the [[Christianity|Christian]] newspaper [[Dagen (Norwegian newspaper)|Dagen]] (circulation of 8,936<ref name="opplag"/>). [[Image:Markens og Mathismarkens modf.jpg|left|thumb|Markens and Mathismarkens buekorps at Bryggen]] Bergen is home to [[Buekorps]], a prominent feature in the [[Norwegian Constitution Day|Constitution Day]] celebrations in the city. Buekorps consists of a parade in the streets with wooden sticks shaped as guns or crossbows, sabres and even halberds, to a military snare sounded by several drummers. The performers are usually boys between 7 and 21 years of age, but older veterans can be seen. There are buekorps for girls and for both girls and boys as well. Buekorps are regarded with warmth by some, whilst others dislike it due to its militarised appearance or the dominant sound of the drumming.<ref name="Buekorpsene.com">{{Cite web|url=http://buekorpsene.com/english/whatisbuekorps.php|title=What is a buekorps?|accessdate=2007-11-10|publisher=Buekorpsene.com|year=2006|author=|language=English}}</ref><ref name="Studvest.no">{{Cite web|url=http://www.studvest.no/nyhende.php?art_id=270|title=Studenter hestes av buekorps på nettet|accessdate=2007-11-10|publisher=Studvest.no|author=|language=Norwegian}}</ref> In the late 1990s and early 2000s several pop, rock and [[black metal]] artists from Bergen became famous, at home as well as abroad. Many of these were connected to the small record label ''Tellé Records''.<ref name="telle">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ba.no/puls/article591155.ece|title=Telle: – Angrer ingenting|accessdate=2007-10-10|publisher=ba.no|year=2003|author=Ann Kristin Frøystad|language=Norwegian}}</ref> In the domestic press this became known as the [[Bergen Wave]]. Musicians and bands from Bergen include [[Anne Lilia Berge Strand|Annie]], [[Burzum]], [[Enslaved (band)|Enslaved]], [[Gorgoroth (band)|Gorgoroth]], [[Borknagar]], [[Immortal (band)|Immortal]], [[Erlend Øye]], [[Kings of Convenience]], [[Röyksopp]], [[Sondre Lerche]], Nazgûl and [[Datarock]].<ref name="bb1">{{Cite web |url=http://www2.bt.no/bergenpuls/article396707 |title=Bløffmakerens guide til Bergensbølgen |accessdate=2007-08-16 |publisher=Bergens Tidende |year=2005|author=Lars Ursin |language=Norwegian }}</ref><ref name="bb2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bt.no/kultur/musikk/article225748.ece |title=Bergensbølgen tørrlagt på Alarm |accessdate=2007-08-16 |publisher=Bergens Tidende |year=2005 |author=Lars Ursin |language=Norwegian }}</ref> Bergen has a small but thriving scene for contemporary art, most notably centered around BIT Teatergarasjen, Bergen Kunsthall, United Sardines Factory, USF and Bergen Center for Electronic Arts, BEK. ===Football=== [[Image:Brann stadion-modf.jpg|thumb|right|[[S.K. Brann]]'s stadium [[Brann stadion]]]] Bergen has two professional football teams, [[Brann]] and [[Løv-Ham Fotball|Løv-Ham]]. Brann plays in the [[Norwegian Premier League|premier league]],<ref name="tippelig">{{Cite web |url=http://www.fotball.no/t2.aspx?p=53184&cat=51834 |title=Tippeligaen (Norges Fotballforbund) |accessdate=2007-08-16 |publisher=Norges Fotballforbund |year=2007 |language=Norwegian }}</ref> while Løv-Ham plays in the [[Adeccoligaen|first division]].<ref name="addecolig">{{Cite web |url=http://www.fotball.no/t2.aspx?p=53186&cat=51834 |title=Adeccoligaen (Norges Fotballforbund) |accessdate=2007-08-16 |publisher=Norges Fotballforbund |year=2007 |language=Norwegian }}</ref> Despite Løv-Ham playing in the 2nd highest level in Norwegian football, Brann is the only club to draw any considerable interest from the public. The first Løv-Ham supporter group, Selskapsløvene ([[English language|English]]: ''The Party Lions'') was created as recently as December 2005.<ref name="selskapslovene">{{Cite web|url=http://www.selskapslovene.no/hovedside/om.php|title=Om Selskapsløvene|accessdate=2007-10-01|publisher=selvskapslovene.no|language=Norwegian}}</ref> Brann play their matches at [[Brann stadion]], with a capacity of 17,824<ref name="brannstadion">{{Cite web|url=http://www.brann.no/index.php?mapping=210|title=Stadionfakta|accessdate=2007-10-01|publisher=Brann.no|year=2007|language=Norwegian}}</ref> as of June 2007, while Løv-Ham play their matches at [[Krohnsminde kunstgressbane]], with a capacity of 3000, but an attendance record of 1051 in the league.<ref name"lovham">{{Cite web |url=http://nifs.no/tilskuertall.php?h2hskjul=1&land=&t=&u=&visou= |title = nifs.no - Norsk & Internasjonal Fotballstatistikk |accessdate=2007-10-01 |year=2007 |language=Norwegian}}</ref> Although Brann is one of the largest teams in Norway, the team has had limited success in the [[Norwegian Premier League|Premier League]] and the [[Norwegian football cup|cup]]. They have won the cup six times, most recently in [[Norwegian men's football cup 2004|2004]]. Brann won the Premier League in 1961/62 and then in 1963. The 1963 title was directly followed by the relegation of the team into the Second Division (today known as ''[[Adeccoligaen]]'', the second highest level of Norwegian football). The team has won several silver and bronze medals since, but didn't win the league again until the [[S.K. Brann 2007|2007 season]].<ref name="gulleteheme">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fotball.no/t1.aspx?p=51831&x=1&a=209708|title=- Gratulerer, Brann!|accessdate=2007-10-22|publisher=Norges Fotballforbund|year=2007|author=Ole Ivar Store|language=Norwegian}}</ref> Despite, or perhaps because of the lack of league titles, the team is met with high expectations from the national and local press and the inhabitants of Bergen every year.{{Fact|date=October 2007}} ===Dialect=== {{main|Bergensk}} ''Bergensk'', or the ''Bergen dialect'', is the dialect of Norwegian spoken in Bergen. It is easy for Norwegians to recognise, as it is very distinguishable from the other dialects in Hordaland. Like almost all Norwegian dialects, Bergensk cannot be said to be either [[Bokmål]] or [[Nynorsk]]. While the vocabulary shows many traits of both Bokmål and Nynorsk, it has many characteristics that are not covered by any of these written languages. Foreigners, such as the [[Low German]] speaking merchants of the [[Hanseatic League]] who lived in Bergen in the period from about 1350 to 1750, has had a profound impact on the dialect.<ref name="slikblevi">{{cite book | title=Slik ble vi bergensere - Hanseatene og bergensdialekten| last=Nesse| first=Agnete|date=2003| publisher=Sigma Forlag| id=ISBN 82-7916-028-0}}</ref> Bergen being the major Norwegian city during the [[Denmark–Norway|Dano-Norwegian union]] from 1536 to 1814 led to Bergensk absorbing more of the [[Danish language|Danish]] than other Norwegian dialects. Many, but not all, influences from these languages since spread from Bergen to parts of or the whole of Norway.<ref name="slikblevi"/> The female [[grammatical gender]] disappeared in the 16th century, probably due to influence from Danish,<ref name="slikblevi"/> making Bergensk one of the very few dialects in Norway with only two grammatical genders. All others, excepting [[sociolect]]s in other Norwegian cities, have three. The ''R''s are [[uvular trills]], as in [[French language|French]]. It probably spread to Bergen (and [[Kristiansand]]) some time in the 18th century, overtaking the [[alveolar trill]] in the time span of 2 to 3 generations.<ref name="slikblevi"/> Due to an improved [[literacy rate]], Bergensk was influenced by [[riksmål]] and bokmål in the 19th and 20th centuries. This led to large parts of the German-inspired [[vocabulary]] disappearing and pronunciations shifting slightly towards East Norwegian.<ref name="slikblevi"/> ==Famous residents== {{main|Famous people from Bergen}} :''See also [[:Category:People from Bergen|People from Bergen]] (category) {{columns |width=3000px |col1 = *[[Trond Torleivsson Benkestok]], nobleman (1490–1558) *[[Dorothe Engelbretsdotter]], author (1634–1713) *[[Hans Hansen Bergen]], ship's carpenter, one of the earliest settlers of Nieuw Amsterdam (New York City), 1633 *[[Ludvig Holberg]], playwright (1684–1754) *[[Johan Sebastian Welhaven]], author, poet (1807–1873) *[[Ole Bull]], violinist, composer (1810–1880) *[[Gerhard Armauer Hansen]], leprosy researcher (1841–1912) *[[Edvard Grieg]], composer, pianist (1843–1907) *[[Amalie Skram]], author (1846–1905) *[[Christian Michelsen]], ship owner, prime minister (1857–1925) *[[Carl Joachim Hambro (1885-1964)|Carl Joachim Hambro]], politician, President of Parliament (1885-1964) *[[Arnulf Øverland]], author (1889–1968) *[[Tryggve Gran]], aviator (1889–1980) *[[Johan Nordahl Brun Grieg|Nordahl Grieg]], poet, author (1902–1943) *[[Torborg Nedreaas]], author and winner of the Kritikerprisen (1906-1987) *[[Leif Andreas Larsen]], a.k.a. ''Shetland Larsen'', naval officer (1906–1990) *[[Karsten Solheim]], golf equipment manufacturer (1911–2000) (emigrated to the U.S. as a child) |col2 = *[[Roald Jensen]], football player (1943–1987) *[[Helge Jordal]], actor (1946–) *[[Terje Rød-Larsen]], diplomat, sociologist (1947–) *[[Gunnar Staalesen]], author (1947-) *[[Jan Eggum]], singer-songwriter (1951–) *[[Terje Hauge]], football referee (1965–) *[[Sissel Kyrkjebø]], singer (1969–) *[[Roger Tiegs]], musician (1972–) *[[Olve Eikemo]] (Abbath), musician (1973–) *[[Varg Vikernes]], black-metal musician (1973-) *[[Eirik Glambek Bøe]], musician (1975–) *[[Erlend Øye]], musician (1975–) *[[Kurt Nilsen]], musician (1978–) *[[Sondre Lerche]], musician (1982–) *[[Christine Guldbrandsen]], singer (1985–) }} <gallery perrow="5"> Image:Ludvig Holberg.jpg|[[Ludvig Holberg]]<br /> playwright <br />(1684–1754) Image:Eilif Peterssen-Edvard Grieg 1891.jpg|[[Edvard Grieg]]<br /> composer, pianist <br />(1843–1907) Image:Christian Michelsen.jpg|[[Christian Michelsen]]<br /> ship owner, prime minister<br /> (1857–1925) Image:Gunnar.Staalesen.jpg|[[Gunnar Staalesen]]<br />author<br /> (1947-) Image:Sondre Lerche-Nevernes Havn.jpg|[[Sondre Lerche]]<br />musician<br /> (1982–) </gallery> ==Sister cities== Bergen has several [[sister cities]]. They are:<ref name="sistercities">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bergen.kommune.no/info_/ekstern/engelsk/international.html|title=International relations|publisher=Bergen kommune|accessdate=2007-09-11|year=2007}}</ref> *[[Asmara]], Eritrea *[[Gothenburg]], Sweden *[[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]], United Kingdom. Each year Bergen donates the Christmas Tree seen in Newcastle's Haymarket as a sign of the ongoing friendship between the sister cities. *[[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]], United States *[[Turku]], Finland *[[Aarhus]], Denmark == References == {{reflist|3}} ==External links== {{Commonscat|Bergen}} *Municipality website in '''[http://www.bergen.kommune.no/ Norwegian]''' and '''[http://www.bergen.kommune.no/info_/ekstern/engelsk/ English]''' *[http://www.bergen.kommune.no/info/world_heritage_city.html The World Heritage City Bergen] *[http://www.bergen-guide.com/ Bergen Guide] *{{Wikitravel}} {{Bergen}} {{Hordaland}} {{25 biggest cities of Norway}} {{European Capital of Culture}} {{Hanseatic League}} [[Category:Bergen| ]] [[Category:Cities in Norway]] [[Category:Coastal cities]] [[Category:1070 establishments]] [[Category:Port cities and towns in Norway]] [[Category:Port cities and towns of the North Sea]] [[Category:Viking Age settlements]] {{Link FA|fr}} [[af:Bergen]] [[ar:برجن]] [[bs:Bergen]] [[br:Bergen (Norvegia)]] [[bg:Берген]] [[ca:Bergen]] [[cs:Bergen]] [[cy:Bergen]] [[da:Bergen]] [[de:Bergen (Norwegen)]] [[et:Bergen]] [[es:Bergen]] [[eo:Bergen (Norvegio)]] [[fo:Bergen]] [[fr:Bergen (Norvège)]] [[gl:Bergen]] [[bpy:বারগেন]] [[id:Bergen]] [[ia:Bergen]] [[is:Björgvin]] [[it:Bergen (Norvegia)]] [[he:ברגן]] [[la:Berga]] [[lv:Bergena]] [[lb:Bergen (Norwegen)]] [[lt:Bergenas]] [[hu:Bergen]] [[nl:Bergen (Noorwegen)]] [[ja:ベルゲン]] [[no:Bergen]] [[nn:Bergen]] [[oc:Bergen]] [[nds:Bergen]] [[pl:Bergen]] [[pt:Bergen]] [[ro:Bergen, Norvegia]] [[ru:Берген]] [[simple:Bergen]] [[sk:Bergen]] [[sl:Bergen, Norveška]] [[sr:Берген]] [[fi:Bergen]] [[sv:Bergen]] [[vi:Bergen]] [[tr:Bergen, Norveç]] [[uk:Берген]] [[vec:Bergen (Norveja)]] [[vo:Bergen (Norgän)]] [[zea:Bergen]] [[zh:卑爾根]]