Black-throated Blue Warbler
437625
210127095
2008-05-04T16:24:48Z
Gaius Cornelius
293907
Tidy using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]
{{Taxobox
| name = Black-throated Blue Warbler
| status = LC
| image = BlackthroatedBlueWarbler23.jpg
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[bird|Aves]]
| ordo = [[Passeriformes]]
| familia = [[New World warbler|Parulidae]]
| genus = ''[[Dendroica]]''
| species = '''''D. caerulescens'''''
| binomial = ''Dendroica caerulescens''
| binomial_authority = ([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1789)
}}
The '''Black-throated Blue Warbler''', ''Dendroica caerulescens'', is a small [[songbird]] of the [[New World warbler]] family.
Adult males have white underparts with black throat, face and flanks; the upperparts are deep blue; immature males are similar with upperparts more greenish. Females have olive-brown upperparts and light yellow underparts with darker wings and tail, a grey crown and a brown patch on the cheek. All birds have a small white wing patch which is not always visible, and a thin pointed bill. Like many warblers, this bird has colorful plumage during the spring and summer, but its fall plumage is drab and less distinctive. In the fall, it can still be identified from other similar warblers by its small white wing patch.
Their breeding habitat is located in the interior of [[deciduous]] and mixed forests in eastern [[North America]]. Their nests are open cups placed in thick shrubs. Their close to ground nesting sites make the Black Throated Blue Warbler a favoured species for the study of warbler behavior in the wild.
These birds [[bird migration|migrate]] to islands in the [[Caribbean]] and [[Central America]]. They defend their territory against other birds of the same species for both nesting and winter habitats. The Black-throated Blue Warbler is a very rare vagrant to western [[Europe]].
These birds forage actively in low vegetation, sometimes hovering or catching insects in flight. Blue-throated Black Warblers often forage in one area for a while before moving on to the next. These birds mainly eat insects, including [[caterpillar]]s and [[crane fly|crane flies]], and spiders. Seeds, berries and fruit may be added to their diets in winter.
The song of this bird is a buzzed ''zee-zee-zeeee''. The call is a flat ''ctuk''.
As this bird requires large, unbroken forest areas for nesting, its numbers are declining.
==References==<!-- WilsonBull18:47 (compare to current Ohio checklist http://www.ohiobirds.org/publications/OBRClist.pdf) -->
* {{IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=53650|title=Dendroica caerulescens|downloaded=6 May 2006}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
==External links==
*[http://www.sdakotabirds.com/species/black_throated_blue_warbler_info.htm Black-throated Blue Warbler Information] - South Dakota Birds and Birding
*[http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i6540id.html Black-throated Blue Warbler - ''Dendroica caerulescens''] - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
*[http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Black-throated_Blue_Warbler.html Black-throated Blue Warbler Species Account] - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
*[http://www.bird-stamps.org/cspecies/19901800.htm Stamps]
*[http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/especie.phtml?idEspecie=8961 Black-throated Blue Warbler videos] on the Internet Bird Collection
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==Further reading==
===Book===
* Holmes, R.T., N. L. Rodenhouse and T. S. Sillett. (2005). ''Black-throated Blue Warbler (Dendroica caerulescens)''. In ''The Birds of North America Online'' (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology
===Thesis===
* Black CP. Ph.D. (1976). ''THE ECOLOGY AND BIOENERGETICS OF THE NORTHERN BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER (DENDROICA CAERULESCENS CAERULESCENS)''. Dartmouth College, United States -- New Hampshire.
* Bourque J. M.Sc. (1999). ''Coupe progressive et exploitation forestiere a l'echelle du paysage: Influence relative sur la productivite de deux passereaux forestiers''. Universite de Moncton (Canada), Canada.
* Bowen LT. Ph.D. (2004). ''Seasonal relationships between birds and arthropods in bottomland forest canopy gaps''. North Carolina State University, United States -- North Carolina.
* Chmielewski A. M.S. (1992). ''The effects of right-of-way construction through forest interior habitat on bird and small mammal populations and rates of nest predation''. State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, United States -- New York.
* Chuang HC. Ph.D. (1999). ''Extra-pair fertilizations and parental care in the black-throated blue warbler (Dendroica caerulescens): Patterns and consequences of behavior''. State University of New York at Buffalo, United States -- New York.
* Darveau M. Ph.D. (1992). ''Impacts du deperissement des Erablieres sur trois especes d'oiseaux insectivores nicheurs''. Universite Laval (Canada), Canada.
* Doran PJ. Ph.D. (2004). ''Intraspecific spatial variation in bird abundance: Patterns and processes''. Dartmouth College, United States -- New Hampshire.
* Hall KR. Ph.D. (2002). ''An assessment of habitat quality of heavily- and less-browsed Michigan forests for a shrub-nesting songbird''. University of Michigan, United States -- Michigan.
* Hamady MA. Ph.D. (2000). ''An ecosystem approach to assessing the effects of forest heterogeneity and disturbance on birds of the northern hardwood forest in Michigan's Upper Peninsula''. Michigan State University, United States -- Michigan.
* Harris RJ. Ph.D. (2001). ''The effects of fragmentation by forestry on behavior, movement, and reproductive success of black-throated blue warblers (Dendroica caerulescens)''. Tufts University, United States -- Massachusetts.
* Haskell DG. Ph.D. (1996). ''The effect of predation on the evolution of begging behavior in nestling wood warblers''. Cornell University, United States -- New York.
* McKinley PS. Ph.D. (2004). ''Tree species selection and use by foraging insectivorous passerines in a forest landscape''. University of New Brunswick (Canada), Canada.
* Nagy LR. Ph.D. (2002). ''Causes and consequences of individual variation in reproductive output in a forest-dwelling neotropical migrant songbird''. Dartmouth College, United States -- New Hampshire.
* Paterson RLJ. Ph.D. (1981). ''CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NESTING HABITAT OF THE BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER''. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, United States -- Virginia.
* Rodenhouse NL. Ph.D. (1986). ''FOOD LIMITATION FOR FOREST PASSERINES: EFFECTS OF NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL FOOD REDUCTIONS (WARBLER, PREDATION, NEW HAMPSHIRE)''. Dartmouth College, United States -- New Hampshire.
* Sillett TS. Ph.D. (2001). ''Long-term demographic trends, population limitation, and the regulation of abundance in a migratory songbird''. Dartmouth College, United States -- New Hampshire.
* Steele BB. Ph.D. (1989). ''Habitat selection by breeding black-throated blue warblers: Different patterns at two spatial scales and the use of habitat for foraging and nesting''. Dartmouth College, United States -- New Hampshire.
* Wallace GE. Ph.D. (1998). ''Demography of Cuban bird communities in the nonbreeding season: Effects of forest type, resources, and hurricane''. University of Missouri - Columbia, United States -- Missouri.
* Weeks KC. M.S. (2001). ''The foraging and nesting ecology of black-throated blue warbler (Dendroica caerulescens) and hooded warbler (Wilsonia citrina) in the southern Appalachians''. North Carolina State University, United States -- North Carolina.
* Whelan CJ. Ph.D. (1987). ''Effects of foliage structure on the foraging behavior of insectivorous forest birds''. Dartmouth College, United States -- New Hampshire.
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[[Category:Dendroica]]
[[Category:Birds of Canada|Warbler, Black-throated Blue]]
[[Category:Birds of the United States|Warbler, Black-throated Blue]]
[[Category:Birds of Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Birds of the Caribbean|Warbler, Black-throated Blue]]
[[Category:Birds of the Greater Antilles|Warbler, Black-throated Blue]]
[[Category:Birds of the Lesser Antilles|Warbler, Black-throated Blue]]<!-- not recorded in database for Martinique, St. Lucia, and Grenada....see www.natureserve.org -->
[[Category:Birds of Central America|Warbler, Black-throated Blue]]<!-- apparently mostly vagrant records outside of the Caribbean proper -->
[[de:Blaurückenwaldsänger]]
[[fr:Paruline bleue]]
[[ja:ノドグロルリアメリカムシクイ]]