Bessarabia
38872
225656103
2008-07-14T19:32:20Z
TSO1D
274973
/* Population */ corrected percent (using data from below)
[[Image:Bessarabia.png|thumb|300px|1927 map of Bessarabia from Charles Upson Clark's book]]
'''Bessarabia''' (''Basarabia'' in [[Romanian language|Romanian]], Бесарабія in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], Бессарабия in [[Russian language|Russian]], Бесарабия in [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], ''Besarabya'' in [[Turkish language|Turkish]]) is a historical term for the geographic entity in [[Eastern Europe]] bounded by the [[Dniester River]] on the east and the [[Prut River]] on the west. This was the name by which [[Imperial Russia]] designated the eastern part of the principality of [[Moldavia]], ceded by the [[Ottoman Empire]] (to which Moldavia was a vassal) to Russia in the aftermath of the [[Russo-Turkish War, 1806-1812]]. The western part of Moldavia united with [[Wallachia]] in 1859 in what would become the [[Kingdom of Romania]]. In 1918, slightly before the end of [[World War I]], Bessarabia declared its independence from Russia and after three months united with the Kingdom of Romania. Bessarabia was [[Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina|occupied]] by the [[USSR]] in [[1940]] (considered a consequence of the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]]), but changed hands several times during [[World War II]]. The Soviet annexation was internationally recognized in 1947. Its core part was reorganised as the [[Moldavian SSR]], to which parts of the previous [[Moldavian ASSR]] were added. At the same time, some smaller parts of Bessarabia, in the south ([[Budjak]]) and north, were transferred to the [[Ukrainian SSR]]. In [[1991]], the Moldavian SSR was renamed the Republic of [[Moldova]], and on [[27 August]] the latter declared independence from the USSR.
==Geography==
[[Image:Regions of Moldavia.png|thumb|right|250 px|Map of Bessarabia within Moldavia]]
The region is bounded by the Dniester river to the north and east, the [[Prut]] to the west and the lower [[Danube]] river and the [[Black Sea]] to the south. It has approximately 17,600 sq mi (45,600 km²). The area is mostly hilly plains with flat [[steppes]]. It is very fertile for agriculture, and it also has some [[lignite]] deposits and stone quarries. People living in the area grow [[sugar beet]]s, [[sunflower]]s, [[wheat]], [[maize]], [[tobacco]], [[wine grapes]] and [[fruit]]. They also raise [[sheep]] and [[cattle]]. Currently, the main industry in the region is agricultural processing.
The region's main cities are [[Chişinău]], the capital of Moldova, [[Izmail]], [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovs'kyi]] (historically called Cetatea Albă and Akkerman). Other towns of administrative or historical importance include: [[Khotyn]], [[Lipcani]], [[Briceni]], [[Soroca]], [[Bălţi]], [[Orhei]], [[Ungheni]], [[Tighina|Bender/Tighina]], [[Cahul]], [[Reni]], and [[Kilia, Ukraine|Kilia]].
==History==
{{seealso|History of Moldova|History of Moldavia}}
The name Bessarabia (''Basarabia'' in [[Romanian language|Romanian]]) derives from the [[Wallachia]]n [[Basarab dynasty]], who allegedly ruled over the southern part of the area in the 14th century. The name originally applied only to the southern part of the territory, which roughly, but not exactly corresponds to [[Budjak]]. The Ottomans were the first to call it "Besarabya", when they established military presence the area in [[1484]] and [[1538]].
Since late [[14th century]], what later became Bessarabia has been partly or wholly controlled by: the [[Principality of Moldavia]], the [[Ottoman Empire]] (as suzerain of Moldavia, direct rule only in Budjak and [[Khotin]]), [[Russian Empire]], [[Romania]], the USSR, [[Ukraine]], and [[Moldova]].
===Ancient times===
The territory of Bessarabia has been inhabited by people for thousands of years. The Indo-European culture spread in the region around [[2000 BC]]. The early inhabitants of the region included the [[Cimmerians]], the [[Scythians]] and the [[Bastarnae]], but also [[Thracians|Thracian]] ([[Dacia]]ns, [[Getae]]) tribes of [[Costoboci]], [[Carpi]], [[Britogali]], and [[Tyragetae]]. In the [[6th century BC]], [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] settlers established the colony of [[Tyras]], along the [[Black Sea]] coast and traded with the locals. Also, Celts settled in the southern parts of Bessarabia, their main city being [[Aliobrix]].
The first polity that included the whole of Bessarabia was the Dacian polity of [[Burebista]] in the [[1st century BC]]. After his death, the polity was divided into smaller pieces and was only unified in the Dacian kingdom of [[Decebalus]] in the [[1st century|1st century AD]]. This kingdom was defeated by the [[Roman Empire]] in [[106]] and southern Bessarabia was included in the empire. The Romans built defensive earthen walls in Southern Bessarabia ([[Lower Trajan Wall]]) to defend the [[Scythia Minor]] province against invasions.
In [[270]], the Roman authorities began to withdraw their forces south of the Danube, due to the invading [[Goths]] and [[Carps]]. The [[Goths]], a Germanic tribe, poured into the Roman Empire through the southern part of Bessarabia ([[Budjak]]), which due to its geographic position and characteristics (mainly [[steppe]]), was swept by various nomadic tribes. From the 5th century it was overrun in turn by the [[Huns]], the [[Eurasian Avars|Avars]], and the [[Bulgars]].
===The Age of migrations===
{{main|History of Moldavia}}
From the [[3rd century]] until the [[11th century]], the region was invaded numerous times by the [[Goths]], [[Huns]], [[Eurasian Avars|Avars]], [[Bulgars]], [[Slavs]] (South, i.e. Bulgarian, and Eastern), [[Magyars]], [[Pechenegs]], [[Cumans]] and [[Mongols]]. The territory of Bessarabia was encompassed in dozens of ephemeral kingdoms which were disbanded when another wave of migrants arrived. Those centuries were characterized by a terrible state of insecurity and mass movement of people. The period was later known as the "[[Dark Ages]]" of Europe.
In 561, the Avars captured Bessarabia and executed the local ruler [[Mesamer]]. Following Avars, Slavs started to arrive in the region and establish settlements. Then, in 582, [[Onogur]] Bulgars settled in south-eastern Bessarabia and northern [[Dobruja]], from which they moved to [[Moesia]] under pressure from the [[Khazars]] and formed the nascent region of [[Bulgaria]]. With the rise of the Khazars' state in the east, the invasions began to diminish and it was possible to create larger states. According to some opinions, the Southern part of Bessarabia remained under the influence of the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] until to the end of [[9th century]].
Between the [[8th century|8th]] and [[10th century|10th centuries]], the southern part of Bessarabia was inhabitated by people from [[Balkan-Dunabian culture]]<ref> Чеботаренко, Г.Ф. Материалы к археологической карте памятников VІІІ-Х вв. южной части Пруто-Днестровского междуречья//Далекое прошлое Молдавии, Кишинев, 1969, с. 224-230</ref> (the culture of the First Bulgarian Empire). Between the [[9th century|9th]] and [[13th century|13th centuries]], Bessarabia is mentioned in Slav chronicles as part of ''Bolohoveni'' (north) and ''[[Brodnici]]'' (south) voivodeships, believed by some authors to be [[Vlach]] principalities of the early Middle Ages.
The Tatar invasions of 1241 and 1290 led to a retreat of a big part of the population to the Eastern Carpathians and to Transylvania. Apparently, only one group east of the Prut river did not retreat to mountain regions at the time of the Tatar invasions. In later middle-age chronicles it is mentioned as the [[Tigheci]] "republic", situated near the modern town of [[Cahul]] in the southwest of Bessarabia, preserving its autonomy even during the later Principality of Moldavia.
The last large scale invasions were those of the Mongols of 1241, 1290 and 1343. Sehr al-Jedid (near [[Orhei]]), an important settlement of the [[Golden Horde]], dates from this period.
[[Image:Tara Rumaneasca map.png|thumb|250px|During the Wallachian rule of Southern Bessarabia, it acquired its name. (1390 map)]]
[[Image:Rom1793-1812.png|thumb|250px|Most of Bessarabia was for centuries part of the principality of Moldavia. (1800 map, Moldavia in dark orange)]]
===Principality of Moldavia===
{{main|History of Moldavia}}
After the 1360s the region was gradually included in the [[principality]] of [[Moldavia]], which by 1392 established control over the fortresses of [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi|Cetatea Albă]] and [[Kilia, Ukraine|Chilia]], its eastern border becoming the river [[Dniester]].
[[Image:Belgorod ua.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Cetatea Alba (now situated in [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi]], [[Ukraine]]) was one of the many important castles in Bessarabia]]
In the latter part of the [[14th century]], the southern part of the region was for several decades part of [[Wallachia]]. The main dynasty of Wallachia was called [[House of Basarab|Basarab]], from which the current name of the region originated.
In the [[15th century]], the entire region was a part of the principality of Moldavia. [[Stephen III of Moldavia|Stephen the Great]] ruled between 1457 and 1504, a period of nearly 50 years during which he won 32 battles defending his country against virtually all his neighbours (mainly the Ottomans and the Tatars, but also the Hungarians and the Poles), while losing only two. During this period, after each victory, he raised a monastery or a church close to the battlefield honoring Christianity. Many of these battlefields and churches, as well as old fortresses, are situated in Bessarabia (mainly along the Dniester river).
In 1484, the Turks invaded and captured Chilia and Cetatea Albă (Akkerman in Turkish), and annexed the shoreline southern part of Bessarabia, which was then divided into two [[sanjak]]s (districts) of the Ottoman Empire. In 1538, the Ottomans annexed more Bessarabian land in the south as far as [[Tighina]], while the central and northern parts of Bessarabia were already formally a [[vassal]] of the Ottoman Empire as part of the principality of Moldavia.
Between 1711 and 1812, the [[Russian Empire]] occupied the region five times during its wars against [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and [[Austrian Empire]]s. Between 1812 and 1846, the [[Bulgarian people|Bulgarian]] and [[Gagauz people|Gagauz]] population migrated to the Russian Empire via the [[Danube]], after living many years under oppressive Ottoman rule, and settled in southern Bessarabia. Turkic-speaking tribes of the [[Nogai]] horde also inhabited the [[Bugeac|Budjak]] Region (in Turkish Bucak) of southern Bessarabia from the 16th to 18th centuries, but were totally driven out prior to 1812.
===Annexation by the Russian Empire===
: ''Main article: [[Bessarabia in the Russian Empire]]''
[[Image:Cahul Ismail si Bolgrad.PNG|thumb|200px|right|The Moldovan-Russian boundary between 1856/1857 and 1878]]
By the [[Treaty of Bucharest, 1812|Treaty of Bucharest]] of [[May 28]], [[1812]] — concluding the [[Russo-Turkish War, 1806-1812]] — the [[Ottoman Empire]] ceded the eastern half of the Principality of Moldavia to the [[Russian Empire]]. That region was then called ''Bessarabia''.
In 1814, the first German settlers arrived and mainly settled in the southern parts and [[Bessarabian Bulgarians]] began settling in the region too, founding towns such as [[Bolhrad]].
Administratively, Bessarabia became an ''[[oblast]]'' of the Russian Empire in 1818 and a ''[[guberniya]]'' in 1873.
By the [[Treaty of Adrianople]] that concluded the [[Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829]] the entire [[Danube]] [[river delta|delta]] of was added to the Bessarabian oblast.
At the end of the [[Crimean War]], in 1856, by the [[Treaty of Paris (1856)|Treaty of Paris]], two districts of southern Bessarabia were returned to Moldavia, causing the Russian Empire to lose access to the [[Danube]] river.
In [[1859]], [[Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]] united to form the [[Kingdom of Romania]] in 1866, which included the southern part of Bessarabia.
The [[Romanian War of Independence]] was fought in [[1877]]–[[1878|78]], with the help of the Russian Empire as an ally. Although the treaty of alliance between Romania and the Russian Empire specified that the Russian Empire would respect the territorial integrity of Romania and not claim any part of Romania at the end of the war {{Fact|date=February 2007}}, by the [[Treaty of Berlin, 1878|Treaty of Berlin]], the southern part of Bessarabia was again annexed by Russia.
The [[Kishinev pogrom]] took place in the capital of Bessarabia on [[April 6]], [[1903]] after local newspapers published articles inciting the public to act against Jews; 47 or 49 Jews were killed, 92 severely wounded and 700 houses destroyed. The anti-Semitic newspaper Бессарабец (Bessarabetz, meaning "Bessarabian"), published by Pavel Krushevan, insinuated that a Russian boy was killed by local Jews. Another newspaper, Свет (Svet, "Light"), used the age-old [[blood libel]] against the Jews (alleging that the boy had been killed to use his blood in preparation of [[matzo]]s).
After the [[Russian Revolution of 1905|1905 Russian Revolution]], a Romanian nationalist movement started to develop in Bessarabia. In the chaos brought by the [[October Revolution|Russian revolution of October 1917]], a National Council ([[Sfatul Ţării]]) was established in Bessarabia, with 120 members elected from Bessarabia by some political and professional organizations and 10 elected from [[Transnistria]] (the left bank of the Dniester River where [[Moldovans]] and [[Romanians]] accounted for less than a third and the majority of the population was [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]. See [[Moldavian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#Demographics|Demographics of Transdniestria]]).
On [[January 14]], [[1918]], during the disorderly retreat of two Russian divisions from the [[Romania during World War I#The_campaign_in_Romania|Romanian front]], Chişinău was sacked. The ''[[Rumcherod]]'' Committee ([[Central Executive Committee]] of the [[Soviet (council)|Soviets]] of [[Romania during World War I#The_campaign_in_Romania|Romanian Front]], [[Black Sea Fleet]] and [[Odessa]] Military District) proclaimed itself the supreme power in Bessarabia. The Russian commander of the region, General [[Dmitriy Shcherbachev]], unable to control Bessarabia due to the Bolshevik revolution, allegedly requested the Romanian Army for help{{Fact|date=June 2008}} (Russian historians dispute the fact of this request).{{Fact|date=July 2008}} On [[16 January]] a Romanian division entered Chişinău, and on the following day [[Tighina]] on the shore of the river [[Dniester]]. The three-day Soviet rule in Bessarabia ended.
[[Image:Unification of Romania & Bessarabia.jpg|thumb|right|Declaration of unification of Romania and Bessarabia]]
Ten days later, on [[January 24]], [[1918]], [[Sfatul Ţării]] declared Bessarabia's independence as the [[Moldavian Democratic Republic]].
=== Unification with Romania ===
{{main|Union of Bessarabia with Romania}}
The county councils of [[Bălţi]], [[Soroca]] and [[Orhei]] were the earliest to ask for unification with the Kingdom of Romania, and on April 9 [O.S. March 27] 1918, in the presence of the Romanian Army,<ref name=CrPetrescu>Cristina Petrescu, [http://dacoromania.org/index.php?nma=catalog&fla=stat&cat_id=8&page=1&nums=122 "Contrasting/Conflicting Identities:Bessarabians, Romanians, Moldovans" in Nation-Building and Contested Identities], Polirom, 2001, pg. 156, also footnote №23 on page 169</ref> [[Sfatul Ţării]] voted in favour of the union, with the following conditions:
# Sfatul Ţării would undertake an agrarian reform, which would be accepted by the Romanian Government.
# Bessarabia would remain autonomous, with its own diet, Sfatul Ţării, elected democratically
# Sfatul Ţării would vote for local budgets, control the councils of the ''[[zemstvo|zemstva]]'' and cities, and appoint the local administration
# Conscription would be done on a territorial basis
# Local laws and the form of administration could be changed only with the approval of local representatives
# The rights of minorities had to be respected
# Two Bessarabian representatives would be part of the Romanian government
# Bessarabia would send to the Romanian Parliament a number of representatives equal to the proportion of its population
# All elections must involve a direct, equal, secret, and universal vote
# Freedom of speech and of belief must be guaranteed in the constitution
# All individuals who had committed felonies for political reasons during the revolution would be amnestied.
86 deputies voted in support, 3 voted against and 36 abstained.
The first condition, the agrarian reform, was debated and approved in November 1918. [[Sfatul Ţării]] also decided to remove the other conditions and made unification with Romania unconditional.<ref>Charles King, "The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture", Hoover Press, 2000, pg. 35 </ref> This vote has been judged illegitimate, since there was no quorum: only 44 of the 125 members took part in it (all voted "for").<ref>Charles King, "The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture", Hoover Press, 2000, pg. 35 </ref>
[[Image:UkrainianSRRmap1933 whitebg.JPG|thumb|left|250px|[[Ukrainian SSR]] in [[1933]], after the [[Peace of Riga]] and the consolidation of [[USSR]]. Note the rose border line showing the Soviet claims over the former [[Russian Empire|Russian]] [[guberniya]] of Bessarabia]]
In the autumn of 1919, elections for the Romanian Constituent Assembly were held in Bessarabia; 90 deputies and 35 senators were chosen. On December 20, 1919, these men voted, along with the representatives of Romania's other regions, to ratify the unification acts that had been approved by Sfatul Ţării and the National Congresses in Transylvania and Bukovina.
The union was recognized by France, United Kingdom, Italy, and Japan in the [[Treaty of Paris (1920)|Treaty of Paris of 1920]], which however never came into force, because Japan did not ratify it. The [[United States]] refused to sign the treaty on the grounds that [[Russia]] was not represented at the Conference.<ref>Wayne S Vucinich, ''Bessarabia'' In: ''[[Collier's Encyclopedia]]'' (Crowell Collier and MacMillan Inc., 1967) vol. 4, p. 103</ref> Soviet Russia (and later, the USSR) did not recognize the union, and by 1924, after its demands for a regional [[plebiscite]] were declined by Romania for the second time, declared Bessarabia to be Soviet territory under foreign occupation.<ref>C. Petrescu, footnote №26 on page 170</ref>
=== Part of Romania ===
{{main|Greater Romania}}
{{Expand-section|date=May 2008}}
[[Image:Romania MASSR 1920.png|thumb|250px|Bessarabia was part of Greater Romania between 1918 and 1940]]
A Provisional Workers' & Peasants' Government of Bessarabia was founded on [[May 5]], [[1919]], in exile at [[Odessa]], by the [[Bolshevik]]s.
On [[May 11]], [[1919]], the [[Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic]] was proclaimed as an autonomous part of [[Russian SFSR]], but was abolished by the military forces of [[Poland]] and [[France]] in September [[1919]] (see [[Polish-Soviet War]]). After the victory of [[Bolshevist Russia]] in the [[Russian Civil War]], the [[Ukrainian SSR]] was created in [[1922]], and in [[1924]] the [[Moldovan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] was established on a strip of Ukrainian land on the left bank of the [[Dniester River]] where [[Moldovans]] and [[Romanians]] accounted for less than a third and the majority of population was [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]. (See [[Moldavian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#Demographics|Demographics of Moldovan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]]).
===World War II===
The Soviet Union did not recognize incorporation of Bessarabia into Romania and throughout the entire [[interwar period]] engaged in constant, fruitless diplomatic disputes with the government of Romania over this territory.<ref name=CPetrescufn>Cristina Petrescu, [http://www.pasts.ceu.hu/fileadmin/template/www.pasts.ceu.hu/files/nation_building_and_contested_identities.pdf "Contrasting/Conflicting Identities:Bessarabians, Romanians, Moldovans" in Nation-Building and Contested Identities], Polirom, 2001, p. 170, footnote №26.</ref> The [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]] was signed on [[August 23]], [[1939]]. By Article 4 of the secret Annex to the Treaty, Bessarabia fell within the Soviet interest zone.
In spring [[1940]] Western Europe was overrun by Nazi Germany, with world attention focused on those events. On [[June 26]], [[1940]], the USSR issued an [[ultimatum]] to Romania, demanding immediate cession of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina. Romania was given four days to evacuate its troops and officials. The two provinces had an area of 51,000 km² (20,000 square miles), and were inhabited by about 3.75 million people, half of them Romanians, according to official Romanian sources. Two days later, Romania yielded and began evacuation. During the evacuation, from [[June 28]] to [[July 3]], groups of local Communists and Soviet sympathizers attacked the retreating forces, and civilians who chose to leave. Many members of the minorities ([[Jew]]s, [[Ukrainians|ethnic Ukrainians]] and others) joined in these attacks.<ref>{{cite book | last = Nagy-Talavera | first = Nicolas M. | title = Green Shirts and Others: a History of Fascism in Hungary and Romania | date = 1970 | page = 305}}</ref> The Romanian Army was also attacked by the Soviet Army, which entered Bessarabia before the Romanian administration finished retreating. The casualties reported by the Romanian Army during those seven days consisted of 356 officers and 42,876 soldiers dead or missing.<ref>{{cite book | author= [[Paul Goma]] | title = Săptămâna Roşie | date = 2006 | page = 206 | url = http://paulgoma.free.fr/dl_links/publicistica/saptamana_rosie.php}}</ref>
On [[August 2]], the [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic]] was established on most of the territory of Bessarabia, merged with parts of the former [[Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Moldavian ASSR]]. Bessarabia was divided between the Moldavian SSR (70% of the territory and 80% of the population) and the [[Ukrainian SSR]]. Bessarabia's northern and southern districts (nowadays [[Budjak]] and parts of the [[Chernivtsi oblast]]) were alloted to Ukraine, while some territories (4,000 sq.km) on the left (eastern) bank of the Dniester (present [[Transnistria]]), previously part of Ukraine, were allotted to Moldavia. Following the Soviet takeover, many Bessarabians, who were accused of supporting the deposed Romanian administration, were executed or deported to [[Siberia]] and [[Kazakhstan]].
Between September and November 1940, the [[Bessarabia Germans|ethnic Germans of Bessarabia]] were offered resettlement to Germany, following a German-Soviet agreement. Fearing Soviet oppression, almost all Germans (93,000) agreed. Most of them, among them the parents of the current German President [[Horst Köhler]], were resettled to the newly annexed Polish territories.
On [[June 22]], [[1941]] the [[Axis Powers|Axis]] invasion of the Soviet Union commenced with [[Operation Barbarossa]]. In Bessarabia and northern Bukovina, Romanian troops attacked along the Germans. The Soviets employed [[scorched earth]] tactics during their forced retreat from Bessarabia, destroying the infrastructure, and transporting movable goods to Russia by railway. At the end of July, after a year of Soviet rule, the region was once again under Romanian control.
As the military operation was still in progress, there were cases of Romanian troops "taking revenge" on Jews in Bessarabia, in the form of [[pogrom]]s on civilians and murder of Jewish [[Prisoner of war|POW]]s, resulting in several thousand dead. The supposed cause for murdering Jews was that in 1940 some Jews welcomed the Soviet takeover as liberation. At the same time the notorious [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] [[Einsatzgruppen|Einsatzgruppe D]], operating in the area of the [[11th Army (Germany)|German 11th Army]], committed summary executions of Jews under the pretext that they were spies, [[Sabotage|saboteurs]], [[Communism|Communists]], or under no pretext whatsoever.
The political solution of the "[[Jewish Question]]" was apparently seen by the Romanian [[dictator]] Marshal [[Ion Antonescu]] more in expulsion rather than extermination. That portion of the Jewish population of Bessarabia and Bukovina which did not flee before the retreat of the Soviet troops (147,000) was initially gathered into [[ghettos]] or [[concentration camps]], and then deported during 1941-1942 in [[death march]]es into [[Transnistria (WWII)|Romanian-occupied Transnistria]], where the "[[Final Solution]]" was applied.
After three years of relative peace, the German-Soviet front returned in 1944 to the land border on the [[Dniester]]. On [[August 20]], [[1944]], a ca. 3,400,000-strong [[Red Army]] began a major summer offensive codenamed [[Jassy-Kishinev Operation]]. The Soviet armies overran Bessarabia in a two-pronged offensive within five days. In pocket battles at [[Chişinău]] and [[Sărata]] the [[6th Army (Germany)|German 6th Army]] of ca. 650,000 men, newly reformed after the [[Battle of Stalingrad]], was obliterated. Simultaneously with the success of the Russian attack, Romania broke the military alliance with the Axis and [[King Michael Coup|changed sides]]. On [[August 23]], [[1944]], Marshal Ion Antonescu was arrested by King [[Michael I of Romania|Michael]], and later handed over to the Soviets.
===Part of the Soviet Union===
{{main|Moldovan SSR}}
[[Image:SovietUnionMoldova.png|frame|Moldavian SSR (in red) as part of the Soviet Union (pink)]]
The Soviet Union regained the region in 1944, and the Red Army occupied Romania. By 1947, the Soviets had imposed a [[Communist Romania|communist government]] in Bucharest, which was friendly and obedient towards Moscow. The [[Soviet occupation of Romania]] lasted until 1958. The Romanian communist regime did not openly raise the matter of Bessarabia or Northern Bukovina in its diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union.
Between 1969 and 1971 , a clandestine National Patriotic Front was established by several young intellectuals in Chişinău, totaling over 100 members, vowing to fight for the establishment of a Moldavian Democratic Republic, its secession from the Soviet Union and union with Romania.
In December 1971, following an informative note from [[Ion Stanescu|Ion Stănescu]], the President of the Council of State Security of the Romanian Socialist Republic, to [[Yuri Andropov]], the chief of KGB, three of the leaders of the [[National Patriotic Front]], [[Alexandru Usatiuc-Bulgar]], [[Gheorghe Ghimpu]] and [[Valeriu Graur]], as well as a forth person, [[Alexandru Soltoianu]], the leader of a similar clandestine movement in northern [[Bukovina]] (Bucovina), were arrested and later sentenced to long prison terms.
===Rise of independent Moldova===
{{main|Moldovan SSR|Moldova}}
With the weakening of the Soviet Union, in February 1988, the first non-sanctioned demonstrations were held in Chişinău. At first pro-[[Perestroika]], they soon turned anti-government and demanded official status for the Moldavian (Romanian) language instead of the Russian language.
On [[August 31]], [[1989]], following a 600,000-strong demonstration in Chişinău four days earlier, Moldavian (Romanian) became the official language of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. However, this was not implemented for many years.
In 1990, the first free elections were held for Parliament, with the opposition [[Popular Front of Moldova|Popular Front]] all but winning them. A government led by [[Mircea Druc]], one of the leaders of the Popular Front, was formed. The Moldavian SSR became SSR Moldova, and later the Republic of Moldova.
The [[Moldova|Republic of Moldova]] became independent in 1991; its boundaries (those established on [[August 2]], [[1940]]) remained unchanged.
==Population==
The population before [[World War II]] consisted of [[Romanians]], [[Ukrainians]] ([[Ruthenians]]), [[Russians]], [[Bulgarians]], [[Gagauz]], [[German people|Germans]], and [[Jews]]. According to the census data of the [[Russian Empire]], during the 19th century the ethnic Romanians decreased from 86% (1817) to 47.6% (1897).
Russian Census [[1817]],{{Fact|date=June 2007}} (total 482,000 inhabitants)
* 83,848 Romanian families (86%)
* 6,000 Ruthenian families (6,5%)
* 3,826 Jewish families (1,5%)
* 1,200 [[Lipovan]] families (1,5%)
* 640 Greek families (0,7%)
* 530 Armenian families (0,6%)
* 241 Bulgarian families (0,25%)
* 241 Gagauz families (0,25%)
Russian Census [[1856]],{{Fact|date=June 2007}} (total 990,000 inhabitants)
* 736,000 Romanians (74%)
* 119,000 Ukrainians (12%)
* 79,000 Jews (8%)
* 47,000 Bulgarians and Gagauz (5%)
* 24,000 Germans (2.4%)
* 11,000 [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (1.1%)
* 6,000 Russians (0.6%)
[[1889]]: 1,628,867.
Russian Census [[1897]],<ref>[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php?reg=31 Results of the 1897 Russian Census at demoscope.ru]</ref> (total 1,935,412 inhabitants). Some scholars believed that "[...] the census enumerator generally has instructions to count everyone who understands the state language as being of that nationality, no matter what his everyday speech may be." <ref>Charles Upson Clark, [http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/clark/bc_17.shtml Bessarabia. Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea]:
"These figures were based on estimates of the population of Bessarabia as consisting 70% of Moldavians, 14% Ukrainians, 12% Jews, 6% Russians, 3% Bulgarians, 3% Germans, 2% Gagautzi (Turks of Christian religion), and 1% Greeks and Armenians. This appears to be a fairly accurate guess; the official Russian figures, which the Moldavians considered as inaccurate and padded, set the Moldavian proportion considerably lower, as about one-half. Such figures are misleading in all European countries of mixed nationalities, since the census enumerator generally has instructions to count everyone who understands the state language as being of that nationality, no matter what his everyday speech may be."
</ref> By language:
* 920,919 Moldavians and Romanians (47.6%)
* 379,698 Ukrainians (19.6%)
* 228,168 Jews (11.8%)
* 155,774 Russians (8%)
* 103,225 Bulgarians (5.3%)
* 60,026 Germans (3.1%)
* 55,790 Turks (Gagauzes) (2.9%)
Romanians Census [[1930]], (total 3,105,530 inhabitants)
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! | county
! | [[Romanians]]
! | [[Ukrainians]]
! | [[Russians]]
! | [[Gagauz]]
! | [[Bulgarians]]
! | [[Jews]]
! | [[Germans]]
! | inhabitants
|-
| Cetatea Albă || 62,949 || 70,095 || 58,922 || 7,876 || 71,227 || 11,139 || 55,598 || 341,176
|-
| Ismail || 72,020 || 10,665 || 66,987 || 15,591 || 43,375 || 6,306 || 983 || 225,509
|-
| Cahul || 100,714 || 619 || 14,740 || 35,299 || 28,565 || 4,434 || 8,644 || 196,693
|-
| Tighina || 163,673 || 9,047 || 44,989 || 39,345 || 19,599 || 16,845 || 10,524 || 306,592
|-
| Lăpuşna || 326,455 || 2,732 || 29,770 || 37 || 712 || 50,013 || 2,823 || 419,621
|-
| Orhei || 242,983 || 2,469 || 10,746 || 1 || 87 || 18,999 || 154 || 279,282
|-
| Bălţi || 270,942 || 29,288 || 46,569 || 8 || 66 || 31,695 || 1,623 || 386,721
|-
| Soroca || 232,720 || 26,039 || 25,736 || 13 || 69 || 29,191 || 417 || 315,774
|-
| Hotin || 137,348 || 163,267 || 53,453 || 2 || 26 || 35,985 || 323 || 392,430
|-
| Iaşi and Fălciu (parts) || 124,500 || * || * || * || * || 5,000 || * || 132,023
|-
| Total || 1,735,000 || 315,000+ || 352,000 || 99,000 || 164,000 || 210,000 || 82,000 || 2,995,821
|-
| % || 58% || 11% || 12% || 3% || 5% || 7% || 3% || 100%
|-
|}
<small>'''Notes:''' (1) parts of Iaşi (Ungheni) and Fălciu counties were in Bessarabia;
(2) * = data counted at others for these counties
</small>
Data of the 1939 was not completely processed before the Soviet occupation. Estimates of the total population at 3.5 million.
[[1970]]: 69% of Bessarabia's population were Moldovan and 98% of them declared [[Moldovan language]] ([[Romanian language]]) as their native language.{{vague|Whole Bessarabia or just MSSR|date=March 2008}}{{Fact|date=July 2007}}
[[1989]]: There were 88,419 [[Bessarabian Bulgarians]] according to official data from Republic of Moldova
[[1992]]: 4,305 immigrants to Israel from the Republic of Moldova constituted 7.1 percent of all the immigrants to Israel from the former U.S.S.R. in this year.
[[2004]]: There were 65,072 [[Bessarabian Bulgarians]] according to the census not including Bulgarians in Transnistria.
==Economy==
* [[1911]]: There were 165 loan societies, 117 savings banks, forty three professional savings and loan societies, and eight Zemstvo loan offices; all these had total assets of about 10,000,000 rubles. There were also eighty nine government savings banks, with deposits of about 9,000,000 rubles.
* [[1918]]: Railway mileage was only 657 miles; the main lines converged on Russia and were broad gauge. Rolling stock and right of way were in bad shape. There were about 400 locomotives, with only about one hundred fit for use. There were 290 passenger coaches and thirty three more out for repair. Finally, out of 4530 freight cars and 187 tank cars, only 1389 and 103 were usable. The Romanians reduced the gauge to a standard 4ft 8½in, so that cars could be run to the rest of Europe. Also, there were only a few inefficient boat bridges. Romanian highway engineers decided to build ten bridges: [[Cuzlău]], [[Ţuţora]], [[Lipcani]], [[Şerpeniţa]], [[Ştefăneşti]]-[[Brănişte]], [[Cahul]]-[[Oancea]], [[Bădărăi]]-[[Moara Domnească]], [[Sărata]], [[Bumbala]]-[[Leova]], [[Badragi]] and [[Fălciu]] (Fălciu is a locality in Romania. Its correspondent in Bessarabia is Cantemir.) Of these, only four were ever finished: Cuzlău, Fălciu, Lipcani and Sărata.
==See also==
* [[Moldova]]
* [[History of Moldova]]
* [[History of Moldavia]]
* [[Odessa Oblast]]
* [[Chernivtsi Oblast]]
* [[History of the Jews in Bessarabia]]
* [[Bessarabian Bulgarians]]
* [[Dazdie]]
* [[Moldavian wine]]
* [[Hotin County]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
* Thilemann, Alfred. ''Steppenwind: Erzahlungen aus dem Leben der Bessarabien deutschen'' (''The Wind from the Steppe: Stories of the Life of the Bessarabian Germans''). Stuttgart, West Germany: Heimatmuseum der Deutschen aus Bessarabien e.V., 1982.
==External links==
* [http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/clark/meta_pag.shtml Charles Upson Clark. 1927. "Bessarabia: Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea". (An electronic version of the book).]
* [http://www.grhs.org/rig/bess/ Bessarabia Germans from Russia Web Site]
* [http://hist.academic.claremontmckenna.edu/jpetropoulos/ironguard/mapintro.gif Camps, Ghettos and Massacre sites in Romania-Bessarabia 1941-1942]
* [http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/JewsBessarabia.pdf Jews in Bessarabia on the eve of WWII]
* [http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/massacresbessarabia.pdf Massacres, deportations & death marches from Bessarabia, from July 1941]
* [http://www.scholtoi.de/index_en.html Scholtoi - a village in the North of Bessarabia]
* [http://www.hannowka.de/ Hannowka - a German village in Bessarabia 1896-1940 (website in German)]
* [http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/300/8/3/text/53-2-20.shtml "40th Anniversary of Annexation of Bessarabia and Northern Bucovina"], George Ciorănescu, [[Radio Free Europe]] report, [[July 23]], [[1980]].
* [http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/300/8/3/text/53-3-12.shtml "The Problem of Bessarabia and Northern Bucovina during World War II"], George Ciorănescu, Radio Free Europe report, [[December 2]], [[1981]].
* [http://bessarabia.altervista.org/ Bessarabia - Homeland of a German minority]
{{Moldova topics}}
{{Romanian historical regions}}
{{Ukrainian historical regions}}
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[[Category:Bessarabia]]
[[Category:Divided regions]]
[[Category:History of Moldova]]
[[Category:Moldavia]]
[[Category:Romanian historical regions]]
[[Category:Ukrainian historical regions]]
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