Biodiesel 188551 225891666 2008-07-15T21:56:40Z 129.105.104.175 /* Aircraft use */ {{Three other uses|transesterified lipids|hydrogenated alkane renewable diesel|vegetable oil refining|biomass and organic waste to fuel production|Biomass to liquid|unmodified vegetable oil used as motor fuel|Vegetable oil used as fuel}} [[Image:Soybus.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Bus run by '''biodiesel''']] [[Image:Methyl Linoleate.png|thumb|200px|Space-filling model of methyl linoleate, or linoleic acid methyl ester, a common methyl ester produced from soybean or canola oil and methanol.]] [[Image:Ethyl Stearate.png|thumb|200px|Space-filling model of ethyl stearate, or stearic acid ethyl ester, an ethyl ester produced from soybean or canola oil and ethanol.]] '''Biodiesel''' refers to a non-petroleum-based [[diesel]] fuel consisting of short chain [[alkyl]] ([[methyl]] or [[ethyl]]) [[ester]]s, made by [[transesterification]] of [[vegetable oil]], which can be used (alone, or blended with conventional petrodiesel) in unmodified [[diesel-engine]] vehicles. Biodiesel is distinguished from the ''[[straight vegetable oil]]'' (SVO) (aka "waste vegetable oil", "WVO", "used vegetable oil", "UVO", "unwashed biodiesel", "pure plant oil", "PPO") used (alone, or blended) as fuels in some ''converted'' diesel vehicles. "Biodiesel" is standardized as mono-alkyl ester and other kinds of diesel-grade fuels of biological origin are not included.<ref name=NBB>{{cite web |title=Biodiesel 101 - Biodiesel Definitions |publisher=National Biodiesel Board |url=http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/definitions/default.shtm |format=? |accessdate=2008-02-16}}</ref> ==Blends== Blends of biodiesel and conventional hydrocarbon-based diesel are products most commonly distributed for use in the retail diesel fuel marketplace. Much of the world uses a system known as the "B" factor to state the amount of biodiesel in any fuel mix: fuel containing 20% biodiesel is labeled '''B20''', while pure biodiesel is referred to as '''B100'''. It is common to see '''B99''', since 1% petrodiesel is sufficiently toxic to retard mold. Blends of 20 percent biodiesel with 80 percent petroleum diesel (B20) can generally be used in unmodified diesel engines. Biodiesel can also be used in its pure form (B100), but may require certain engine modifications to avoid maintenance and performance problems. Blending B100 with petro diesel may be accomplished by: * Mixing in tanks at manufacturing point prior to delivery to tanker truck * Splash mixing in the tanker truck (adding specific percentages of Biodiesel and Petro Diesel) * In-line mixing, two components arrive at tanker truck simultaneously. ==Origin== On [[August 31]], [[1937]], G. Chavanne of the University of Brussels (Belgium) was granted a patent for a 'Procedure for the transformation of vegetable oils for their uses as fuels' (fr. 'Procédé de Transformation d’Huiles Végétales en Vue de Leur Utilisation comme Carburants') Belgian Patent 422,877. This patent described the alcoholysis (often referred to as transesterification) of vegetable oils using ethanol (and mentions methanol) in order to separate the fatty acids from the glycerol by replacing the glycerol with short linear alcohols. This appears to be the first account of the production of what is known as 'biodiesel' today.<ref name=knothe>{{cite web |last=Knothe |first=G. |title=Historical Perspectives on Vegetable Oil-Based Diesel Fuels |publisher=INFORM, Vol. 12(11), p. 1103-1107 (2001) |url=http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/20011101_gen-346.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-07-11}}</ref> ==Applications== Biodiesel can be used in pure form (B100) or may be blended with petroleum diesel at any concentration in most modern diesel engines. Biodiesel has different [[solvent]] properties than petrodiesel, and will degrade natural [[rubber]] [[gasket]]s and [[hose (tubing)|hose]]s in vehicles (mostly vehicles manufactured before 1992), although these tend to wear out naturally and most likely will have already been replaced with [[FKM]], which is nonreactive to biodiesel. Biodiesel has been known to break down deposits of residue in the fuel lines where petrodiesel has been used.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tyson |last=McCormick |first=R.L. |title=2006 Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide Third Edition |url=http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/pdfs/40555.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-12-18}}</ref> As a result, [[fuel filter]]s may become clogged with particulates if a quick transition to pure biodiesel is made. Therefore, it is recommended to change the fuel filters on engines and heaters shortly after first switching to a biodiesel blend.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} ===Distribution=== Biodiesel use and production are increasing rapidly. Fueling stations make biodiesel readily available to [[consumer]]s across Europe, and increasingly in the USA and Canada. A growing number of transport fleets use it as an additive in their fuel. Biodiesel is often more expensive to purchase than petroleum diesel but this is expected to diminish due to [[Economy of scale|economies of scale]] and [[agricultural subsidies]] versus the rising cost of petroleum as [[Hubbert peak|reserves are depleted]]. ===Vehicular use and manufacturer acceptance=== In 2005, DaimlerChrysler released Jeep Liberty CRD diesels from the factory into the American market with 5% biodiesel blends, indicating at least partial acceptance of biodiesel as an acceptable diesel fuel additive.<ref>Kemp, William. Biodiesel: Basics and Beyond. Canada: Aztext Press, 2006.</ref> In 2007, DaimlerChrysler indicated intention to increase warranty coverage to 20% biodiesel blends if biofuel quality in the United States can be standardized.<ref>http://nbb.grassroots.com/07Releases/Incentive/</ref> ===Railroad use=== The British businessman [[Richard Branson|Richard Branson's]] [[Virgin Voyager]] train, number 220007 ''Thames Voyager'',<ref>{{cite web |title=First UK biodiesel train launched| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6729115.stm |publisher=BBC | accessdate=2007-11-17}}</ref> billed as the world's first "biodiesel train" was converted to run on 80% petrodiesel and only 20% biodiesel, and it is claimed it will save 14% on direct emissions. ===Aircraft use=== Aircraft manufacturers are even more cautious due to the inherent risks of air travel, but a test flight has been performed by a Czech Aircraft (completely powered on biofuel);<ref name=trainer>[http://www.greenflightinternational.com/First%20B100%20Jet%20Flight%20Press%20Release.pdf Soviet-era training jet flies on biodiesel]</ref> testing has been announced by [[Rolls Royce plc]], [[Air New Zealand]] and [[Boeing]] (one engine out of four on a [[Boeing 747]]);<ref name=testflights>[http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2007/q3/070928b_nr.html Bio-fuel flight demonstration] </ref> and commercial passenger jet testing has also been announced<ref name=virgin>[http://www.aboutmyplanet.com/environment/virgin-atlantic/ Virgin Atlantic to Run Bio-diesel Test Flight]</ref> by [[Virgin Atlantic]]'s [[Richard Branson]]. The world's first biofuel-powered commercial aircraft took off from [[London Heathrow Airport|London's Heathrow Airport]] on [[February 24]], [[2008]] and touched down in [[Amsterdam]] on a demonstration flight hailed as a first step towards "cleaner" flying. The "BioJet" fuel for this flight was produced by Seattle based Imperium Renewables, Inc.<ref name=commercial>[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/02/24/flight.biofuels/index.html Biofuel-powered jet to make test flight]</ref> ===As a heating oil=== Biodiesel can also be used as a heating fuel in domestic and commercial boilers, sometimes known as [[bioheat]]. Older furnaces may contain rubber parts that would be affected by biodiesel's solvent properties, but can otherwise burn biodiesel without any conversion required. Care must be taken at first, however, given that varnishes left behind by petrodiesel will be released and can clog pipes- fuel filtering and prompt filter replacement is required. Another approach is to start using biodiesel as blend, and decreasing the petroleum proportion over time can allow the varnishes to come off more gradually and be less likely to clog. Thanks to its strong solvent properties, however, the furnace is cleaned out and generally becomes more efficient. A technical research paper<ref> {{cite web | last = Robertson | first = Andrew | title =Biodiesel Heating Oil: Sustainable Heating for the future | work = | publisher =Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering | date = | url =http://www.iphe.org.uk/publications/tech_literature.html | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2008-01-07 }} </ref> describes laboratory research and field trials project using pure biodiesel and biodiesel blends as a heating fuel in oil fired boilers. During the Biodiesel Expo 2006 in the UK, Andrew J. Robertson presented his biodiesel heating oil research from his technical paper and suggested that B20 biodiesel could reduce UK household CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by 1.5 million tons per year. ==Historical background== [[Transesterification]] of a [[vegetable oil]] was conducted as early as 1853 by scientists E. Duffy and J. Patrick, many years before the first [[diesel engine]] became functional. [[Rudolf Diesel]]'s prime model, a single 10 ft (3 m) iron cylinder with a flywheel at its base, ran on its own power for the first time in [[Augsburg]], [[Germany]], on [[August 10]], [[1893]]. In remembrance of this event, [[August 10]] has been declared "International Biodiesel Day". Rudolf Diesel demonstrated a Diesel engine running on peanut oil (at the request of the French government) built by the French [[Otto Company]] at the [[World Fair]] in [[Paris]], [[France]] in 1900, where it received the ''Grand Prix'' (highest prize).<ref>[http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/20011101_gen-346.pdf biodiesel.org report 246]</ref> This engine stood as an example of Diesel's vision because it was powered by [[peanut]] oil — a [[biofuel]], though not ''biodiesel'', since it was not transesterified. He believed that the utilization of biomass fuel was the real future of his engine. In a 1912 speech Diesel said, "the use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today but such oils may become, in the course of time, as important as petroleum and the [[coal-tar]] products of the present time." During the 1920s, diesel engine manufacturers altered their engines to utilize the lower [[viscosity]] of petrodiesel (a [[fossil fuel]]), rather than vegetable oil (a [[biomass fuel]]). The petroleum industries were able to make inroads in fuel markets because their fuel was much cheaper to produce than the [[biomass]] alternatives. The result, for many years, was a near elimination of the biomass fuel production [[infrastructure]]. Only recently, have environmental impact concerns and a decreasing price differential made biomass fuels such as biodiesel a growing alternative. Despite the widespread use of fossil petroleum-derived diesel fuels, interest in vegetable oils as fuels in internal combustion engines is reported in several countries during the 1920s and 1930's and later during [[World War II]]. [[Belgium]], [[France]], [[Italy]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Portugal]], [[Germany]], [[Brazil]], [[Argentina]], [[Japan]] and [[China]] have been reported to have tested and used vegetable oils as diesel fuels during this time. Some operational problems were reported due to the high viscosity of vegetable oils compared to petroleum diesel fuel, which result in poor [[atomization]] of the fuel in the fuel spray and often leads to deposits and coking of the injectors, combustion chamber and valves. Attempts to overcome these problems included heating of the vegetable oil, blending it with petroleum-derived diesel fuel or ethanol, [[pyrolysis]] and cracking of the oils. On [[August 31]], [[1937]], G. Chavanne of the University of Brussels (Belgium) was granted a patent for a "Procedure for the transformation of vegetable oils for their uses as fuels" (fr. 'Procédé de Transformation d’Huiles Végétales en Vue de Leur Utilisation comme Carburants') Belgian Patent 422,877. This patent described the alcoholysis (often referred to as transesterification) of vegetable oils using methanol and ethanol in order to separate the fatty acids from the glycerol by replacing the glycerol by short linear alcohols. This appears to be the first account of the production of what is known as "biodiesel" today. More recently, in 1977, Brazilian scientist Expedito Parente produced biodiesel using transesterification with ethanol, and again filed a patent for the same process. This process is classified as biodiesel by international norms, conferring a "standardized identity and quality. No other proposed biofuel has been validated by the motor industry."<ref>[http://www.tecbio.com.br/templates/loadpaginas.php?pagina=sobreobiodiesel_ing] Quote from Tecbio website </ref> Currently, Parente's company [[Tecbio]] is working with [[Boeing]] and [[NASA]] to certify bioquerosene (bio-kerosene), another product produced and patented by the Brazilian scientist.<ref>[http://www.defesanet.com.br/zz/energia_4.htm] O Globo newspaper interview in Portuguese]</ref> Research into the use of transesterified [[sunflower oil]], and refining it to [[diesel fuel]] standards, was initiated in [[South Africa]] in 1979. By 1983, the process for producing fuel-quality, engine-tested biodiesel was completed and published internationally.<ref>SAE Technical Paper series no. 831356. SAE International Off Highway Meeting, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, 1983</ref> An [[Austria]]n company, [[Gaskoks]], obtained the technology from the South African Agricultural Engineers; the company erected the first biodiesel [[pilot plant]] in November 1987, and the first industrial-scale plant in April 1989 (with a capacity of 30,000 tons of [[rapeseed]] per annum). Throughout the 1990s, plants were opened in many European countries, including the [[Czech Republic]], [[Germany]] and [[Sweden]]. [[France]] launched local production of biodiesel fuel (referred to as ''diester'') from rapeseed oil, which is mixed into regular diesel fuel at a level of 5%, and into the diesel fuel used by some captive fleets (e.g. [[public transportation]]) at a level of 30%. [[Renault]], [[Peugeot]] and other manufacturers have certified truck engines for use with up to that level of partial biodiesel; experiments with 50% biodiesel are underway. During the same period, nations in other parts of the world also saw local production of biodiesel starting up: by 1998, the Austrian Biofuels Institute had identified 21 countries with commercial biodiesel projects. 100% Biodiesel is now available at many normal service stations across Europe. In September 2005 [[Minnesota]] became the first U.S. state to mandate that all diesel fuel sold in the state contain part biodiesel, requiring a content of at least 2% biodiesel.<ref>[http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/pressreleases/gen/20050929_mn_mandate_implemented.pdf] [[Minnesota]] regulations on biodiesel content</ref> ==Properties== {{Cleanup|date=May 2008}} Biodiesel has better lubricating properties than today's lower viscosity diesel fuels. Biodiesel addition reduces engine wear<ref>[http://www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/Lubricity.PDF Biodiesel<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> increasing the life of the fuel injection equipment that relies on the fuel for its lubrication, such as high pressure injection pumps, pump injectors (also called ''unit injectors'') and [[fuel injector]]s.[[Image:Biodiesel 3.jpg|thumb|170px|Older diesel Mercedes are popular for running on biodiesel.]] The [[calorific value]] of biodiesel is about 33 MJ/L.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} This is 9% lower than regular Number 2 [[Diesel|petrodiesel]]. Variations in biodiesel energy density is more dependent on the feedstock used than the production process. Still these variations are less than for petrodiesel.<ref>{{cite conference | first = | last = National Biodiesel Board | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Energy Content | booktitle = | pages = 1 | publisher = | date = 2005-10 | location = Jefferson City, USA | url = http://www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/BTU_Content_Final_Oct2005.pdf | doi = | id = | accessdate = 2007-11-20 |format=PDF}}</ref> It has been claimed biodiesel gives better lubricity and more complete combustion thus increasing the engine energy output and partially compensating for the higher energy density of petrodiesel.<ref>[http://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.html UNH Biodiesel Group<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Biodiesel is a liquid which varies in color — between golden and dark brown — depending on the production feedstock. It is [[miscible|immiscible]] with water, has a high [[boiling point]] and low [[vapor pressure]]. *The [[flash point]] of biodiesel (>130 °C, >266 °F)<ref>[http://www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/MSDS.pdf Generic biodiesel material safety data sheet (MSDS)]</ref> is significantly higher than that of petroleum diesel (64 °C, 147 °F) or gasoline (−45 °C, -52 °F). Biodiesel has a density of ~ 0.88 g/cm³, less than that of water. Biodiesel has a [[viscosity]] similar to [[diesel fuel|petrodiesel]], the current industry term for diesel produced from [[petroleum]]. Biodiesel has high [[lubricity]] and virtually no sulfur content, and it is often used as an additive to [[Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel]] (ULSD) fuel. ==Technical standards== {{main|Biodiesel standard}} Biodiesel has a number of standards for its quality including the European standard [[EN 14214]] and the [[ASTM D6751]] USA and Canada. ==Gelling== The [[cloud point]], or temperature at which pure (B100) biodiesel starts to gel, varies significantly and depends upon the mix of esters and therefore the feedstock oil used to produce the biodiesel. For example, biodiesel produced from low [[erucic acid]] varieties of canola seed (RME) starts to gel at approximately −10 °C (14 °F). Biodiesel produced from tallow tends to gel at around +16 °C (61 °F). As of 2006, there are a very limited number of products that will significantly lower the gel point of straight biodiesel. A study carried out by [[Assiniboine Community College]] in [[Manitoba]], [[Canada]] managed to produce B100 biodiesel that was a clear flowing liquid at -38° by using a commercially available additive, Wintron XC30, in addition to low temperature filtration.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} A number of studies have shown that winter operation is possible with biodiesel blended with other fuel oils including #2 low [[sulfur]] [[diesel]] fuel and #1 diesel / [[kerosene]]. The exact blend depends on the operating environment: successful operations have run using a 65% LS #2, 30% K #1, and 5% bio blend. Other areas have run a 70% Low Sulfur #2, 20% Kerosene #1, and 10% bio blend or an 80% K#1, and 20% biodiesel blend. According to the National Biodiesel Board (NBB), B20 (20% biodiesel, 80% petrodiesel) does not need any treatment in addition to what is already taken with petrodiesel. To permit the use of biodiesel without mixing and without the possibility of gelling at low temperatures, some people modify their vehicles with a second fuel tank for biodiesel in addition to the standard fuel tank. Alternately, a vehicle with two tanks is chosen. The second fuel tank is [[Thermal insulation|insulated]] and a [[Heat exchanger|heating coil]] using [[antifreeze|engine coolant]] is run through the tank. When a temperature sensor indicates that the fuel is warm enough to burn, the driver switches from the petrodiesel tank to the biodiesel tank. This is similar to the method used for running straight vegetable oil. ==Contamination by water== Biodiesel may contain small but problematic quantities of water. Although it is [[hydrophobic]] (non-miscible with water [[molecule]]s), it is said to be, at the same time, [[hygroscopy|hygroscopic]] to the point of attracting water molecules from [[atmosphere|atmospheric]] [[moisture]];<ref>{{cite web |last= UFOP - Union zur Förderung von Oel |title=Biodiesel FlowerPower: Facts * Arguments * Tips |url=http://64.233.167.104/custom?q=cache:OVkS1z7K_jYJ:www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/20040101_gen-331.pdf+hygroscopic&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-06-13}}</ref> one of the reasons biodiesel can absorb water is the persistence of mono and diglycerides left over from an incomplete reaction. These molecules can act as an emulsifier, allowing water to mix with the biodiesel.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} In addition, there may be water that is residual to processing or resulting from storage tank [[condensation]]. The presence of water is a problem because: * Water reduces the heat of [[combustion]] of the bulk fuel. This means more [[smoke]], harder starting, less [[power (physics)|power]]. * Water causes [[corrosion]] of vital fuel system components: fuel pumps, injector pumps, fuel lines, etc. * Water & microbes cause the paper element filters in the system to fail (rot), which in turn results in premature failure of the fuel pump due to ingestion of large particles. * Water freezes to form ice crystals near 0 °C (32 °F). These crystals provide sites for [[nucleation]] and accelerate the gelling of the residual fuel. * Water accelerates the growth of microbe colonies, which can plug up a fuel system. Biodiesel users who have heated fuel tanks therefore face a year-round microbe problem. * Additionally, water can cause pitting in the pistons on a diesel engine. Previously, the amount of water contaminating biodiesel has been difficult to measure by taking samples, since water and oil separate. However, it is now possible to measure the water content using water-in-oil sensors.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} Water contamination is also a potential problem when using certain chemical catalysts involved in the production process, substantially reducing catalytic efficiency of base (high pH) catalysts such as KOH. However, the super-critical methanol production methodology, whereby the transesterification process of oil feedstock and methanol is effectuated under high temperature and pressure, has been shown to be largely unaffected by the presence of water contamination during the production phase. ==Availability and prices== [[Image:Diesel prices.jpg|thumb|170px|In some countries biodiesel is less expensive than conventional diesel.]] {{see details|Biodiesel around the World}} Global biodiesel production reached 3.8 million tons in 2005. Approximately 85% of biodiesel production came from the European Union. In the United States, average retail (at the [[pump]]) prices, including Federal and state [[fuel tax]]es, of B2/B5 are lower than [[petroleum]] diesel by about 12 cents, and B20 blends are the same as petrodiesel.<ref>[http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/pdfs/afpr_jul_07.pdf Clean Cities Alternative Fuel Price Report July 2007<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> B99 and B100 generally cost more than petrodiesel except where local governments provide a subsidy. ==Production== {{see details|Biodiesel production}} Biodiesel is commonly produced by the transesterification of the vegetable oil or animal fat feedstock. There are several methods for carrying out this transesterification reaction including the common batch process, supercritical processes, ultrasonic methods, and even microwave methods. Chemically, transesterified biodiesel comprises a mix of mono-[[alkyl]] [[ester]]s of long chain [[fatty acid]]s. The most common form uses [[methanol]] (converted to sodium methoxide) to produce [[methyl]] esters as it is the cheapest alcohol available, though [[ethanol]] can be used to produce an ethyl ester biodiesel and higher alcohols such as isopropanol and butanol have also been used. Using alcohols of higher molecular weights improves the cold flow properties of the resulting ester, at the cost of a less efficient transesterification reaction. A [[lipid]] [[transesterification]] production process is used to convert the base oil to the desired esters. Any Free [[fatty acid]]s (FFAs) in the base oil are either converted to soap and removed from the process, or they are esterified (yielding more biodiesel) using an acidic catalyst. After this processing, unlike [[straight vegetable oil]], biodiesel has [[combustion]] properties very similar to those of petroleum diesel, and can replace it in most current uses. A by-product of the transesterification process is the production of [[glycerol]]. For every 1 tonne of biodiesel that is manufactured, 100 kg of glycerol are produced. Originally, there was a valuable market for the glycerol, which assisted the economics of the process as a whole. However, with the increase in global biodiesel production, the market price for this crude glycerol (containing 20% water and catalyst residues) has crashed. Research is being conducted globally to use this glycerol as a chemical building block. One initiative in the UK is The Glycerol Challenge.<ref>{{citeweb|title=Biofuels and Glycerol|url=http://www.theglycerolchallenge.org|publisher=''theglycerolchallenge.org''|accessdate=2008-07-09}}</ref> Usually this crude glycerol has to be purified, typically by performing vacuum distillation. This is rather energy intensive. The refined glycerol (98%+ purity) can then be utilised directly, or converted into other products. The following announcements were made in 2007: A joint venture of [[Ashland Inc.]] and [[Cargill]] announced plans to make [[propylene glycol]] in Europe from [[glycerol]]<ref>Chemweek's Business Daily, Tuesday [[May 8]], [[2007]]</ref> and [[Dow Chemical]] announced similar plans for North America.<ref>http://www.dow.com/propyleneglycol/news/20070315b.htm, accessed [[June 25]], [[2007]] </ref> [[Dow]] also plans to build a plant in [[China]] to make [[epichlorhydrin]] from [[glycerol]].<ref>http://epoxy.dow.com/epoxy/news/2007/20070326b.htm, accessed [[June 25]], [[2007]]</ref> [[Epichlorhydrin]] is a raw material for [[epoxy resins]]. ===Production levels=== Biodiesel production capacity is growing rapidly, with an average annual growth rate from 2002-2006 of over 40%.<ref>{{cite web | last = Martinot (Lead Author) | first = Eric | title = Renewables 2007. Global Status Report | work = | publisher = REN21 (Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21stCentury | date = 2008 | url = http://www.martinot.info/RE2007_Global_Status_Report.pdf | doi = | accessdate = 2008-04-03|format=PDF}}</ref> For the year 2006, the latest for which actual production figures could be obtained, total world biodiesel production was about 5-6 million tonnes, with 4.9 million tonnes processed in Europe<ref>{{cite web | title = Statistics. the EU biodiesel industry | publisher = European Biodiesel Board | date = 2008-03-28 | url = http://www.ebb-eu.org/stats.php# | accessdate = 2008-04-03}}</ref> (of which 2.7 million tonnes was from Germany) and most of the rest from the USA.<ref>{{cite web | title = US Biodiesel Demand | work = Biodiesel: The official site of the National Biodiesel Board | publisher = NBB | url = http://www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/Production_Graph_Slide.pdf | accessdate =2008-04-03 |format=PDF}}</ref> The capacity for 2007 in Europe totalled 10.3 million tonnes. This compares with a total demand for diesel in the US and Europe of approximately 490 million tonnes (147 billion gallons).<ref>{{cite web | title = Biodiesel to drive up the price of cooking oil | work = | publisher = Biopower London | date = 2006 | url = http://www.biopowerlondon.co.uk/news2.htm | accessdate = 2008-04-03}}</ref> Total world production of vegetable oil for all purposes in 2005/06 was about 110 million tonnes, with about 34 million tonnes each of palm oil and soybean oil.<ref>{{cite web | title = Major Commodities | publisher = FEDIOL (EU Oil and Proteinmeal Industry) | url = http://www.fediol.be/2/index.php | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2008-04-08}}</ref> ===Biodiesel feedstocks=== [[Image:Soybeanvarieties.jpg|thumb|right|[[Soybean]]s are used as a source of biodiesel]] {{Vegetable oils}} A variety of oils can be used to produce biodiesel. These include: *Virgin oil feedstock; [[rapeseed]] and [[soybean]] oils are most commonly used, soybean oil alone accounting for about ninety percent of all fuel stocks in the US. It also can be obtained from [[Thlaspi arvense|field pennycress]] and [[Jatropha]] other [[agriculture|crops]] such as [[Mustard plant|mustard]], [[flax]], [[sunflower]], [[palm oil]], [[hemp]] (see [[List of vegetable oils#Oils used for biofuel|List of vegetable oils]] for a more complete list); *[[Waste vegetable oil]] (WVO); *Animal [[fat]]s including [[tallow]], [[lard]], [[yellow grease]], chicken fat,<ref name="ChickenFat"> {{cite news | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/02/AR2007010201057.html | title = Not a Tiger, but Maybe a Chicken in Your Tank | publisher = Associated Press | work = Washington Post | last = Leonard | first = Christopher | page = D03 | date = 2007-01-03 | accessdate = 2007-12-04 }}</ref> and the by-products of the production of [[Omega-3 fatty acids]] from fish oil. *[[Algae fuel|Algae]], which [[algaculture|can be grown]] using waste materials such as sewage<ref name="Kiong">{{cite news | author = Errol Kiong | title = NZ firm makes bio-diesel from sewage in world first | url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/story.cfm?c_id=1&ObjectID=10381404 | publisher = The New Zealand Herald | date = [[12 May]] [[2006]] | accessdate = 2007-01-10 }}</ref> and without displacing land currently used for food production. Many advocates suggest that waste vegetable oil is the best source of oil to produce biodiesel, but since the available supply is drastically less than the amount of petroleum-based fuel that is burned for transportation and home heating in the world, this local solution does not scale well. Animal fats are similarly limited in supply, and it would not be efficient to raise animals (or catch fish) simply for their fat. However, producing biodiesel with animal fat that would have otherwise been discarded could replace a small percentage of petroleum diesel usage. Currently, a 5-million dollar plant is being built in the USA, with the intent of producing 11.4 million litres (3 million gallons) biodiesel from some of the estimated 1 billion kg (2.3 billion pounds) of chicken fat<ref> {{cite web | title =Biodiesel from Animal Fat | publisher = E85.whipnet.net | url =http://e85.whipnet.net/alt.fuel/animal.fat.html | accessdate = 2008-01-07 }} </ref> produced annually the local Tyson poultry plant.<ref name="ChickenFat"/> Similarly, some small-scale biodiesel factories use waste fish oil as feedstock.<ref> {{cite web | title =Biodiesel produced from “tra”, “basa” catfish oil | publisher = governemental site | url =http://www.fistenet.gov.vn/details_e.asp?Object=2111609&news_id=4540732 | accessdate = 2008-05-25 }} </ref><ref> {{cite web | title =Demonstrating the value of a fishy biodiesel blend in Alaska’s Aleutian Islands | publisher = Biodiesel america | url =http://www.biodieselamerica.org/files/articles/alaskafishoil_fs_3_18_02.pdf | accessdate = 2008-05-25 |format=PDF}} </ref> ====Quantity of feedstocks required==== Worldwide production of vegetable oil and animal fat is not yet sufficient to replace liquid fossil fuel use. Furthermore, some object to the vast amount of [[agriculture|farming]] and the resulting [[fertilizer|fertilization]], [[pesticide]] use, and land use conversion that would be needed to produce the additional vegetable oil. The estimated transportation diesel fuel and home heating oil used in the United States is about 160 million tonnes (350 billion pounds) according to the [[Energy Information Administration]], [[US Department of Energy]] -.<ref>http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_cons_821dst_dcu_nus_a.htm)</ref> In the United States, estimated production of vegetable oil for all uses is about 11 million tonnes (24 billion pounds) and estimated production of animal fat is 5.3 million tonnes (12 billion pounds).<ref>{{cite web | last = Van Gerpen | first = John | title = Business Management for Biodiesel Producers, August 2002 - January 2004 | work = | publisher = National Renewable Energy Laboratory | date = 2004 - 07 | url = http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/36242.pdf | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2008-01-07 }}</ref> If the entire arable land area of the USA (470 million acres, or 1.9 million square kilometers) were devoted to biodiesel production from soy, this would just about provide the 160 million tonnes required (assuming an optimistic 98 gpa of biodiesel). This land area could in principle be reduced significantly using algae, if the obstacles can be overcome. The [[United States Department of Energy|US DOE]] estimates that if algae fuel replaced all the petroleum fuel in the United States, it would require 15,000 square miles (38,849 [[square kilometer]]s), which is a few thousand square miles larger than [[Maryland]], or 1.3 Belgiums,<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/03/AR2008010303907.html A Promising Oil Alternative: Algae Energy - washingtonpost.com]</ref> <ref name="Briggs2004">{{cite web | url = http://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.html | title = Widescale Biodiesel Production from Algae| author = Michael Briggs | year = 2004| month = August| accessdate = 2007-01-02 | publisher = UNH Biodiesel Group (University of New Hampshire) }}</ref>assuming a yield of 15000 gpa. The advantages of algae are that it can be grown on non-arable land such as deserts or in marine environments, and the potential oil yields are much higher than from plants. ===Yield=== {{metricate}} Feedstock yield efficiency per acre affects the feasibility of ramping up production to the huge industrial levels required to power a significant percentage of national or world vehicles. Some typical yields in US gallons of biodiesel per acre are: * Algae: 1800 gpa or more (est.- see soy figures and DOE quote below) * Palm oil: 508 gpa<ref name=gristmill>[http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2006/2/7/12145/81957 Biofuels: some numbers]</ref> * Coconut: 230 gpa<ref name=gristmill /> * Rapeseed: 102 gpa<ref name=gristmill /> * Soy: 59.2-98.6 gpa in Indiana<ref name=perdue.edu>[www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/ID/ID-337.pdf Purdue report ID-337]</ref> (Soy is used in 80% of USA biodiesel<ref name=Soy-improving_yield>[http://americanfuels.blogspot.com/2008/02/biodiesel-yields-even-higher-energy.html Biodiesel Yields Even Higher Energy Balance]</ref>) * Peanut: 90 gpa<ref name=gristmill /> * Sunflower: 82 gpa<ref name=gristmill /> [[Algae fuel]] yields have not yet been accurately determined, but DOE is reported as saying that algae yield 30 times more energy per acre than land crops such as soybeans,<ref name=washingtonpost-algae>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/03/AR2008010303907.html DOE quoted by Washington Post in "A Promising Oil Alternative: Algae Energy"]</ref> and some estimate even higher yields up to 15000 [[gpa]].<ref name=perma-activist>{{cite web |title=Algae for Liquid Fuel Production |publisher=Oakhaven Permaculture Center |author=Thomas F. Riesing, Ph.D. |date=Spring 2006 |accessdate=2006-12-18 |url=http://oakhavenpc.org/cultivating_algae.htm}} Note: originally published in issue #59 of ''Permaculture Activist''</ref> [[Jatropha#Vegoil_and_biodiesel|The Jatropha plant]] has been cited as a high-yield source of biodiesel but such claims have also been exaggerated. The more realistic estimates put the yield at about 200 gpa (1.5-2 tonnes per hectare).<ref name=jatrophaex>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CYH/is_15_7/ai_107215410 India's jatropha plant biodiesel yield termed wildly exaggerated]</ref> It is grown in the [[Philippines]], [[Mali]] and [[India]], is drought-resistant, and can [[intercropping|share space]] with other cash crops such as coffee, sugar, fruits and vegetables.<ref name=reuk>[http://www.reuk.co.uk/Jatropha-for-Biodiesel-Figures.htm Jatropha for biodiesel]</ref> It is well-suited to semi-arid lands and can contribute to slow down [[desertification]], according to its advocates.<ref>Weed's biofuel potential sparks African land grab, Washington Times, [[February 21]], [[2007]], Karen Palmer</ref> ===Efficiency and economic arguments=== According to a study written by Drs. Van Dyne and Raymer for the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]], the average US farm consumes fuel at the rate of 82 [[litre]]s per [[hectare]] (8.75 US [[gallon]]s per [[acre]]) of land to produce one crop. However, average crops of rapeseed produce oil at an average rate of 1,029 L/ha (110 US gal/acre), and high-yield rapeseed fields produce about 1,356 L/ha (145 US gal/acre). The ratio of input to output in these cases is roughly 1:12.5 and 1:16.5. Photosynthesis is known to have an efficiency rate of about 3-6% of total solar radiation<ref name="www.fao.org">{{cite paper | author = Kazuhisa Miyamoto | title = Renewable biological systems for alternative sustainable energy production (FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin - 128) | version = Final | date= 1997 | publisher = FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | url = http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7241e/w7241e05.htm | format = HTML | accessdate = 2007-03-18}} </ref> and if the entire mass of a crop is utilized for energy production, the overall efficiency of this chain is currently about 1%<ref name="petroleum.berkeley.edu">{{cite web | author = Tad Patzek | title = Thermodynamics of the Corn-Ethanol Biofuel Cycle (section 3.11 Solar Energy Input into Corn Production) | date = 2006-07-22 | publisher = Berkeley; Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 23(6):519-567 (2004) | url = http://petroleum.berkeley.edu/papers/patzek/CRPS416-Patzek-Web.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2008-03-03}}</ref> While this may compare unfavorably to [[solar cells]] combined with an electric drive train, biodiesel is less costly to deploy (solar cells cost approximately US$1,000 per square meter) and transport (electric vehicles require batteries which currently have a much lower [[energy density]] than liquid fuels). However, these statistics by themselves are not enough to show whether such a change makes economic sense. Additional factors must be taken into account, such as: the fuel equivalent of the energy required for processing, the yield of fuel from raw oil, the return on cultivating food, the effect biodiesel will have of food prices and the relative cost of biodiesel versus petrodiesel. The debate over the [[energy balance]] of biodiesel is ongoing. Transitioning fully to biofuels could require immense tracts of land if traditional food crops are used (although [[non food crop]]s can be utilized). The problem would be especially severe for nations with large economies, since energy consumption scales with economic output.<ref name="Energy and the Economy">{{cite web | title=Looking Forward: Energy and the Economy | url=http://www.dallasfed.org/news/educate/2004/04ecsummit-brown.pdf | format=PDF | accessdate = 2006-08-29}} </ref> If using only traditional food plants, most such nations do not have sufficient arable land to produce biofuel for the nation's vehicles. Nations with smaller economies (hence less energy consumption) and more arable land may be in better situations, although many regions cannot afford to divert land away from food production. For [[third world]] countries, biodiesel sources that use marginal land could make more sense, e.g. [[honge oil]] nuts<ref name="www.tve.org.813">{{cite web | title=Hands On: Power Pods - India | url=http://www.tve.org/ho/doc.cfm?aid=1433&lang=English | accessdate = 2005-10-24}} </ref> grown along roads or [[jatropha]] grown along rail lines. In tropical regions, such as Malaysia and Indonesia, oil palm is being planted at a rapid pace to supply growing biodiesel demand in Europe and other markets. It has been estimated in Germany that palm oil biodiesel has less than 1/3 the production costs of rapeseed biodiesel.<ref name="Palm Oil Based Biodiesel">{{cite web | title=Palm Oil Based Biodiesel Has Higher Chances Of Survival | url=http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v3/news_business.php?id=157856 | accessdate = 2006-12-20}}</ref> The direct source of the energy content of biodiesel is solar energy captured by plants during [[photosynthesis]]. Regarding the positive energy balance of biodiesel{{Fact|date=March 2008}}: :When straw was left in the field, biodiesel production was strongly energy positive, yielding 1 GJ biodiesel for every 0.561 GJ of energy input (a yield/cost ratio of 1.78). :When straw was burned as fuel and oilseed rapemeal was used as a fertilizer, the yield/cost ratio for biodiesel production was even better (3.71). In other words, for every unit of energy input to produce biodiesel, the output was 3.71 units (the difference of 2.71 units would be from solar energy). Biodiesel is becoming of interest to companies interested in commercial scale production as well as the more usual home brew biodiesel user and the user of [[straight vegetable oil]] or waste vegetable oil in diesel engines. Homemade [[biodiesel processor]]s are many and varied. == Energy security == One of the main drivers for adoption of biodiesel is energy security. This means that a nations dependence on oil is reduced, and substituted with use of locally available sources, such as coal, gas, or renewable sources. Thus significant benefits can accrue to a country from adoption of biofuels, even without a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Whilst the total energy balance is debated, it is clear that the dependence on oil is reduced. One example is the energy used to manufacture fertilizers, which could come from a variety of sources other than petroleum. The US NREL says that energy security is the number one driving force behind the US biofuels programme.<ref name = "NREL biodiesel algae"> {{cite paper | author = John Sheehan, Terri Dunahay, John Benemann, Paul Roessler | title = A look back at the U.S. Department of Energy's Aquatic Species Program: Biodiesel from Algae | version = Close-out Report | publisher = United States Department of Energy | date= July 1998 | accessdate = 2007-01-02 | url = http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98/24190.pdf | format = PDF (3.7 Mb)}} </ref> and the White House "Energy Security for the 21st Century" makes clear that energy security is a major reason for promoting biodiesel.<ref> {{cite web | title = Energy Security for the 21st Century | work = | publisher = The White House | date = 2008-03-05 | url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/energy/ | accessdate = 2008-04-15}} </ref> The EU commission president, Jose Manuel Barroso, speaking at a recent EU biofuels conference, stressed that properly managed biofuels have the potential to reinforce the EU's security of supply through diversification of energy sources.<ref> {{cite web | title = International Biofuels Conference | work = | publisher = HGCA | date = | url = http://www.hgca.com/content.output/2369/2369/Markets/Analysis/International%20Biofuel%20Conference.mspx | accessdate = 2008-04-15}} </ref> == Environmental effects == {{main|Environmental issues with biodiesel}} The surge of interest in biodiesels has highlighted a number of [[List of environmental issues|environmental benefits]] associated with its use. These include reductions in [[greenhouse gas]] emissions, [[deforestation]], [[pollution]] and the rate of [[biodegradation]]. ==Food vs fuel== {{main|Food vs fuel}} Food quality vegetable oil has become so expensive there is no longer a profit viability for its use. [[Food grade vegetable oil]] pricing is on a similar upward ramp as food in general. Accessing food stuffs in poor countries has always been problematic for the inhabitants. [[Non food grade vegetable oil]]s are under use or consideration for use to make biodiesel and have been so during the entire history of biodiesel. In some poor countries the rising price of vegetable oil is causing problems.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/19/1982450.htm Biofuel demand makes fried food expensive in Indonesia - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/01/19/business/palmoil.php The other oil shock: Vegetable oil prices soar - International Herald Tribune<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> There are those that say using a food crop for fuel sets up competition between food in poor countries and fuel in rich countries. Some propose that fuel only be made from non-edible vegetable oils like [[jatropha oil]] and [[algal oil]]. Others argue that the problem is more fundamental. Farmers can switch from producing food crops to producing biofuel crops to make more money, even if the new crops are not edible.<ref>[http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article.php?a_id=119281 Food versus fuel debate escalates<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.theglobalist.com/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=5077 How Food and Fuel Compete for Land by Lester Brown - The Globalist > > Global Energy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The [[law of supply and demand]] predicts that if fewer farmers are producing food the price of food will rise. It may take some time, as farmers can take some time to change which things they are growing, but increasing demand for [[first generation biofuel]]s is likely to result in price increases for many kinds of food. Some have pointed out that there are poor farmers and poor countries making more money because of the higher price of vegetable oil.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displaystory.cfm?subjectid=7216688&story_id=10252015 | title= The Economist – The End Of Cheap Food}}</ref> In any case, algae biodiesel would not displace land currently used for food production and new [[algaculture]] jobs could be created. ==Current research== There is ongoing research into finding more suitable crops and improving oil yield. Using the current yields, vast amounts of land and fresh water would be needed to produce enough oil to completely replace fossil fuel usage. It would require twice the land area of the US to be devoted to soybean production, or two-thirds to be devoted to rapeseed production, to meet current US heating and transportation needs. {{Fact|date=November 2007}} Specially bred mustard varieties can produce reasonably high oil yields and are very useful in [[crop rotation]] with cereals, and have the added benefit that the meal leftover after the oil has been pressed out can act as an effective and biodegradable [[pesticide]].<ref>[http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/mustard_hybrids.pdf Departement of energy]</ref> ===Algaculture=== {{main article|Algaculture|Algae fuel}} From 1978 to 1996, the [[National Renewable Energy Laboratory|U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory]] experimented with using algae as a biodiesel source in the "[[Aquatic Species Program]]".<ref name = "NREL biodiesel algae"> </ref> A self-published article by Michael Briggs, at the [[University of New Hampshire|UNH]] Biodiesel Group, offers estimates for the realistic replacement of all [[motor vehicle|vehicular]] fuel with biodiesel by utilizing algae that have a natural oil content greater than 50%, which Briggs suggests can be grown on algae ponds at [[wastewater treatment]] plants.<ref name="Briggs2004"/> This oil-rich algae can then be extracted from the system and processed into biodiesel, with the dried remainder further reprocessed to create [[ethanol]]. The production of algae to harvest oil for biodiesel has not yet been undertaken on a commercial scale, but [[feasibility study|feasibility studies]] have been conducted to arrive at the above yield estimate. In addition to its projected high yield, algaculture &mdash; unlike [[agriculture|crop-based]] [[biofuels]] &mdash; does not entail a decrease in [[food production]], since it requires neither [[Farmland (farming)|farmland]] nor [[fresh water]]. Many companies are pursuing algae bio-reactors for various purposes, including scaling up biodiesel production to commercial levels.<ref>{{citeweb|title=Valcent Products Inc. Develops “Clean Green” Vertical Bio-Reactor|url=http://www.valcent.net/t/news_detailf62c.html?id=36|publisher=''[[Valcent Products]]''|accessdate=2008-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|title=Technology: High Yield Carbon Recycling|url=http://www.greenfuelonline.com/technology.htm|publisher=''[[GreenFuel Technologies Corporation]]''|accessdate=2008-07-09}}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|Sustainable development|Sustainable development.svg}} *[[Biodiesel around the world]] *[[Biodiesel production]] *[[Bioenergy]] *[[Biofuel]] *[[Earthrace]] *[[Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008]] *[[Greasestock]] *[[National Biodiesel Board]] *[[Tonne of oil equivalent]] *[[Vegetable oil economy]] *[[Vegetable oil refining]] **[[NExBTL]] ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=25em}} === Other references === *''An Overview of Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel Lifecycles'', May 1998, Sheehan, ''et al.'' NREL [http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98/24772.pdf (60pp pdf file)] *''Business Management for Biodiesel Producers'', January 2004, Jon Von Gerpen, Iowa State University under contract with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) [http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/36242.pdf (210pp pdf file)] *''[http://www.biodiesel.co.uk/levington.htm Energy balances in the growth of oilseed rape for biodiesel and of wheat for bioethanol]'', June 2000, I.R. Richards *''Life Cycle Inventory of Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel for Use in an Urban Bus'', 1998, Sheehan, ''et al.'' NREL [http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98/24089.pdf (314pp pdf file)] *''[http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0111/p01s03-sten.html Algae - like a breath mint for smokestacks]'', [[January 11]], [[2006]], Mark Clayton, [[Christian Science Monitor]] * {{cite web | last = Tyson | first = K.S. | first = R.L. | title = "2006 Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide Third Edition" | url= http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/pdfs/40555.pdf | accessdate =|format=PDF}} *[http://www.wfs.org/futcontja07.htm Biodiesel's Bright Future] from the July-August issue of THE FUTURIST magazine. == External links == {{commons|Biodiesel|Biodiesel}} {{Wikibooks|Do-It-Yourself}} {{Wikinews|Portal:Environment}} <!--Because this article is a magnet for everyone wanting to get their favorite link in here, links should not be added unless they are substantiated on the talk page first. If you don't first get support from an uninvolved contributor BEFORE adding the link, it will be reverted. There are already too many links, and Wikipedia is not a link farm. ----> *{{dmoz|/Science/Technology/Energy/Renewable/Biomass_and_Biofuels/Biodiesel/|Biodiesel}} *[http://www.ebb-eu.org European Biodiesel Board] website - European Biodiesel Industry. *[http://www.gmo-safety.eu/en/oilseed_rape/agriculture/50.docu.html Renewable raw materials: Biodiesel leads to more rape (rapeseed) cultivation] *[http://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_biodiesel_vs_hydrogen.html UNH Biodiesel Group's comparison of Biodiesel vs. Hydrogen] *[http://www.biodiesel.org Biodiesel.org] *[http://www.biodieselcommunity.org/ Collaborative Biodiesel Tutorial] *[http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/biofuels2004.pdf International Energy Agency: Biofuels for Transport - An International Perspective] {{Bioenergy}} [[Category:Alternative propulsion]] [[Category:Bioenergy| ]] [[Category:Diesel substitutes]] [[Category:Direct biofuels]] [[Category:Liquid fuels]] [[Category:Sustainable transport]] [[af:Biodiesel]] [[ar:بيوديزل]] [[bn:বায়োডিজেল]] [[bg:Биодизел]] [[ca:Biodièsel]] [[cs:Bionafta]] [[de:Biodiesel]] [[et:Biodiislikütus]] [[el:Βιοντίζελ]] [[es:Biodiésel]] [[eo:Biodizelo]] [[eu:Biodiesel]] [[fr:Biodiesel]] [[gl:Biodiésel]] [[ko:바이오디젤]] [[hi:बायोडिजल]] [[hr:Biodizel]] [[id:Biodiesel]] [[is:Lífdísill]] [[it:Biodiesel]] [[he:ביו דיזל]] [[hu:Biodízel]] [[nl:Biodiesel]] [[ja:バイオディーゼル]] [[no:Biodiesel]] [[pl:Biodiesel]] [[pt:Biodiesel]] [[ro:Biodiesel]] [[ru:Биодизель]] [[simple:Biodiesel]] [[sl:Biodizel]] [[sr:Биодизел]] [[fi:Biodiesel]] [[sv:Biodiesel]] [[th:ไบโอดีเซล]] [[vi:Diesel sinh học]] [[tr:Biodizel]] [[uk:Біодизель]] [[zh:生物柴油]]