Blood proteins
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2008-06-21T13:40:42Z
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{{Refimprove|date=July 2007}}
{{expert-subject|Medicine}}
'''Blood proteins''', also called ''serum proteins'', are [[protein]]s found in [[blood plasma]]. [[Serum total protein]] in blood is 7g/dl, which in total makes 7% of total body weight. They serve many different functions, including
*circulatory transport molecules for lipids, hormones, vitamins and metals
*enzymes, complement components, [[protease inhibitors]], and [[kinin precursor]]s
*regulation of [[Non-cellular life|acellular]] activity and functioning and in the immune system.
Separating serum proteins by electrophoresis is a valuable diagnostic tool as well as a way to monitor clinical progress.
Often mentioned blood proteins:
[[Image:Hemoglobin.jpg|thumb|100px|Structure of hemoglobin]]
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Blood protein !! Normal level !! % !! Function
|-
! [[serum albumin|Albumin]]s
| 3.5-5.0 g/dl || 60% || create [[osmotic pressure]] and transports other molecules
|-
! [[immunoglobulin]]s
| 1.0-1.5 g/dl || || participate in [[immune system]]
|-
! [[Fibrinogen]]s
| 0.2-0.45 g/dl || 4% || [[blood coagulation]]
|-
! [[alpha 1-antitrypsin]]
| || || neutralize [[trypsin]] that has leaked from the [[digestive system]]
|-
! [[Regulation of gene expression|Regulatory]] proteins
| || <1% || [[Regulation of gene expression]]
|}
Other types of blood proteins include:
Prealbumin
Alpha 1 antitrypsin
Alpha 1 acid glycoprotein
Alpha 1 fetoprotein
Haptoglobin
Alpha 2 macroglobulin
Ceruloplasmin
Transferring
C3/C4
Beta 2 microglobulin
Beta lipoprotein
Gamma globulin proteins
C-reactive protein (CRP)
*[[alpha2-macroglobulin]]
*Other globulins, which are of three types- alpha, beta and gamma.
*[[Lipoprotein]]s (chylomicrons, VLDL, [[LDL]], [[High density lipoprotein|HDL]])
*[[Transferrin]]
*[[Prothrombin]]
All the plasma proteins are synthesized in liver except [[gamma globulins]].
60% of plasma proteins are made up of the protein albumin, which are major contributors to osmotic pressure of plasma which assists in the transport of lipids and steroid hormones. Globulins make up 35% of plasma proteins and are used in the transport of ions, hormones and lipids assisting in immune function. 4% is fibrinogen and this is essential in the clotting of blood and can be converted into insoluble fibrin. Regulatory proteins which make up less than 1% of plasma proteins are proteins such as enzymes, proenzymes and hormones. Current research regarding [[blood plasma]] proteins is centered on performing [[proteomics]] analyses of serum/plasma in the search for biomarkers. These efforts started with [[two-dimensional gel electrophoresis]]<ref name=Anderson_1977>{{cite journal | author=Anderson NL and Anderson NG | title=High Resolution Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis of Human Plasma Proteins | journal=Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences | year=1977 | pages=5421–5425 | volume=74 | pmid=271964 | doi=10.1073/pnas.74.12.5421}}</ref> efforts in the 1970s and in more recent times this research has been performed using LC-[[Mass spectrometry#Tandem MS .28MS.2FMS.29|tandem MS]]<ref name=Adkins_2002>{{cite journal | author=Adkins JN ''et al'' | title=Toward a human blood serum proteome: analysis by multidimensional separation coupled with mass spectrometry | journal=Molecular and Cellular Proteomics | year=2002 | pages=947–955 | volume=1 | pmid=12543931 | doi=10.1074/mcp.M200066-MCP200 }}</ref><ref name=Jacobs_2005>{{cite journal | author=Jacobs JM ''et al'' | title=Utilizing human blood plasma for proteomic biomarker discovery | journal=Journal of Proteome Research | year=2005 | pages=1073–1085 | volume=4 | pmid=16083256 | doi=10.1021/pr0500657}}</ref> based [[proteomics]].
==References==
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Clinical Chemistry : a laboratory perspective / [edited by] Wendy Arneson, Jean Brickell.
[[Category:Blood proteins]]
[[Category:Proteomics]]
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