Bismuth 3759 226116063 2008-07-16T21:57:04Z Arkuat 29003 /* Characteristics */ section title according to wikiproject elements {{Elementbox_header | number=83 | symbol=Bi | name=bismuth | left=[[lead]] | right=[[polonium]] | above=[[antimony|Sb]] | below=[[ununpentium|Uup]] | color1=#cccccc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_series | [[poor metal]]s }} {{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=15 | period=6 | block=p }} {{Elementbox_appearance_img |Bismuth_crystal_macro| lustrous pink }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | 208.98040[[List of elements by atomic mass|(1)]] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | &#91;[[xenon|Xe]]&#93; 4f<sup>14</sup> 5d<sup>10</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup> 6p<sup>3</sup> }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5 }} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#cccccc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_phase | [[solid]] }} {{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | 9.78 }} {{Elementbox_densityliq_gpcm3mp | 10.05 }} {{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=544.7 | c=271.5 | f=520.7 }} {{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=1837 | c=1564 | f=2847 }} {{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | 11.30 }} {{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | 151 }} {{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | 25.52 }} {{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 941 | 1041 | 1165 | 1325 | 1538 | 1835 | comment= }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#cccccc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | rhombohedral }} {{Elementbox_oxistates | '''3''', 5<br />(mildly [[acid]]ic oxide) }} {{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 2.02 }} {{Elementbox_ionizationenergies4 | 703 | 1610 | 2466 }} {{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | 160 }} {{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | 143 }} {{Elementbox_covalentradius_pm | 146 }} {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#cccccc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_magnetic | [[diamagnetism|diamagnetic]] }} {{Elementbox_eresist_ohmmat20 | 1.29 µ}} {{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 7.97 }} {{Elementbox_thermalexpansion_umpmkat25 | 13.4 }} {{Elementbox_speedofsound_rodmpsat20 | 1790 }} {{Elementbox_youngsmodulus_gpa | 32 }} {{Elementbox_shearmodulus_gpa | 12 }} {{Elementbox_bulkmodulus_gpa | 31 }} {{Elementbox_poissonratio | 0.33 }} {{Elementbox_mohshardness | 2.25 }} {{Elementbox_brinellhardness_mpa | 94.2 }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7440-69-9 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#cccccc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=207 | sym=Bi | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=31.55 [[year|y]] | dm=[[electron capture|ε]], [[positron decay|β<sup>+</sup>]] | de=2.399 | pn=207 | ps=[[lead|Pb]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=208 | sym=Bi | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=368,000 [[year|y]] | dm=[[electron capture|ε]], [[positron decay|β<sup>+</sup>]] | de=2.880 | pn=208 | ps=[[lead|Pb]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=209 | sym=Bi | na=100% | hl=(19 ± 2) ×10<sup>18</sup>[[year|y]] | dm=[[alpha emission|α]] | de=&nbsp; | pn=205 | ps=[[thallium|Tl]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=210 m | sym=Bi | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=3.04 ×10<sup>6</sup>y | dm=[[Isomeric transition|IT]] | de=0.271 | pn=210 | ps=[[bismuth|Bi]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#cccccc | color2=black }} '''Bismuth''' ({{pronEng|ˈbɪzməθ}}) is a [[chemical element]] that has the symbol '''Bi''' and [[atomic number]] 83. This heavy, brittle, white crystalline trivalent [[poor metal]] has a pink tinge and chemically resembles [[arsenic]] and [[antimony]]. Of all the metals, it is the most naturally [[Diamagnetism|diamagnetic]], and only [[mercury (element)|mercury]] has a lower [[thermal conductivity]]. It is also generally considered as the last naturally occurring non-radioactive element. Bismuth compounds are used in [[cosmetics]] and in medical procedures. As the toxicity of [[lead]] has become more apparent in recent years, alloy uses for bismuth metal as a replacement for lead have become an increasing part of bismuth's commercial importance. == Characteristics == Bismuth is a brittle [[metal]] with a [[white]], [[silver]]-[[pink]] [[hue]], often occurring in its native form with an [[iridescent]] [[Bismuth trioxide|oxide]] tarnish showing many [[refraction|refractive]] colors from yellow to blue. When [[combustion|combusted]] with [[oxygen]], bismuth burns with a [[blue]] [[flame]] and [[bismuth oxide|its oxide]] forms [[yellow]] [[fume]]s. Its [[toxicity]] is much lower than that of its neighbors in the [[periodic table]] such as [[lead]], [[tin]], [[tellurium]], [[antimony]], and [[polonium]]. Although, [[ununpentium]] is theoretically more [[diamagnetic]], no other [[metal]] is verified to be more naturally diamagnetic than bismuth. ([[Superdiamagnetism]] is a different physical phenomenon.) Of any metal, it has the second lowest [[thermal conductivity]] (after [[mercury (element)|mercury]]) and the highest [[Hall effect|Hall coefficient]]. It has a high [[electrical resistance]]. When deposited in sufficiently thin layers on a substrate, bismuth is a [[semiconductor]], rather than a [[poor metal]].<ref> Semimetal-to-semiconductor transition in bismuth thin films, C. A. Hoffman, J. R. Meyer, and F. J. Bartoli, A. Di Venere, X. J. Yi, C. L. Hou, H. C. Wang, J. B. Ketterson, and G. K. Wong, Phys. Rev. B '''48''', 11431 (1993) {{doi|10.1103/PhysRevB.48.11431}}</ref> Elemental bismuth is one of very few substances of which the [[liquid]] phase is [[density|denser]] than its [[solid]] phase ([[water]] being the best-known example). Because bismuth expands on [[freezing]], it was long an important component of low-melting [[typesetting]] [[alloy]]s, which needed to expand to fill printing molds. ==Isotopes== {{main|Isotopes of bismuth}} While bismuth was traditionally regarded as the element with the heaviest stable [[isotope]], [[bismuth-209]], it had long been suspected to be unstable on theoretical grounds. This was finally demonstrated in 2003 when researchers at the [[Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale]] in [[Orsay]], [[France]], measured the [[alpha emission]] [[half-life]] of [[Bismuth-209|<sup>209</sup>Bi]] to be [[1 E19 s and more|1.9 x 10<sup>19</sup> years]],<ref>{{cite journal | last = Marcillac | first = Pierre de | coauthors = Noël Coron, Gérard Dambier, Jacques Leblanc, and Jean-Pierre Moalic | year = 2003 | month = April | title = Experimental detection of α-particles from the radioactive decay of natural bismuth | journal = Nature | volume = 422 | pages = 876–878 | doi = 10.1038/nature01541 }}</ref> over a [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] times longer than the current estimated [[age of the universe]]. Owing to its extraordinarily long half-life, for nearly all applications bismuth can be treated as if it is stable and non-radioactive. The radioactivity is of academic interest, however, because bismuth is one of few elements whose radioactivity was suspected, and indeed theoretically predicted, before being detected in the laboratory. == History == Bismuth ([[New Latin]] ''bisemutum'' from [[German language|German]] ''Wismuth'', perhaps from ''weiße Masse'', "white mass") was confused in early times with [[tin]] and [[lead]] because of its resemblance to those elements. The element was discovered by the [[Alchemy and chemistry in Islam|Arabian chemist]], [[Geber|Jabir ibn Hayyan]] (also known as ''Geber''), in the 8th century.<ref name=Briffault>[[Robert Briffault]] (1938). ''The Making of Humanity'', p. 195.</ref> [[Basilius Valentinus]] described some of its uses in 1450. [[Claude François Geoffroy]] demonstrated in 1753 that this metal is distinct from lead. "Artificial bismuth" was commonly used in place of the actual metal. It was made by hammering tin into thin plates, and cementing them by a mixture of white tartar, [[Potassium nitrate|saltpeter]], and [[arsenic]], stratified in a [[crucible]] over an open fire.<ref>{{1728}} [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&entity=HistSciTech000900240255&isize=L]</ref> Bismuth was also known to the [[Incas]] and used (along with the usual copper and tin) in a special [[bronze]] [[alloy]] for knives.<ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Sci...223..585G Bismuth Bronze from Machu Picchu, Peru<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> == Occurrence and production== In the Earth's crust, bismuth is about twice as abundant as gold. It is not usually economical to mine it as a primary product. Rather, it is usually produced as a byproduct of the processing of other metal ores, especially [[lead]], [[copper]], [[tin]], [[silver]], and [[gold]], but also [[tungsten]] or other metal alloys. The most important [[ore]]s of bismuth are [[bismuthinite]] and [[bismite]]. In 2005, China was the top producer of bismuth with at least 40% of the world share followed by Mexico and Peru, reports the [[British Geological Survey]]. According to the [[USGS]], world 2006 bismuth mine production was 5,700 tonnes, of which China produced 3,000 tonnes, Mexico 1,180 tonnes, Peru 950 tonnes, and the balance Canada, Kazakhstan and other nations. World 2006 bismuth refinery production was 12,000 tonnes, of which China produced 8,500 tonnes, Mexico 1,180 tonnes, Belgium 800 tonnes, Peru 600 tonnes, Japan 510 tonnes, and the balance Canada and other nations. The difference between world bismuth mine production and refinery production reflects bismuth's status as a byproduct metal. Bismuth travels in crude [[lead]] bullion (which can contain up to 10% bismuth) through several stages of refining, until it is removed by the [[Kroll-Betterton process]] or the [[Betts process]]. The Kroll-Betterton process uses a pyrometallurgical separation from molten lead of calcium-magnesium-bismuth drosses containing associated metals (silver, gold, zinc, some lead, copper, tellurium, and arsenic), which are removed by various fluxes and treatments to give high-purity bismuth metal (over 99% Bi). The Betts process takes cast anodes of lead bullion and electrolyzes them in a lead fluosilicate-hydrofluosilicic acid electrolyte to yield a pure lead cathode and an anode slime containing bismuth. Bismuth will behave similarly with another of its major metals, copper. Thus world bismuth production from refineries is a more complete and reliable statistic. {{ProseTimeline|paragraph}} According to the Bismuth Advocate News (BAN), the price (NY Dealer) for bismuth metal from year-end 2000 to September 2005 was stuck in a range from lows of $2.70-$3.10 per lb. in late November 2002 and $2.60-$2.90 per lb. in December 2003 to highs of $3.85-$4.15 per lb. at year-end 2000 and $3.65-$4.00 per lb. in mid June 2004. BAN shows the range pressing to $4.20-$4.60 per lb. in September 2005 and then $4.50-$4.75 per pound in mid September 2006, before bursting upwards steeply to $6.00-$6.50 per lb in mid November 2006, $7.30-$7.80 in late December 2006, $9.25-$9.75 per lb in early March 2007, $10.50-$11.00 per lb in late March 2007, $13.00-$14.50 per lb. in mid April 2007, to an all-time high of $18.00-$19.00 per lb in mid June 2007, and then backed off to $13.50-$15.00 per lb in mid November 2007. This unprecedented event reflects an extreme scarcity of bismuth, perhaps temporary. [[Image:Bismuth (mined)2.PNG|thumb|left|Bismuth output in 2005]] == Crystals == {{Unreferencedsection|date=April 2008}} Though virtually unseen in nature, high-purity bismuth can form distinctive [[hopper crystal]]s. These colorful laboratory creations are typically sold to collectors. Bismuth is relatively nontoxic and has a low melting point just above 271 °C, so crystals may be grown using a household stove, although the resulting crystals will tend to be lower quality than lab-grown crystals. == Applications == Bismuth oxychloride is sometimes used in [[cosmetics]]. Bismuth subnitrate and [[bismuth subcarbonate]] are used in medicine. [[Bismuth subsalicylate]] (the [[active ingredient]] in [[Pepto-Bismol]] and (modern) [[Kaopectate]]) is used as an [[diarrhea|antidiarrheal]] and to treat some other gastro-intestinal diseases. Also, the product [[Bibrocathol]] is an organic molecule containing Bismuth and is used to treat eye infections. [[Bismuth subgallate]] (the [[active ingredient]] in Devrom) is used as an internal deodorant to treat malodor from [[flatulence]] (or [[gas]]) and [[feces]]. Some other current uses:<!--NOT A CURRENT USE, SEE [[Bismanol]]: *Strong permanent [[magnet]]s can be made from the alloy [[bismanol]] (Bi[[manganese|Mn]]).--> *Many bismuth [[alloy]]s have low [[melting point]]s and are widely used for fire detection and suppression system safety devices. *Bismuth is used as an alloying agent in production of malleable irons. *A carrier for [[uranium|U]]-235 or U-233 fuel in [[nuclear reactor]]s *Bismuth has also been used in [[solder]]s. The fact that bismuth and many of its [[alloy]]s expand slightly when they solidify make them ideal for this purpose. *Bismuth subnitrate is a component of [[ceramic glaze|glaze]]s that produces an [[iridescent]] luster finish. *[[Bismuth telluride]] is an excellent [[thermoelectric effect|thermoelectric]] material; it is widely used. *A replacement propellant for [[xenon]] in [[Hall effect thruster]]s *In 1997 an antibody conjugate with Bi-213, which has a 45 minute half-life, and decays with the emission of an alpha-particle, was used to treat patients with leukemia. *In 2001, Professor Barry Allen and Dr. Graeme Melville at St. George Hospital in Sydney successfully produced Bi-213 in linac experiments which involved bombarding radium with bremsstrahlung photons. This cancer research team used Bi-213 in its Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT) program. *The delta form of bismuth oxide when it exists at room temperature is a solid electrolyte for oxygen. This form normally only exists above and breaks down below a high temperature threshold, but can be electrodeposited well below this temperature in a highly alkaline solution. In the early 1990s, research began to evaluate bismuth as a nontoxic replacement for lead in various applications: *As noted above, bismuth has been used in solders; its low toxicity will be especially important for solders to be used in food processing equipment and copper water pipes. *A pigment in artists' oil paint *Ingredient in free-machining [[brass]]es for [[plumbing]] applications *Ingredient in free-cutting steels for precision machining properties *A catalyst for making acrylic fibres *In low-melting alloys used in fire detection and extinguishing systems *Ingredient in [[lubrication|lubricating]] [[grease (lubricant)|greases]] *Dense material for [[fishing]] sinkers *In crackling microstars ([[dragon's eggs]]) in [[pyrotechnics]], as the [[Bismuth(III) oxide|oxide]], [[Bismuth subcarbonate|subcarbonate]], or subnitrate *Replacement for lead in [[shotgun|shot]] and [[bullet]]s. The [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[United States|U.S.]], and many other countries now prohibit the use of lead shot for the hunting of wetland birds, as many birds are prone to [[lead poisoning]] due to mistaken ingestion of lead (instead of small stones and grit) to aid digestion. Bismuth-tin alloy shot is one alternative that provides similar ballistic performance to lead. (Another less expensive but also more poorly performing alternative is "steel" shot, which is actually soft iron.) *Bismuth core bullets are also starting to appear for use in indoor shooting ranges, where fine particles of lead from bullets impacting the backstop can be a chronic toxic inhalant problem. Owing to bismuth's crystalline nature, the bismuth bullets shatter into a non-toxic powder on impact, making recovery and recycling easy.{{Fact|powder is easy to clean up? --How about a vacuum cleaner?|date=June 2007}} The lack of [[malleability]] does, however, make bismuth unsuitable for use in expanding hunting bullets. *[[Fabrique Nationale de Herstal]] uses bismuth in the projectiles for its [[FN 303]] [[less-lethal]] [[riot gun]]. According to the [[USGS]], U.S. bismuth consumption in 2006 totaled 2,050 tonnes, of which chemicals (including pharmaceuticals, pigments, and cosmetics) were 510 tonnes, bismuth alloys 591 tonnes, metallurgical additives 923 tonnes, and the balance other uses. ==Compounds== {{Expand|date=December 2007}} {{seealso|Category:Bismuth compounds}} ==Precautions== {{Expand|date=January 2008}} Bismuth is not known to be toxic, compared to its periodic table neighbours ([[lead (element)|lead]], [[antimony]], and [[polonium]]), although some compounds (including [[bismuth chloride]]) are toxic and should be handled with care. As with lead, overexposure to bismuth can result in the formation of a black deposit on the [[gingiva]], known as a '''bismuth line'''<ref name="biline">{{cite web|url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bismuth+line|title=bismuth line|publisher=Farlex, Inc.|accessdaymonth=8 February|accessyear=2008}}</ref>. ==See also== * [[:Category:Bismuth minerals|Bismuth minerals]] == References == {{reflist}} *Taylor, Harold A. Jr., "Bismuth", Financial Times Executive Commodity Reports (London: Mining Journal Books Ltd.) 2000 ISBN 1-84083 326 2 == External links == {{Commons|Bismuth}} {{wiktionary|bismuth}} *[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Bi/index.html WebElements.com - Bismuth] *[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/bismuth/myb1-2006-bismu.pdf USGS 2006 Minerals Yearbook: Bismuth] *[http://www.basicsmines.com/bismuth/index.html Bismuth Advocate News (BAN)] *[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/bismuth/ Bismuth Statistics and Information] - United States Geological Survey minerals information for bismuth *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Bismuth-501g.jpg Laboratory growth of large crystals of Bismuth] by Jan Kihle Crystal Pulling Laboratories, Norway *[http://physicsweb.org/article/news/7/4/16 Bismuth breaks half-life record for alpha decay] *[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/83.html Los Alamos National Laboratory - Bismuth] *[http://www.amazingrust.com/Experiments/how_to/Bismuth_Crystals.html Bismuth Crystals – Instructions & Pictures] {{clear}} {{Compact periodic table}} [[Category:Bismuth| ]] [[Category:Chemical elements]] [[Category:Alchemical substances]] [[ar:بزموت]] [[az:Bismut]] [[bn:বিসমাথ]] [[be:Вісмут]] [[bs:Bizmut]] [[bg:Бисмут]] [[ca:Bismut]] [[cv:Висмут]] [[cs:Bismut]] [[co:Bismutu]] [[da:Bismuth]] [[de:Bismut]] [[et:Vismut]] [[el:Βισμούθιο]] [[es:Bismuto]] [[eo:Bismuto]] [[eu:Bismuto]] [[fa:بیسموت]] [[fr:Bismuth]] [[fur:Bismût]] [[ga:Biosmat]] [[gv:Bismut]] [[gl:Bismuto]] [[ko:비스무트]] [[hy:Բիսմութ]] [[hr:Bizmut]] [[io:Bismuto]] [[id:Bismut]] [[is:Bismút]] [[it:Bismuto]] [[he:ביסמוט]] [[jv:Bismut]] [[sw:Bismuthi]] [[ht:Bismit]] [[ku:Bîzmût]] [[la:Bisemutum]] [[lv:Bismuts]] [[lb:Bismuth]] [[lt:Bismutas]] [[jbo:jinmrbismu]] [[hu:Bizmut]] [[mr:बिस्मथ]] [[nl:Bismut]] [[ja:ビスマス]] [[no:Vismut]] [[nn:Vismut]] [[oc:Bismut]] [[pl:Bizmut]] [[pt:Bismuto]] [[ro:Bismut]] [[qu:Wismutu]] [[ru:Висмут]] [[scn:Bismutu]] [[simple:Bismuth]] [[sk:Bizmut]] [[sl:Bizmut]] [[sr:Бизмут]] [[sh:Bizmut]] [[stq:Bismuth]] [[fi:Vismutti]] [[sv:Vismut]] [[th:บิสมัท]] [[vi:Bitmut]] [[tr:Bizmut]] [[uk:Бісмут]] [[ur:بسمیتھ]] [[zh:铋]]