Bignoniaceae 247987 214970907 2008-05-26T03:30:39Z SamatBot 7027852 robot Adding: [[hu:Szivarfafélék]] {{Taxobox | name = Trumpet Creeper family | image = Amphitecna macrophylla5.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = [[Bigleaf Black Calabash]] (''Amphitecna macrophylla'') | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Lamiales]] | familia = '''Bignoniaceae''' | familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]] | subdivision_ranks = Tribes and Genera | subdivision = *[[Bignonieae]] **''[[Adenocalymna]]'' **''[[Amphilophium]]'' **''[[Anemopaegma]]'' **''[[Arrabidaea]]'' **''[[Bignonia]]'' **''[[Callichlamys]]'' **''[[Ceratophytum]]'' **''[[Clytostoma]]'' **''[[Cuspidaria]]'' **''[[Cydista]]'' **''[[Distictella]]'' **''[[Distictis]]'' **''[[Dolichandra]]'' **''[[Fridericia]]'' **''[[Gardnerodoxa]]'' **''[[Glaziova]]'' **''[[Haplolophium]]'' **''[[Leucocalantha]]'' **''[[Lundia]]'' **''[[Macfadyena]]'' **''[[Macranthisiphon]]'' **''[[Manaosella]]'' **''[[Mansoa (genus)|Mansoa]]'' **''[[Martinella]]'' **''[[Melloa]]'' **''[[Memora]]'' **''[[Mussatia]]'' **''[[Neojobertia]]'' **''[[Parabignonia]]'' **''[[Paragonia]]'' **''[[Periarrabidaea]]'' **''[[Phryganocydia]]'' **''[[Piriadacus]]'' **''[[Pithecoctenium]]'' **''[[Pleonotoma]]'' **''[[Potamoganos]]'' **''[[Pseudocatalpa]]'' **''[[Pyrostegia]]'' **''[[Roentgenia]]'' **''[[Saritaea]]'' **''[[Spathicalyx]]'' **''[[Sphingiphila]]'' **''[[Stizophyllum]]'' **''[[Tanaecium]]'' **''[[Tynanthus]]'' **''[[Xylophragma]]'' *[[Coleeae]] **''[[Colea]]'' **''[[Kigelia]]'' **''[[Ophiocolea]]'' **''[[Phyllarthron]]'' **''[[Phylloctenium]]'' **''[[Rhodocolea]]'' *[[Crescentieae]] **''[[Amphitecna]]'' **''[[Crescentia]]'' **''[[Parmentiera]]'' *[[Eccremocarpeae]] *''[[Eccremocarpus]]'' *[[Oroxyleae]] **''[[Hieris]]'' **''[[Meliosma]]'' **''[[Nyctcalos]]'' **''[[Oroxylum]]'' *[[Tecomeae]] **''[[Argylia]]'' **''[[Astianthus]]'' **''[[Campsidium]]'' **''[[Campsis]]'' **''[[Catalpa]]'' **''[[Catophractes]]'' **''[[Chilopsis]]'' **''[[Cybistax]]'' **''[[Delostoma]]'' **''[[Deplanchea]]'' **''[[Digomphia]]'' **''[[Dinklageodoxa]]'' **''[[Dolichandrone]]'' **''[[Ekmanianthe]]'' **''[[Fernandoa]]'' **''[[Godmania]]'' **''[[Haplophragma]]'' **''[[Heterophragma]]'' **''[[Incarvillea]]'' **''[[Jacaranda]]'' **''[[Lamiodendron]]'' **''[[Markhamia]]'' **''[[Neosepicaea]]'' **''[[Newbouldia]]'' **''[[Pajanelia]]'' **''[[Pandorea]]'' **''[[Paratecoma]]'' **''[[Pauldopia]]'' **''[[Perianthomega]]'' **''[[Perichlaena]]'' **''[[Podranea]]'' **''[[Radermachera]]'' **''[[Rhigozum]]'' **''[[Romeroa]]'' **''[[Santisukia]]'' **''[[Sparattosperma]]'' **''[[Spathodea]]'' **''[[Spirotecoma]]'' **''[[Stereospermum]]'' **''[[Tabebuia]]'' **''[[Tecoma]]'' **''[[Tecomanthe]]'' **''[[Tecomella]]'' **''[[Zeyheria]]'' *[[Tourrettieae]] **''[[Tourrettia]]'' | synonyms = <center>Crescentiaceae <small>[[Dum.]]</small></center> |type_genus = ''[[Bignonia]]'' |type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] }} The '''Bignoniaceae''', or '''Trumpet Creeper Family''', is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s comprising of about 650-750 species in 116-120 [[genus|genera]]. Members of the family are mostly [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s, and more rarely [[liana]]s (''[[Podranea]]'' and ''[[Macfadyena]]'') and [[herbaceous plant]]s in 116-120 [[genus|genera]]. As shrubs, they are [[twine climber]]s or [[tendril climber]]s, and rarely [[root climber]]s. Other common names for this family include '''jacaranda family''', '''bignonia family''' or '''catalpa family'''. This family is commonly found as [[ornamental plant]]s due to their large and often colorful flowers. Important members include the [[Crescentia|calabash tree]] (''Crescentia cujete'') and many genera cultivated in [[horticulture]]: ''[[Campsis]]'', ''[[Catalpa]]'', ''[[Jacaranda]]'', ''[[Kigelia]]'', ''[[Pandorea]]'', ''[[Spathodea]]'', and ''[[Tabebuia]]''. ==Distribution== The family, cosmopolitan, is present in both the [[Old World]] and the [[New World]], with ''[[Catalpa]]'' the only genus common to both. Members are distributed mostly in the [[Tropics]] and [[subtropics]], with the center of diversity in [[South America]]. A number of [[temperate]] species are found, mainly in [[North America]] and [[East Asia]]. 13 species in 8 genera (including 2 naturalised) are present in [[southern Africa]]. 12 genera and 35 species are present in [[China]], 21 of which are [[endemism|endemic]] to China. In [[Australia]], 10 genera and 17 species are present, only in the mainland states. In [[India]], the family is represented by 15 genera and 40 species, which mostly occur in [[West India|Western]] and [[South India|Southern India]] and a few species in the [[Himalayas]]. ==Description== ===Stem=== In twining members, the stem is characterized by anomalous secondary thickening: in some segments [[xylem]] is added in much greater quantity than [[phloem]] and in other segments the reverse is observed. ===Leaves=== Members of this family commonly have pinnately compound or multiply compound leaves. Palmately compound leaves are rare. Simple leaves are also rare and, when observed, are often dissected in [[Pinnate|pinnatifid]] or [[palmatifid]] fashion. Leaves are typically in opposite but whorled (in ''[[Kigelia]]'') or spiral arrangements are also found. Leaves are [[Petiole (botany)|petiolate]] and [[stipule|exstipulate]] (but [[pseudostipule]]s are present in the genus ''[[Markhamia]]''). [[Domatia]] occur in at least 14 genera. ===Flower=== Flowers are [[Plant sexuality|bisexual]], [[Ovary (plants)|hypogynous]] and [[Floral symmetry|zygomorphic]], either solitary or aggregated into [[raceme]]s or cymes ([[dichasium]] or helicoid cyme). [[Inflorescence]], when it occurs, might be axillary or terminal. [[Bract]]s and [[bractlet]]s are present and sometimes deciduous. The [[sepal]]s are fused, forming a [[synsepal]]ous [[Sepal|calyx]] either entire or toothed in 5 lobes. The [[petal]]s are equally fused into a [[sympetal]]ous [[campanulate]] [[Petal|corolla]] that also has 5 lobes. These lobes are often clearly shorter than the tube. The corolla and calyx are distinct from each other. Sometimes, a 2-lipped ([[bilabiate]]) corolla is observed. In [[bud]], the lobes are imbricate and more rarely valvate (such as in ''[[Pyrostegia]]''). The [[Stamen|androecium]] is [[didynamous]], i.e. there are 4 [[stamen]]s occurring in 2 pairs of different lengths. The stamens are inserted [[Ovary (plants)|epigynous]]ly and alternate with the corolla lobes. The [[Stamen|anthers]] are often [[connivent]] but also separate from one another sometimes. One [[staminode]] may be present. The [[gynoecium]] is [[stylate]] and median. It consists of one compound [[Gynoecium|pistil]] with 2 [[Gynoecium|carpels]], a single [[Gynoecium|style]], and a superior [[ovary]] with typically 2 [[locule]]s (more rarely 1 or 4), each bearing numerous [[axile]] [[ovule]]s. An annular or cupular [[nectary disk]] usually occurs around the ovary base. Ovules are [[anatropous]], with [[Ovule|micropyles]] directed downward. ===Fruit=== The fruit is typically an elongated [[Dehiscence (botany)|dehiscent]] [[Capsule (fruit)|capsule]] that opens [[loculicide|loculicidally]] or [[septicide|septicidally]]. The fruit can sometimes be an [[indehiscent]] [[berry]]. ===Seed and germination=== The seeds, numerous, are usually winged and wind-dispersed but occasionally also [[comose]] and wingless. [[Aril]]s are absent. Seeds do not have [[endosperm]]s. There are 2 [[cotyledon]]s. [[Germination]] is either [[phanerocotylar]] or [[cryptocotylar]]. ==Reproduction== [[Pollination]] is either [[Entomophily|entomophilous]] (via [[insect]]s), [[List of plant morphology terms#Ornithophilous|ornithophilous]] (via [[bird]]s), or [[cheiropterophilous]] (via [[bat]]s). ==Use== Besides their use ase ornamental plants, some members also provide [[Lumber|timber]], such as the [[West Indian boxwood]] (''Tabebuia''), ''[[Catalpa]]'', ''[[Oroxylum]]'', ''[[Haplophragma]]'', ''[[Spathodea]]'', ''[[Meliosma]]'', ''[[Stereospermum]]''. The calabash tree's fruit is used in the Tropics as a water container. The fruit of the [[African sausage tree]] (''Kigelia africana'') is used in [[Africa]] as a [[laxative]] and for [[dysentery]]. The [[jacaranda]] is common as an avenue tree. ==Biochemistry== Compounds detected from this family include [[arthroquinones]] (found in 4 genera), [[verbascosides]] (found in 8 genera), [[cornoside]] (found in ''[[Eccremocarpus]]''), [[quercetin]], [[ursolic acid]] and, more rarely, [[saponin]]s. ==Former and alternative classification== The following classification systems acknowledge family [[Bignoniaceae]] with the same circumscription as the [[APG II system]] classification: [[Cronquist system|Cronquist's system]], [[Dahlgren system|Dahlgren's classification]], [[Reveal system|Reveal's classification]], [[Stevens's classification]], [[Takhtajan system|Takhtajan's classification]] and [[Thorne's classification]]. [[Bentham & Hooker system|Bentham and Hooker's classification]] placed this family under group [[Gamopetalae]], series [[Bicarpellatae]], order [[Personales]]. [[Engler and Prantl's classification]] placed the family under class [[Dicotyledon]]eae, subclass [[Sympetalae]], order [[Tubiflorae]]. The [[Hutchinson system]] placed the family under phylum [[Flowering plant|Angiospermae]], subphylum [[Dicotyledon]]es, division [[Lignosae]], order [[Bignoniales]]. The family was previously placed under the order [[Lamiales|Scrophulariales]]. Genera formerly placed under this family are ''[[Exarata]]'', ''[[Gibsoniothamnus]]'', ''[[Schlegelia]]'' and ''[[Synapsis]]'', all of which now form family [[Schlegeliaceae]]. ==References== * Gentry, A. H. 1980. Flora Neotropica: Bignoniaceae - Part I (tribes Crescentieae and Tourrettieae. ''Flora Neotropica Monograph'' 25 (1): 1-150. * Gentry, A. H. 1992. Flora Neotropica: Bignoniaceae - Part II ( tribe Tecomeae). ''Flora Neotropica Monograph'' 25 (2): 1-130. * Lohmann, L. G. 2006. Untangling the phylogeny of neotropical lianas (Bignonieae - Bignoniaceae). ''American Journal of Botany'' 93 (2): 304-318. * [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/bignonia.htm Bignoniaceae] in L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards), [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ ''The families of flowering plants''.] * [http://www.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do;jsessionid=Bignoniaceae iPlants] for an updated checklist of the family. [[Category:Plant families]] [[Category:Lamiales]] [[Category:Bignoniaceae|*]] [[da:Bignoniaceae]] [[de:Trompetenbaumgewächse]] [[es:Bignoniaceae]] [[fr:Bignoniaceae]] [[it:Bignoniaceae]] [[ka:ბიგნონიასებრნი]] [[la:Bignoniaceae]] [[lt:Bignonijiniai]] [[hu:Szivarfafélék]] [[nl:Trompetboomfamilie]] [[ja:ノウゼンカズラ科]] [[no:Trompettrefamilien]] [[pl:Bignoniowate]] [[pt:Bignoniaceae]] [[ro:Bignoniaceae]] [[ru:Бигнониевые]] [[sv:Katalpaväxter]] [[th:วงศ์แคหางค่าง]] [[vi:Họ Chùm ớt]] [[zh:紫葳科]]