Billiard table 1271962 223596552 2008-07-04T20:19:25Z Lightbot 7178666 Units/dates/other [[Image:Billard p1150796.jpg|thumb|Larger tables may require multiple lamps to properly light the playing surface.]] A '''billiard table''' or '''billiards table''' (or more specifically a '''pool table''' or '''snooker table''') is a bounded [[table (furniture)|table]] on which [[Cue sport|billiards-type games]] are played. In the modern era, all billiards tables, regardless of whether for [[carom billiards]], [[pocket billiards]] (pool) or [[snooker]], provide a flat surface usually made of quarried [[slate]], that is covered with cloth and surrounded by resilient cushions, with the whole elevated above the floor.<ref name="IEOB">{{cite book | last = Shamos | first = Michael Ian | year = 1993 | title = The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Billiards | publisher = Lyons & Burford | location = [[New York, NY]] | pages = Pages 115, 238}}</ref> ==History== {{Sectstub|date=May 2008}} In the [[United States]], manufacture of billiard tables has been ongoing since at least the mid [[19th century|nineteenth century]]. The forerunner of the [[Brunswick Company]] began commercial manufacture in 1845.<ref>[http://www.managingip.com/?Page=9&PUBID=198&ISS=23690&SID=684348 History of the Brunswick Company]</ref> In [[San Francisco, California]], several manufacturers were active by the late 1800s.{{Clarifyme|date=August 2007}}<!--That's fine, but the historical origins are in Europe, of course!--> ==Dimensions== {{Cleanup-combine|date=August 2007}}<!--This entire section should be divested, and merged into each of the game-type-specific sections.--> Many people are confused by the use of the word "regulation", using it when what they mean to refer to is the size of tables used for professional tournaments. Regulation tables come in 3.5&nbsp;ft&nbsp;by&nbsp;7&nbsp;ft, 4&nbsp;ft&nbsp;by&nbsp;8&nbsp;ft, 4.5&nbsp;ft&nbsp;by&nbsp;9&nbsp;ft, 5&nbsp;ft&nbsp;by&nbsp;10&nbsp;ft, and 6&nbsp;ft&nbsp;by&nbsp;12&nbsp;ft (depending upon factors such as available room in the venue, and what game type the table is intended for) with play areas twice as long as they are wide (plus or minus 1/8&nbsp;in) from the nose of the cushion to the nose of the opposite cushion, i.e., perfect or close to perfect rectangles. The 4.5&nbsp;ft&nbsp;by&nbsp;9&nbsp;ft model is the standard size for tournament play and is "regulation" when the side to side internal width is 50&nbsp;in and the length is 100&nbsp;in (plus or minus 1/8&nbsp;in), when measured cushion nose to cushion nose. In previous generations 10&nbsp;ft tables were standard for pool, and can still be found as antiques in some pool halls; this size remains the standard for carom games. For home use, 8&nbsp;ft tables are somewhat common, but infrequently used elsewhere. [[Snooker]] tables, the largest at 12&nbsp; feet when full-sized, have smaller pocket aperatures than pool tables, as do models for [[Russian pyramid]]. The 7&nbsp;ft models, usually coin-operated, are typically found in [[Bar (establishment)|bars]]/[[Public house|pubs]] due to limited space, and are also used for the Korean game of [[four ball]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Coin-operated pool tables use multiple ways to determine the cue ball from the object balls, including light sensors{{Fact|date=August 2007}}, different ball sizes/weights, or magnetic triggers. While most tables are rectangles, there are novelty tables which are round, hexagonal and even zig-zag shaped. These variants, however, are all far less popular than the ubiquitous, traditional rectangular tables. ==Parts and equipment== {{sectstub|date=August 2007}} ===Cushions=== Cushions (also sometimes called “rails”, “rail cushions”, “cushion rubber”, or “bumpers”) are located on the sides of the tables’ rails. There are several different materials and design philosophies associated with cushion rubber. The cushions are made from an elastic material such as [[vulcanized rubber|vulcanized]] (gum or synthetic) rubber. The chiefly American jargon "rail" more properly applies to the wooded outer segments of the table to which the cushions are affixed. The purpose of the cushion rubber is to cause the [[billiard balls]] to rebound off the rubber while minimizing the loss of [[kinetic energy]]. The ''profile'' of the rail cushion, which is the cushion's angle in relation to the bed of the table, varies between table types.<!--This doesn't seem to agree with the text below at all, which defines the profile in terms of base size and nose height.--> The standard on American pool tables is the K-66 profile, which as defined by the [[Billiard Congress of America|BCA]] has a base of 1-3/16 inches and a nose height of 1 inch [http://www.bestbilliard.com/resources/specs.htm]<!--CONVERT TO A REAL REFERENCE WITH <ref> and [[Template:Cite web]]-->. This{{Clarifyme|date=March 2008}}<!--What is "This"?--> causes the balls' rebound to be somewhat predictable during game play. On a carom table, the K-55 profile is used (with a somewhat sharper angle than pool cushions). K-55 cushions have cloth, usually canvas, vulcanized into the top of the rubber to adjust rebound accuracy and speed [http://www.bestbilliard.com/resources/specs.htm]<!--CONVERT TO PROPER REF. CITATION-->. Finally, snooker tables use the K-66 profile, like pool tables, but the cushion is an "L" shape. This is mostly{{Clarifyme|date=March 2008}} because snooker uses balls of a smaller diameter and smaller pocket entrances than does pool. ===Cloth=== Billiard cloth (sometimes erroneously called [[felt]]) is a specific type of cloth that covers the top of the table's "playing area". Both the rails and slate beds are covered with 21-24&nbsp;ounce billiard cloth (although some less expensive 19oz cloths are available) which is most often [[green]] in color (representing the grass of the original lawn games that billiards evolved from), and consists of either a woven [[wool]] or wool/[[nylon]] blend called [[baize]]. Most bar tables, which get lots of play, use the slower, thicker blended cloth because it can better withstand heavy usage. This type of cloth is called a [[woolen]] cloth. By contrast, high quality pool cloth is usually made of a napless weave such as [[worsted]] wool, which gives a much faster roll to the balls. This "speed" of the cloth affects the amounts of {{Cuegloss|Swerve|swerve}} and {{Cuegloss|Deflection|deflection}} of the balls, among other aspects of game finesse. Snooker cloth traditionally has a directional [[nap]], upon which the balls behave differently when rolling against vs. toward the direction of the [[nap (textile)|nap]].<!-- These details could be moved to a new [[billiard cloth]] stub article, or used to improve the baize one. --> ==Carom billiards tables== {{Sectstub|date=May 2008}} Pocketless [[carom billiards]] tables are used for such games as [[three-cushion billiards]], [[Balkline and straight rail|straight rail]], [[Balkline and straight rail|balkline]], [[artistic billiards]] and [[cushion caroms]]. Regulation carom billiards tables are rectangles, with the bed of the table (the playing surface) measuring 10&nbsp;feet&nbsp;by&nbsp;5&nbsp;feet (though 9&nbsp;ft&nbsp;by&nbsp;4.5&nbsp;ft are increasingly common). The [[slate]] bed of carom billiard tables are often heated to about 5&nbsp;degrees&nbsp;C (9&nbsp;deg&nbsp;F) above [[room temperature]], which helps to keep moisture out of the cloth to aid the balls rolling and rebounding in a consistent manner, and generally makes a table play faster. A heated table is required under international carom rules and is an especially important requirement for the games of three-cushion billiards and artistic billiards.<ref name="IEOB" /> Heating table beds is an old practice. [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] of England (1819-1901) had a billard table that was heated using [[zinc]] tubes, although the aim at that time was chiefly to keep the then-used [[ivory]] balls from warping. The first use of electric heating was for an 18.2 balkline tournament held in December 1927 between [[Welker Cochran]] and [[Jacob Schaefer, Jr.]] The New York Times announced it with fanfare: "For the first time in the history of world's championship balkline billiards a heated table will be used..."<ref name="IEOB" /><ref>New York Times Company (December 16, 1927). [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F2071FFB395912738DDDAF0994DA415B878EF1D3 To Heat Table for First Time In World Title Billiard Match]. Retrieved January 2, 2007.</ref> ==Pocket billiards (pool) tables== {{Sectstub|date=May 2008}} [[Image:CueBallOneBallNearPocket.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A {{Cuegloss|Cue ball|cue ball}} and the 1 ball close to a pocket]]<!--Replace this image; due to wide-angle lens, it makes the cue ball look much larger than the object ball.--> ''[[Pocket billiards]]'' tables, sometimes called '''pool tables''', are specific to the various pool games such as [[eight-ball]], [[nine-ball]], [[straight pool]] and [[one-pocket]]. As the name implies, pocket billiards tables have pockets; normally six of them &ndash; one at each corner of the table ({{Cuegloss|Corner pocket|corner pockets}}) and one at the midpoint of each of the longer sides ({{Cuegloss|Side pocket|side pockets}}). Pockets, usually rimmed with leather or plastic, may have leather bags to catch the balls, common in home [[billiard room]]s and [[pool hall]]s, or (most commonly in the coin-operated tables found regularly in bars/pubs) may lead to ball-return troughs inside the table, which channel the balls into a collection chamber on one side of the table (or, in non-coin-op models, on the racking end of the table). {{Cuegloss|Pocket|"Pocket" can be used as a verb}}, meaning to send a ball into a pocket (as in, "He pocketed the {{Cuegloss|8 ball|8 ball}} by accident.") ==Snooker tables== [[Image:Snooker table drawing 2.svg|thumb|Snooker table, drawn to scale]] A billiard table designed for the game [[snooker]] is called a '''snooker table'''. ===Dimensions=== A standard tournament snooker table measures 9&nbsp;ft&nbsp;5&nbsp;in&nbsp;by&nbsp;5&nbsp;ft&nbsp;10&nbsp;in (2895.6&nbsp;mm&nbsp;by&nbsp;1554.48&nbsp;mm), though commonly referred to as 9&nbsp;ft&nbsp;by&nbsp;5&nbsp;ft.. The height from the floor to the top of the cushion is between 2&nbsp;ft&nbsp;9.5&nbsp;in and 2&nbsp;ft&nbsp;10.5&nbsp;in (851&nbsp;mm and 876&nbsp;mm). ===Pockets=== A snooker table has six pockets, one at each corner and one at the center of each of the longest side cushions. The pockets are around 90&nbsp;mm (3.5&nbsp;in), though high-class tournaments may use slightly smaller pockets to increase difficulty. The amount of "undercut" in the pocket determines how easily a ball is accepted. Compared to a billiards table, snooker table pockets are rounded, while pool tables have sharp corners. This affects how accurate shots need to be to get in a pocket and on rail shots from one end of the table to the other. ===Cushions=== The cushions (sometimes known as rails, though that term properly applies to the wood sections the cushions are attached to) are usually made of [[vulcanization|vulcanized rubber]]. ===The bed=== The playing surface or "bed" of a good quality snooker table has a base of [[slate]] and is covered with green [[baize]] or [[worsted wool]]. The thickness of the cloth determines the speed, accuracy and responsiveness of the table to spin, thicker cloths being more hard-wearing but slower and less responsive. The [[nap]] of the cloth can affect the run of the balls, especially on slower shots. A snooker table traditionally has the nap running from baulk to the top end and is brushed and ironed in this direction. ===Markings=== The {{Cuegloss|Baulk|baulk}} area is marked by a line drawn at 29&nbsp;in (737&nbsp;mm) from the {{Cuegloss|Head rail|bottom cushion}}. A semicircle with a radius of 11.5&nbsp;in (292&nbsp;mm) centred on this line within baulk forms {{Cuegloss|"D", the|the "D"}} in which the cue ball must be placed when breaking or after the cue ball has been {{Cuegloss|Pot|potted}} or shot off the table. The position of four of {{Cuegloss|Colour ball|the colours}} are marked along the {{Cuegloss|Long string|long string}} (lengthwise centre) of the table, perpendicular to the baulk line: the {{Cuegloss|Spot|spot}}, or {{Cuegloss|Black ball|black}} spot, 12.5&nbsp;in (324&nbsp;mm) from the {{Cuegloss|Foot rail|top cushion}}; the {{Cuegloss|Center spot|centre spot}}, or {{Cuegloss|Blue ball|blue}} spot, located at the mid-point between the bottom and top {{Cuegloss|Cushion|cushions}}; The {{Cuegloss|Rack|pyramid}} spot, or {{Cuegloss|Pink ball|pink spot}}, located midway between the centre spot and the top cushion; and the {{Cuegloss|Brown ball|brown}} spot, located at the mid-point of the baulk line. The exact placing of these markings will be different on smaller tables, such as a 5&nbsp;ft&nbsp;by&nbsp;10&nbsp;ft pub table. == References == {{Reflist}} {{Cue sports nav}} [[Category:Cue sports equipment|Table, billiards]] [[Category:Tables (furniture)|Billards table]] [[da:Billardbord]] [[pl:Stół bilardowy]]