Biohydrogen 5742067 224287387 2008-07-08T04:31:39Z Gmohanakrishna 7407940 /* References */ '''Biohydrogen''' is [[hydrogen]] produced via [[biological process]]es or from [[biomass]]. '''Biohydrogen plants''' are proposed [[Industry|industrial]] plants for the production of hydrogen. They would typically involve processes such as [[Thermophile|thermophillic]] [[Fermentation (biochemistry)|fermentation]], [[photofermentation]] and gas cleaning.<ref>[http://www.biohydrogen.nl/hyvolution Hyvolution] Biohydrogen production project</ref> Biohydrogen production can also involve an element of [[anaerobic digestion]] where the [[methane]] from [[biogas]] is converted through [[steam reforming]] into hydrogen.<ref>[http://www.biohydrogen.nl/stairway2h2 Biohydrogen production paths]</ref> Hydrogen can be produced by bacterial species such as ''[[Rhodobacteraceae|Rhodobacter sphaeroides]]'' and ''[[Enterobacter|Enterobacter cloacae]]''.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15666144&dopt=Abstract Nath et al (2005) Hydrogen production by ''Rhodobacter sphaeroides '' strain O.U.001 using spent media of ''Enterobacter cloacae'' strain DM11. Applied Biotechnology]</ref>. Biohydrogen can be produced through dark fermentation either by mix culture of hydrogen producing sludge or pure culture of anaerobic bacteria such as ''Clostridium butyricum''. [[Proton exchange membrane fuel cell]]s (PEMFC) are the essential technology that made possible the conversion of the energy content in biohydrogen to electricity. Biohydrogen produced from organic waste materials is a promising alternatives for a sustainable energy sources. == Dark fermentation process== Fermentative conversion of organic substrate to H<sub>2</sub> is a complex process manifested by diverse group of bacteria by a series of biochemical reactions involving three steps similar to anaerobic conversion. Fermentative/hydrolytic microorganisms hydrolyze complex organic polymers to monomers and then ferment the monomers to a mixture of lower molecular weight organic acids and alcohols. An Acetogenic bacterium further converts fermentative products to H<sub>2</sub>. Utilization of wastewater as a potential substrate for biohydrogen production has been drawing considerable interest in recent years especially in dark fermentation process. Industrial wastewater as fermentative substrate for H<sub>2</sub> production addresses most of the criteria required for substrate selection viz., availability, cost and biodegradability (Angenent, “et al.”, 2004; Kapdan and Kargi, 2006). Chemical wastewater (Venkata Mohan, “et al.”, 2007a,b), diary process wastewater (Venkata Mohan, “et al.”, 2007c), distillery process wastewater (Venkata Mohan, “et al.”, 2008a) and designed synthetic wastewater (Venkata Mohan, “et al.”, 2007a, 2008b) have been reported to produce biohydrogen apart from wastewater treatment from dark fermentation process using selectively enriched mixed culture under acidophilic conditions. Various wastewaters viz., paper mill wastes (Idania, “et al.”, 2005), starch effluent (Zhang, “et al.”, 2003), food processing wastewater (Shin “et al.”, 2004, van Ginkel, “et al.”, 2005), domestic wastewaters (Shin, “et al.”, 2004, Venkata Mohan, “et al., 2008e), rice winery wastewater (Yu “et al.”, 2002), distillery and molasses based wastewater (Ren, “et al.”, 2007), wheat straw wastes (Fan, “et al.”, 2006) and palm oil mill effluent (Vijayaraghavan and Ahmed, 2006) were also studied as fermentable substrates for H<sub>2</sub> production along with wastewater treatment. Using wastewater as a fermentable substrate facilitates wastewater treatment apart from H2 production. The efficiency of fermentative H<sub>2</sub> production process was found to depend on the pre-treatment of the mixed consortia used as biocatalyst, operating pH, organic loading rate apart from wastewater characteristics (Venkata Mohan, “et al.”, 2007d, 2008c,d, Vijaya Bhaskar, “et al.”, 2008). Employing mixed culture is extremely important and well-suited to the non-sterile, ever-changing, complex environment of wastewater treatment (Angenent, “et al.”, 2004; Das, 2008). Typical anaerobic mixed cultures can not produce H<sub>2</sub> as it is rapidly consumed by the methane-producing bacteria (Sparling, “et al.”, 1997). Successful biological H<sub>2</sub> production requires inhibition of H<sub>2</sub> consuming microorganisms, such as methanogens and pre-treatment of parent culture is one of the strategies used for selecting the requisite microflora. The physiological differences between H<sub>2</sub> producing bacteria (also referred to as acidogenic bacteria) and H<sub>2</sub> consuming bacteria (methanogenic bacteria) form the fundamental basis behind the development of various methods used for the preparation of H<sub>2</sub> producing seeds (Zhu and Beland, 2006). When parent inoculum was exposed to extreme environments such as high temperature, extreme acidity and alkalinity, spore forming H2 producing bacteria such as Clostridium survived, but methanogens had no such capability. Pre-treatment helps to accelerate the hydrolysis step, thus, reducing the impact of rate limiting step and augment the anaerobic digestion to enhance the H2 generation (Kim, “et al.”, 2003, Venkata Mohan, “et al.’ 2007d, 2008c). Several pre-treatment procedures viz., heat-shock, chemical, acid, alkaline, oxygen-shock, load-shock, infrared, freezing, etc., were employed on a variety of mixed cultures (Sparling, “et al.”, 1997; Logan “et al.”, 2002; Ferchichi “et al.”, 2005; Kim, “et al.”, 2003, Valdez-Vazquez, “et al.”, 2006; Kraemer and Bagley, 2007; Venkata Mohan “et al.”, 2007c,d, 2008a,e) for selective enrichment of acidogenic H<sub>2</sub> producing inoculum. pH also plays a critical role in governing the metabolic pathways of the organism where the activity of acidogenic group of bacteria is considered to be crucial (Fan, “et al.”, 2006). Optimum pH range for the methanogenic bacteria is reported to be between 6.0 and 7.5, while acidogenic bacteria functions well below 6 pH (van Ginkel, “et al.”, 2005). The pH range of 5.5-6.0 is considered to be ideal to avoid both methanogenesis and solventogenesis (Fan, “et al.”, 2006, Venkata Mohan, “et al.”, 2007d, 2008c) which is the key for effective H<sub>2</sub> generation. In spite of advantages, the main challenge observed with fermentative H<sub>2</sub> production process is relatively low energy conversion efficiency from the organic source. Typical H<sub>2</sub> yields range from 1 to 2 mol of H<sub>2</sub>/mol of glucose, which results in 80-90% of the initial COD remaining in the wastewater in the form of various volatile organic acids (VFAs) and solvents, such as acetic, propionic, butyric acids and ethanol (Logan, 2004). Even under optimal conditions about 60-70% of the original organic matter remains in solution (Das and Veziroglu, 2001, Venkata Mohan et al., 2007a). Bioaugmentation with selectively enriched acidogenic consortia to enhance H<sub>2</sub> production was also reported (Venkata Mohan, “et al.”, 2007b). Generation and accumulation of soluble acid metabolites causes sharp drop in the system pH and inhibit the process of H<sub>2</sub> production. Usage of unutilized carbon sources present in acidogenic process for additional biogas production sustains the practical applicability of the process. One way to utilize/recover the remaining organic matter in a useable form are to produce additional H<sub>2</sub> by terminal integration of photo-fermentative process H<sub>2</sub> production (Venkata Mohan, “et al.”, 2008e) and methane by integrating acidogenic process to terminal methanogenic process (Venkata Mohan, “et al.”, 2008b). ==See also== *[[Biogas]] *[[Biological hydrogen production (Algae)]] *[[Biomass]] *[[Microbial fuel cell]] ==References== <references/> *Angenent, L.T., Karim, K., Al-Dahhan, M.H., Wrenn, B.A., Domíguez-Espinosa, R., 2004. 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Biohydrogen production from starch in wastewater under thermophilic condition. “J Environ Manag” 69, 149-156. *Zhu, H., Beland, M., 2006, Evaluation of alternative methods of preparing hydrogen producing seeds from digested wastewater sludge. “Int J Hydrogen Energy” 31, 1980-1988. ==External links== *[http://genomicsgtl.energy.gov/benefits/biohydrogen.shtml GTL] *[http://www.biohydrogen.nl EU & Dutch Biohydrogen research page] *[http://www.wasteintoenergy.org wasteintoenergy.org] *[http://www.news.ucdavis.edu/search/news_detail.lasso?id=7915 University of California Davis -New Technology Turns Food Leftovers Into Electricity, Vehicle Fuels] *[http://www.onsitepowersystems.com/ Onsite Power Systems] {{Environmental technology}} [[Category:Hydrogen production]] [[Category:Hydrogen biology]] [[de:Biowasserstoff]] [[pl:Biowodór]] [[ru:Биоводород]]