Biogeography 99358 225056833 2008-07-11T17:58:12Z Thijs!bot 1392310 robot Adding: [[no:Biogeografi]] '''Biogeography''' is the study of the distribution of [[biodiversity]] over [[space]] and [[time]]. It aims to reveal where organisms live, at what abundance, and why.<ref>Martiny JBH et al [http://alrlab.pdx.edu/media/HughesBiogeoNature.pdf Microbial biogeography: putting microorganisms on the map] ''Nature: FEBRUARY 2006 | VOLUME 4''</ref> The patterns of species distribution at this level can usually be explained through a combination of historical factors such as [[speciation]], [[extinction]], [[continental drift]], [[glaciation]] (and associated variations in [[sea level]], river routes, and so on), and [[river capture]], in combination with the area and isolation of landmasses (geographic constraints) and available energy supplies. == History == The scientific theory of biogeography grows out of the work of [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] and other early evolutionary scientists. Wallace studied the distribution of flora and fauna in the Malay Archipelago in the 19th century. With the exception of Wallace and a few others, prior to the publication of ''[[The Theory of Island Biogeography]]'' by [[Robert MacArthur]] and [[Edward Osborne Wilson|E.O. Wilson]] in 1967 <ref>This work expanded their 1963 paper on the same topic.</ref> the field of biogeography was seen as a primarily historical one and as such the field was seen as a purely descriptive one. MacArthur and Wilson changed this perception, and showed that the species richness of an area could be predicted in terms of such factors as habitat area, immigration rate and extinction rate. This gave rise to an interest in [[island biogeography]]. The application of island biogeography theory to [[habitat fragmentation|habitat fragments]] spurred the development of the fields of [[conservation biology]] and [[landscape ecology]].<ref>This applies to British and American academics; landscape ecology has a distinct genesis among European academics.</ref> Classic biogeography has been expanded by the development of [[molecular systematics]], creating a new discipline known as [[phylogeography]]. This development allowed scientists to test theories about the origin and dispersal of populations, such as [[endemic (ecology)|island endemic]]s. For example, while classic biogeographers were able to speculate about the origins of species in the [[Hawaiian Islands]], phylogeography allows them to test theories of relatedness between these populations and putative source populations in [[Asia]] and [[North America]]. == Palaeobiogeography == Paleobiogeography goes one step further to include [[paleogeography|paleogeographic]] data and considerations of [[plate tectonics]]. Using molecular analyses and corroborated by [[fossils]], it has been possible to demonstrate that [[perching birds]] evolved first in the region of [[Australia]] or the adjacent [[Antarctic]] (which at that time lay somewhat further north and had a temperate climate). From there, they spread to the other [[Gondwana]]n continents and Southeast Asia - the part of [[Laurasia]] then closest to their origin of dispersal - in the late [[Paleogene]], before achieving a global distribution in the early [[Neogene]] (Jønsson & Fjeldså 2006). Not knowing the fact that at the time of dispersal, the Indian Ocean was much narrower than it is today, and that South America was closer to the Antarctic, one would be hard pressed to explain the presence of many "ancient" lineages of perching birds in Africa, as well as the mainly South American distribution of the [[suboscine]]s. == Classification == Biogeography is a synthetic science, related to [[geography]], [[biology]], [[soil science]], [[geology]], [[climatology]], [[ecology]] and [[evolution]]. Some fundamentals in biogeography are * [[evolution]] (change in genetic composition of a population) * [[extinction]] (disappearance of a species) * [[Biological dispersal|dispersal]] (movement of populations away from their point of origin, related to [[Bird migration|migration]]) * range and distribution * endemic areas * vicariance == See also == <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> * [[Ecozone]] (biogeographic region or biogeographical realm) * [[Ecological land classification]] * [[Ecoregion]] * [[Macroecology]] * [[Phylogeography]] * [[Zoogeography]] **[[Zoogeographic province]] * [[Phytogeography]] ** [[Floristic province]] * [[Continental drift]] * [[Tectonic plates]] * [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] * [[Charles Darwin]] * [[Miklos Udvardy]] * [[List of publications in biology#Biogeography|Important publications in biogeography]] </div> == Notes and References == {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * Jønsson, Knud A. & Fjeldså, Jon (2006). Determining biogeographical patterns of dispersal and diversification in oscine passerine birds in Australia, Southeast Asia and Africa. ''[[Journal of Biogeography]]'' '''33'''(7): 1155–1165. <small>{{DOI|10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01507.x}}</small> (HTML abstract) * {{cite book |title=Biogeography: An Ecological Perspective |last=Dansereau |first=Pierre |year=1957 |publisher=Ronald Press Company |location=New York City |isbn=0826023304 |pages= }} * {{cite book |title=Geographic Ecology |last=MacArthur |first=Robert H. |authorlink=Robert MacArthur |year=1972 |publisher=Harper & Row |location=New York |isbn= |pages= }} == External links == * [http://www.biogeography.org/officers.htm International Biogeogaphy Society] * [http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/biogeog/ Early Classics in Biogeography, Distribution, and Diversity Studies: To 1950] * [http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/biogeog/index2.htm Early Classics in Biogeography, Distribution, and Diversity Studies: 1951-1975] * [http://www.wku.edu/%7Esmithch/chronob/homelist.htm Some Biogeographers, Evolutionists and Ecologists: Chrono-Biographical Sketches] === Major journals === * [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0305-0270 ''Journal of Biogeography'' homepage]. * [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=1466-822X&site=1 ''Global Ecology and Biogeography'' homepage]. * [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/eco ''Ecography'' homepage]. {{Physical geography topics}} {{Biogeography}} [[Category:Biogeography|*]] [[Category:Physical geography]] [[Category:Physical oceanography]] [[Category:Biology]] [[Category:Ecology]] [[ar:جغرافيا حيوية]] [[bg:Биогеография]] [[ca:Biogeografia]] [[cv:Биогеографи]] [[de:Biogeographie]] [[et:Biogeograafia]] [[el:Βιογεωγραφία]] [[es:Biogeografía]] [[eo:Biogeografio]] [[fr:Biogéographie]] [[hr:Biogeografija]] [[it:Biogeografia]] [[ka:ბიოგეოგრაფია]] [[lt:Biogeografija]] [[hu:Biogeográfia]] [[nl:Biogeografie]] [[ja:生物地理学]] [[no:Biogeografi]] [[nn:Biogeografi]] [[pl:Biogeografia]] [[pt:Biogeografia]] [[ro:Biogeografie]] [[qu:Kawsay allpa saywachi]] [[ru:Биогеография]] [[simple:Biogeography]] [[sk:Biogeografia]] [[sl:Biogeografija]] [[sr:Биогеографија]] [[fi:Eliömaantiede]] [[sv:Biogeografi]] [[ta:உயிர்ப்புவியியல்]] [[tr:Biyocoğrafya]] [[uk:Біогеографія]] [[zh:生物地理学]]