Bignoniaceae
247987
214970907
2008-05-26T03:30:39Z
SamatBot
7027852
robot Adding: [[hu:Szivarfafélék]]
{{Taxobox
| name = Trumpet Creeper family
| image = Amphitecna macrophylla5.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = [[Bigleaf Black Calabash]] (''Amphitecna macrophylla'')
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Lamiales]]
| familia = '''Bignoniaceae'''
| familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Tribes and Genera
| subdivision =
*[[Bignonieae]]
**''[[Adenocalymna]]''
**''[[Amphilophium]]''
**''[[Anemopaegma]]''
**''[[Arrabidaea]]''
**''[[Bignonia]]''
**''[[Callichlamys]]''
**''[[Ceratophytum]]''
**''[[Clytostoma]]''
**''[[Cuspidaria]]''
**''[[Cydista]]''
**''[[Distictella]]''
**''[[Distictis]]''
**''[[Dolichandra]]''
**''[[Fridericia]]''
**''[[Gardnerodoxa]]''
**''[[Glaziova]]''
**''[[Haplolophium]]''
**''[[Leucocalantha]]''
**''[[Lundia]]''
**''[[Macfadyena]]''
**''[[Macranthisiphon]]''
**''[[Manaosella]]''
**''[[Mansoa (genus)|Mansoa]]''
**''[[Martinella]]''
**''[[Melloa]]''
**''[[Memora]]''
**''[[Mussatia]]''
**''[[Neojobertia]]''
**''[[Parabignonia]]''
**''[[Paragonia]]''
**''[[Periarrabidaea]]''
**''[[Phryganocydia]]''
**''[[Piriadacus]]''
**''[[Pithecoctenium]]''
**''[[Pleonotoma]]''
**''[[Potamoganos]]''
**''[[Pseudocatalpa]]''
**''[[Pyrostegia]]''
**''[[Roentgenia]]''
**''[[Saritaea]]''
**''[[Spathicalyx]]''
**''[[Sphingiphila]]''
**''[[Stizophyllum]]''
**''[[Tanaecium]]''
**''[[Tynanthus]]''
**''[[Xylophragma]]''
*[[Coleeae]]
**''[[Colea]]''
**''[[Kigelia]]''
**''[[Ophiocolea]]''
**''[[Phyllarthron]]''
**''[[Phylloctenium]]''
**''[[Rhodocolea]]''
*[[Crescentieae]]
**''[[Amphitecna]]''
**''[[Crescentia]]''
**''[[Parmentiera]]''
*[[Eccremocarpeae]]
*''[[Eccremocarpus]]''
*[[Oroxyleae]]
**''[[Hieris]]''
**''[[Meliosma]]''
**''[[Nyctcalos]]''
**''[[Oroxylum]]''
*[[Tecomeae]]
**''[[Argylia]]''
**''[[Astianthus]]''
**''[[Campsidium]]''
**''[[Campsis]]''
**''[[Catalpa]]''
**''[[Catophractes]]''
**''[[Chilopsis]]''
**''[[Cybistax]]''
**''[[Delostoma]]''
**''[[Deplanchea]]''
**''[[Digomphia]]''
**''[[Dinklageodoxa]]''
**''[[Dolichandrone]]''
**''[[Ekmanianthe]]''
**''[[Fernandoa]]''
**''[[Godmania]]''
**''[[Haplophragma]]''
**''[[Heterophragma]]''
**''[[Incarvillea]]''
**''[[Jacaranda]]''
**''[[Lamiodendron]]''
**''[[Markhamia]]''
**''[[Neosepicaea]]''
**''[[Newbouldia]]''
**''[[Pajanelia]]''
**''[[Pandorea]]''
**''[[Paratecoma]]''
**''[[Pauldopia]]''
**''[[Perianthomega]]''
**''[[Perichlaena]]''
**''[[Podranea]]''
**''[[Radermachera]]''
**''[[Rhigozum]]''
**''[[Romeroa]]''
**''[[Santisukia]]''
**''[[Sparattosperma]]''
**''[[Spathodea]]''
**''[[Spirotecoma]]''
**''[[Stereospermum]]''
**''[[Tabebuia]]''
**''[[Tecoma]]''
**''[[Tecomanthe]]''
**''[[Tecomella]]''
**''[[Zeyheria]]''
*[[Tourrettieae]]
**''[[Tourrettia]]''
| synonyms =
<center>Crescentiaceae <small>[[Dum.]]</small></center>
|type_genus = ''[[Bignonia]]''
|type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
}}
The '''Bignoniaceae''', or '''Trumpet Creeper Family''', is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s comprising of about 650-750 species in 116-120 [[genus|genera]]. Members of the family are mostly [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s, and more rarely [[liana]]s (''[[Podranea]]'' and ''[[Macfadyena]]'') and [[herbaceous plant]]s in 116-120 [[genus|genera]]. As shrubs, they are [[twine climber]]s or [[tendril climber]]s, and rarely [[root climber]]s.
Other common names for this family include '''jacaranda family''', '''bignonia family''' or '''catalpa family'''. This family is commonly found as [[ornamental plant]]s due to their large and often colorful flowers. Important members include the [[Crescentia|calabash tree]] (''Crescentia cujete'') and many genera cultivated in [[horticulture]]: ''[[Campsis]]'', ''[[Catalpa]]'', ''[[Jacaranda]]'', ''[[Kigelia]]'', ''[[Pandorea]]'', ''[[Spathodea]]'', and ''[[Tabebuia]]''.
==Distribution==
The family, cosmopolitan, is present in both the [[Old World]] and the [[New World]], with ''[[Catalpa]]'' the only genus common to both. Members are distributed mostly in the [[Tropics]] and [[subtropics]], with the center of diversity in [[South America]]. A number of [[temperate]] species are found, mainly in [[North America]] and [[East Asia]].
13 species in 8 genera (including 2 naturalised) are present in [[southern Africa]]. 12 genera and 35 species are present in [[China]], 21 of which are [[endemism|endemic]] to China. In [[Australia]], 10 genera and 17 species are present, only in the mainland states. In [[India]], the family is represented by 15 genera and 40 species, which mostly occur in [[West India|Western]] and [[South India|Southern India]] and a few species in the [[Himalayas]].
==Description==
===Stem===
In twining members, the stem is characterized by anomalous secondary thickening: in some segments [[xylem]] is added in much greater quantity than [[phloem]] and in other segments the reverse is observed.
===Leaves===
Members of this family commonly have pinnately compound or multiply compound leaves. Palmately compound leaves are rare. Simple leaves are also rare and, when observed, are often dissected in [[Pinnate|pinnatifid]] or [[palmatifid]] fashion. Leaves are typically in opposite but whorled (in ''[[Kigelia]]'') or spiral arrangements are also found. Leaves are [[Petiole (botany)|petiolate]] and [[stipule|exstipulate]] (but [[pseudostipule]]s are present in the genus ''[[Markhamia]]''). [[Domatia]] occur in at least 14 genera.
===Flower===
Flowers are [[Plant sexuality|bisexual]], [[Ovary (plants)|hypogynous]] and [[Floral symmetry|zygomorphic]], either solitary or aggregated into [[raceme]]s or cymes ([[dichasium]] or helicoid cyme). [[Inflorescence]], when it occurs, might be axillary or terminal. [[Bract]]s and [[bractlet]]s are present and sometimes deciduous.
The [[sepal]]s are fused, forming a [[synsepal]]ous [[Sepal|calyx]] either entire or toothed in 5 lobes. The [[petal]]s are equally fused into a [[sympetal]]ous [[campanulate]] [[Petal|corolla]] that also has 5 lobes. These lobes are often clearly shorter than the tube. The corolla and calyx are distinct from each other. Sometimes, a 2-lipped ([[bilabiate]]) corolla is observed. In [[bud]], the lobes are imbricate and more rarely valvate (such as in ''[[Pyrostegia]]'').
The [[Stamen|androecium]] is [[didynamous]], i.e. there are 4 [[stamen]]s occurring in 2 pairs of different lengths. The stamens are inserted [[Ovary (plants)|epigynous]]ly and alternate with the corolla lobes. The [[Stamen|anthers]] are often [[connivent]] but also separate from one another sometimes. One [[staminode]] may be present.
The [[gynoecium]] is [[stylate]] and median. It consists of one compound [[Gynoecium|pistil]] with 2 [[Gynoecium|carpels]], a single [[Gynoecium|style]], and a superior [[ovary]] with typically 2 [[locule]]s (more rarely 1 or 4), each bearing numerous [[axile]] [[ovule]]s. An annular or cupular [[nectary disk]] usually occurs around the ovary base. Ovules are [[anatropous]], with [[Ovule|micropyles]] directed downward.
===Fruit===
The fruit is typically an elongated [[Dehiscence (botany)|dehiscent]] [[Capsule (fruit)|capsule]] that opens [[loculicide|loculicidally]] or [[septicide|septicidally]]. The fruit can sometimes be an [[indehiscent]] [[berry]].
===Seed and germination===
The seeds, numerous, are usually winged and wind-dispersed but occasionally also [[comose]] and wingless. [[Aril]]s are absent. Seeds do not have [[endosperm]]s. There are 2 [[cotyledon]]s. [[Germination]] is either [[phanerocotylar]] or [[cryptocotylar]].
==Reproduction==
[[Pollination]] is either [[Entomophily|entomophilous]] (via [[insect]]s), [[List of plant morphology terms#Ornithophilous|ornithophilous]] (via [[bird]]s), or [[cheiropterophilous]] (via [[bat]]s).
==Use==
Besides their use ase ornamental plants, some members also provide [[Lumber|timber]], such as the [[West Indian boxwood]] (''Tabebuia''), ''[[Catalpa]]'', ''[[Oroxylum]]'', ''[[Haplophragma]]'', ''[[Spathodea]]'', ''[[Meliosma]]'', ''[[Stereospermum]]''. The calabash tree's fruit is used in the Tropics as a water container. The fruit of the [[African sausage tree]] (''Kigelia africana'') is used in [[Africa]] as a [[laxative]] and for [[dysentery]]. The [[jacaranda]] is common as an avenue tree.
==Biochemistry==
Compounds detected from this family include [[arthroquinones]] (found in 4 genera), [[verbascosides]] (found in 8 genera), [[cornoside]] (found in ''[[Eccremocarpus]]''), [[quercetin]], [[ursolic acid]] and, more rarely, [[saponin]]s.
==Former and alternative classification==
The following classification systems acknowledge family [[Bignoniaceae]] with the same circumscription as the [[APG II system]] classification: [[Cronquist system|Cronquist's system]], [[Dahlgren system|Dahlgren's classification]], [[Reveal system|Reveal's classification]], [[Stevens's classification]], [[Takhtajan system|Takhtajan's classification]] and [[Thorne's classification]].
[[Bentham & Hooker system|Bentham and Hooker's classification]] placed this family under group [[Gamopetalae]], series [[Bicarpellatae]], order [[Personales]]. [[Engler and Prantl's classification]] placed the family under class [[Dicotyledon]]eae, subclass [[Sympetalae]], order [[Tubiflorae]]. The [[Hutchinson system]] placed the family under phylum [[Flowering plant|Angiospermae]], subphylum [[Dicotyledon]]es, division [[Lignosae]], order [[Bignoniales]].
The family was previously placed under the order [[Lamiales|Scrophulariales]]. Genera formerly placed under this family are ''[[Exarata]]'', ''[[Gibsoniothamnus]]'', ''[[Schlegelia]]'' and ''[[Synapsis]]'', all of which now form family [[Schlegeliaceae]].
==References==
* Gentry, A. H. 1980. Flora Neotropica: Bignoniaceae - Part I (tribes Crescentieae and Tourrettieae. ''Flora Neotropica Monograph'' 25 (1): 1-150.
* Gentry, A. H. 1992. Flora Neotropica: Bignoniaceae - Part II ( tribe Tecomeae). ''Flora Neotropica Monograph'' 25 (2): 1-130.
* Lohmann, L. G. 2006. Untangling the phylogeny of neotropical lianas (Bignonieae - Bignoniaceae). ''American Journal of Botany'' 93 (2): 304-318.
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/bignonia.htm Bignoniaceae] in L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards), [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ ''The families of flowering plants''.]
* [http://www.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do;jsessionid=Bignoniaceae iPlants] for an updated checklist of the family.
[[Category:Plant families]]
[[Category:Lamiales]]
[[Category:Bignoniaceae|*]]
[[da:Bignoniaceae]]
[[de:Trompetenbaumgewächse]]
[[es:Bignoniaceae]]
[[fr:Bignoniaceae]]
[[it:Bignoniaceae]]
[[ka:ბიგნონიასებრნი]]
[[la:Bignoniaceae]]
[[lt:Bignonijiniai]]
[[hu:Szivarfafélék]]
[[nl:Trompetboomfamilie]]
[[ja:ノウゼンカズラ科]]
[[no:Trompettrefamilien]]
[[pl:Bignoniowate]]
[[pt:Bignoniaceae]]
[[ro:Bignoniaceae]]
[[ru:Бигнониевые]]
[[sv:Katalpaväxter]]
[[th:วงศ์แคหางค่าง]]
[[vi:Họ Chùm ớt]]
[[zh:紫葳科]]