Boléro 319826 225973735 2008-07-16T07:48:09Z 4.154.215.86 /* Criticism */ {{Portal|Ballet}} {{otheruses|Bolero (disambiguation)}} '''''Boléro''''' is a one-movement orchestral piece by [[Maurice Ravel]]. Originally composed as a [[ballet (music)|ballet]], the piece, which premiered in 1928, is considered Ravel's most famous musical composition.<ref name="orenstein_99"> Orenstein (1991), [http://books.google.com/books?id=1b_JlAZLiZAC&pg=PA99&vq=%22most+widely+known+composition%22&dq=ravel:+man+and+musician&as_brr=3&sig=_2p1U_REjh8ZRTpX2ZtLnBEuDzU p. 99]</ref> Before ''Boléro'', Ravel had composed large scale ballets (such as ''[[Daphnis et Chloé]]'', composed for the [[Ballets Russes]] 1909–1912), [[suite]]s for the ballet (such as the second orchestral version of ''[[Ma Mère l'Oye]]'', 1912), and one-movement dance pieces (such as ''[[La Valse]]'', 1906-1920). Apart from such compositions intended for a staged dance performance, Ravel had demonstrated an interest in composing re-styled dances, from his earliest successes (the 1895 ''[[Menuet antique|Menuet]]'' and the 1899 ''[[Pavane pour une infante défunte|Pavane]]'') to his more mature works like ''[[Le Tombeau de Couperin]]'' (which takes the format of a [[dance suite]]). ''Boléro'' epitomises Ravel's preoccupation with restyling and reinventing dance movements. It was also one of the last pieces he composed before illness forced him into retirement: the two piano concertos and the ''Don Quichotte à Dulcinée'' song cycle were the only compositions that followed ''Boléro''. ==Composition== The work had its genesis in a commission from the dancer [[Ida Rubinstein]], who asked Ravel to make an orchestral transcription of six pieces from [[Isaac Albéniz]]' set of [[piano]] pieces, ''[[Iberia (Albéniz)|Iberia]]''.<ref name="orenstein">Orenstein (1991), [http://books.google.com/books?id=1b_JlAZLiZAC&pg=PA98&vq=iberia&dq=ravel:+man+and+musician&as_brr=3&sig=0XXCoAuitkS_AyLw4Zk622GBJQI p. 98]</ref> While working on the transcription, Ravel was informed that the movements had already been orchestrated by Spanish conductor [[Enrique Fernández Arbós|Enrique Arbós]], and that [[copyright]] law prevented any other arrangement from being made.<ref name="orenstein"/> When Arbós heard of this, he said he would happily waive his rights and allow Ravel to orchestrate the pieces.<ref name="orenstein"/> However Ravel changed his mind and decided initially to orchestrate one of his own works.<ref name="orenstein"/> He then changed his mind again and decided to write a completely new piece.<ref name="orenstein"/> While on vacation at [[St Jean-de-Luz]], Ravel went to the piano and played a melody with one finger to his friend [[Gustave Samazeuilh]], saying "Don't you think this theme has an insistent quality? I'm going to try and repeat it a number of times without any development, gradually increasing the orchestra as best I can."<ref name="orenstein"/> This piece was initially called ''[[Fandango]]'', but its title was soon changed to "''Boléro''".<ref name="orenstein"/> ==Premiere and early performances== The composition was a great success when it was premiered at the [[Paris Opéra]] on [[November 22]], [[1928]], with choreography by [[Bronislava Nijinska]] and designs by [[Benois]]. The orchestra of the Opéra was conducted by [[Walther Straram]]: [[Ernest Ansermet]] had originally been engaged to conduct the orchestra during its entire ballet season; however the orchestra refused to play under him.<ref name="mawer_ballets">Mawer, [http://books.google.com/books?id=64K4QZOPljUC&pg=PA227&vq=ansermet&dq=bolero+premiere&as_brr=3&sig=YdKG54_jhnP2ICEAIqNf-2aPqmk p. 227]</ref> A scenario by Rubinstein and Nijinska was printed in the program for the premiere:<ref name="mawer_ballets"/> <blockquote> Inside a tavern in Spain, people dance beneath the brass lamp hung from the ceiling. [In response] to the cheers to join in, the female dancer has leapt onto the long table and her steps become more and more animated. </blockquote> Ravel himself, however, had a different conception of the work: his preferred stage design was of an open-air setting with a factory in the background, reflecting the mechanical nature of the music.<ref name="lee">{{cite book |pages=329 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ccdVNW-RBS0C&pg=PA329&vq=%22open-air+setting+with+a+factory+in+the+background%22&dq=ravel+structure+bolero&as_brr=3&sig=WdaSd15oL_4PyKJlu1BKDFVdhrM |first=Douglas |last=Lee |title=Masterworks of 20th-Century Music: The Modern Repertory of the Symphony Orchestra |publisher=Routledge |location=New York and London |date=2002 |isbn=0415938465 }}</ref> ''Boléro'' became Ravel's most famous composition, much to the surprise of the composer, who had predicted that most orchestras would refuse to play it.<ref name="orenstein"/> It is usually played as a purely orchestral work, only rarely being staged as a ballet. According to a possibly apocryphal story, at the premiere a woman shouted that Ravel was mad. When told about this, Ravel smiled and remarked that she had understood the piece.<ref>{{cite book |pages=56 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qSFD5A6r3QEC&pg=PA56&vq=%22she+had+understood+the+piece%22&dq=bolero+mad+understood&as_brr=3&sig=6to7gfY_iJgFM39qR3WYKvcipmY |first=Patrick |last=Kavanaugh |title=Music of the Great Composers: A Listener's Guide to the Best of Classical Music |publisher=Zondervan |location=Grand Rapids, MI |isbn=0310208076 }} </ref> The piece was first published by the Parisian firm Durand in 1929. Arrangements of the piece were made for [[piano]] solo and piano duet (two people playing at one piano), and Ravel himself composed a version for two pianos, published in 1930. The first recording was made by [[Piero Coppola]] in Paris for [[The Gramophone Company]] on [[8 January]] [[1930]]. The recording session was attended by Ravel.<ref name="mawer_companion">{{citation |first=Ronald |last=Woodley |contribution=Syle and practice in the early recordings |editor-first=Deborah |editor-last=Mawer |title=The Cambridge Companion to Ravel |publisher=Cambridge University Press |publication-date=2000 |isbn=0521648564 |pages=236-237 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rLDc8oHUBi0C&pg=PA236&vq=coppola&dq=coppola+bolero&sig=dRzUzyao_DyP57xuFZPGAfy_2lU }}</ref> The very next day Ravel made his own recording for [[Polydor]], conducting the [[Lamoureux Orchestra]].<ref name="mawer_companion"/> That same year further recordings were made by [[Serge Koussevitzky]] with the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]] and [[Willem Mengelberg]] with the [[Concertgebouw Orchestra]].<ref name="mawer_companion"/> ===The Toscanini affair=== Conductor [[Arturo Toscanini]] gave the U.S. premiere of Boléro with the [[New York Philharmonic]] on [[November 14]], [[1929]].<ref name="orenstein_590">Ravel & Orenstein, [http://books.google.com/books?id=lFtn3egpF8sC&pg=RA1-PA590&vq=%22it+was+toscanini%22&dq=toscanini+bolero&as_brr=3&sig=R9JoAlp1Y45biEvw1ybQNb3Jhfs pp. 590-591]</ref> The performance was a great success, bringing "shouts and cheers from the audience" according to a ''New York Times'' review<ref name="orenstein_590"/> leading one critic to declare that "it was Toscanini who launched the career of the Boléro",<ref name="orenstein_590"/> and another to claim that Toscanini had made Ravel into "almost an American national hero".<ref name="orenstein_590"/> On [[May 4]], [[1930]] Toscanini performed the work with the New York Philharmonic at the [[Paris Opéra]] as part of that orchestra's European tour. Toscanini's tempo was significantly faster than Ravel preferred, and Ravel signalled his disapproval by refusing to respond to Toscanini's gesture during the audience ovation.<ref name="orenstein"/> An exchange took place between the two men backstage after the concert. According to one account Ravel said "It's too fast", to which Toscanini responded "It's the only way to save the work".<ref>Mawer, [http://books.google.com/books?id=64K4QZOPljUC&pg=PA224&ots=fhHd28pXZ-&dq=ravel+bolero+toscanini&as_brr=3&sig=XUqBek2RoOasC4_hWz2_4p8LpZw p. 224]</ref> According to another report Ravel said "That's not my tempo". Toscanini replied "When I play it at your tempo, it is not effective", to which Ravel retorted "Then do not play it".<ref>{{cite book |first=Cecilia |last=Dunoyer |title=Marguerite Long: A Life in French Music, 1874-1966 |pages=97 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7bAWQFTeEK4C&pg=PA97&ots=VdpQwcbQ7H&dq=ravel+bolero+toscanini&as_brr=3&sig=jdntu1KajCle4Z9Ta57MzXcKviY |publisher=Indiana University Press |date=1993 |isbn=0253318394 }}</ref> Four months later Ravel attempted to smooth over relations with Toscanini by sending him a note explaining that "I have always felt that if a composer does not take part in the performance of a work, he must avoid the ovations" and, ten days later, inviting Toscanini to conduct the premiere of his ''[[Piano Concerto for the Left Hand (Ravel)|Piano Concerto for the Left Hand]]''.<ref>English translation and facsimile of French original in {{cite book |first=Harvey |last=Sachs |authorlink=Harvey Sachs |title=Arturo Toscanini from 1915 to 1946: Art in the Shadow of Politics |pages=50 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hGlynQgCEcYC&pg=PA50&ots=S5oAM20Bbw&dq=ravel+bolero+toscanini&as_brr=3&sig=rse83IZeuOwtGs0BNHcNpF2m1IE |publisher=EDT |location=Turin |date=1987 |isbn=8870630560 }}</ref> ===Early popularity=== The Toscanini affair became a ''[[cause celèbre]]'' and further increased ''Boléro'''s fame.<ref name="orenstein_99"/> Other factors in the work's renown were the large number of early performances, gramophone records (including Ravel's own), [[transcription (music)|transcription]]s and radio broadcasts, together with the 1934 motion picture [[Bolero (1934 film)|''Bolero'']] starring [[Carole Lombard]], in which the music plays an important role.<ref name="orenstein_99"/> ==Music== ''Boléro'' is written for a large orchestra consisting of two [[flute]]s, [[piccolo]], two [[oboe]]s (oboe 2 doubles [[oboe d'amore]]), [[cor anglais]], E-flat [[clarinet]], two B-flat clarinets, [[bass clarinet]], two [[bassoon]]s, [[contrabassoon]], four [[horn (instrument)|horn]]s, piccolo [[trumpet]] in D, three trumpets, three [[trombone]]s, [[tuba]], three [[saxophones]] (one sopranino, one soprano and one tenor — one of the first large ensemble pieces to employ the family), [[timpani]], two [[snare drum]]s, [[cymbals]], [[tam-tam]], [[celesta]], [[harp]] and [[string instrument|strings]] ([[violin]]s, [[viola]]s, [[cello]]s and [[double bass]]es). (The sopranino saxophone called for in the instrumentation is a sopranino saxophone in F; whilst the ones of today are in E-flat. Today, both the soprano saxophone and the sopranino saxophone parts are commonly played on the B-flat soprano saxophone.) ===Structure=== ''Boléro'' is "Ravel's most straightforward composition in any medium".<ref name="lee"/> The music is built over an unchanging [[ostinato]] rhythm played on one or more [[snare drum]]s that continues throughout the piece: [[Image:Ravel bolero drum rhythtm2.png]] On top of this rhythm is repeated a single theme, consisting of two eighteen-bar sections, each itself repeated twice. Tension is provided by the contrast between the steady percussive rhythm, and the "expressive vocal melody trying to break free".<ref>Mawer, [http://books.google.com/books?id=64K4QZOPljUC&pg=PA223&vq=%22expressive+vocal+melody+trying+to+break+free%22&dq=toscanini+bolero&as_brr=3&sig=ABd82ZsjYLSsESI0AnATUxzVTIE pp. 223-224]</ref> Interest is maintained by constant re[[orchestration]] of the theme, leading to a variety of [[timbre]]s, and by a steady [[crescendo]]. The melody is passed among different instruments, flute, clarinet, bassoon, E-flat clarinet, oboe d'amore, trumpet, saxophone, horn, trombone and so on. While the melody continues to be played in C throughout, from the middle onwards other instruments double it in different [[key (music)|key]]s. The first such doubling involves a horn playing the melody in C, while a celeste doubles it 2 and 3 octaves above and two piccolos play the melody in the keys of G and E, respectively. This functions as a reinforcement of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th overtones of each note of the melody. The other significant "key doubling" involves sounding the melody a 5th above or a 4th below, in G major. Other than these "key doublings", Ravel simply harmonizes the melody using diatonic chords. The accompaniment becomes gradually thicker and louder until the whole orchestra is playing at the very end. Just before the end (rehearsal number 18 in the score), there is a sudden change of key to E major, though C major is reestablished after just eight [[bar (music)|bar]]s. Six bars from the end, the bass drum, cymbals and tam-tam make their first entry, and the trombones play raucous [[glissandi]] while the whole orchestra beats out the rhythm that has been played on the snare drum from the very first bar. Finally, the work descends from a dissonant D-flat chord to a C major chord.<ref>http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Bolero_Ravel/id/1935527</ref> On [[April 8]] [[2008]], the ''[[New York Times]]'' published an article saying Ravel may have been in the early stages of [[frontotemporal dementia]] in 1928, and this might account for the repetitive nature of ''Boléro''.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/08/health/08brai.html?_r=1&ref=scienc</ref> ===Tempo and duration=== The [[tempo]] indication in the score is ''Tempo di Bolero, moderato assai'' ("tempo of a [[bolero]], very moderate"). In Ravel's own copy of the score, the printed [[metronome]] mark of 76 per quarter is crossed out and 66 is substituted.<ref name="reader_541">Ravel & Orenstein, [http://books.google.com/books?id=lFtn3egpF8sC&pg=RA1-PA541&vq=coppola&dq=%22piero+coppola%22+gerar&as_brr=3&sig=JRJ2HBtqC_FDhaSrbqpL-OSADUU p. 541]</ref> Later editions of the score suggest a tempo of 72.<ref name="reader_541"/> Ravel's own recording from January 1930 starts at around 66 per quarter, slightly slowing down later on to 60-63.<ref name="mawer_companion"/> Its total duration is 15 minutes 50 seconds.<ref name="reader_541"/> Coppola's first recording, at which Ravel was present, has a similar duration of 15 minutes 40 seconds.<ref name="reader_541"/> Ravel said in an interview with the ''Daily Telegraph'' that the piece lasts 17 minutes<ref name= "calvocoressi"/>. An average performance will last in the area of fifteen minutes, with the slowest recordings, such as that by Ravel's associate [[Pedro de Freitas-Branco]], extending well over 18 minutes<ref name="reader_541"/> and the fastest, such as [[Leopold Stokowski]]'s 1940 recording with the [[All American Youth Orchestra]], approaching 12 minutes.<ref>{{cite album-notes |title=Leopold Stokowski conducts Dvorak, Sibelius and Ravel |year=2006 |format=CD liner |publisher=Music and Arts |publisherid=CD-841 }}</ref> At Coppola's first recording Ravel indicated strongly that he preferred a steady tempo, criticizing the conductor for getting faster at the end of the work. According to Coppola's own report:<ref>{{cite book |first=Piero |last=Coppola |authorlink=Piero Coppola |title=Dix-sept ans de musique à Paris, 1922-1939 |publisher=Slatkine |location=Geneva |language=French |origdate=1944 |date=1982 |pages=105-108 |isbn=2050002084 }}, quoted and translated in Ravel & Orenstein, [http://books.google.com/books?id=lFtn3egpF8sC&pg=RA1-PA540&vq=coppola&dq=%22piero+coppola%22+gerar&as_brr=3&sig=d_nF65ilbqE55u1M3TOuyu-CnMY p. 540]</ref> <blockquote> Maurice Ravel [...] did not have confidence in me for the ''Boléro''. He was afraid that my Mediterranean temperament would overtake me, and that I would rush the tempo. I assembled the orchestra at the Salle Pleyel, and Ravel took a seat beside me. Everything went well until the final part, where, in spite of myself, I increased the tempo by a fraction. Ravel jumped up, came over and pulled at my jacket: "not so fast", he exclaimed, and we had to begin again. </blockquote> Ravel's preference for a slower tempo is confirmed by his unhappiness with Toscanini's performance, as reported above. Toscanini's 1939 recording with the [[NBC Symphony Orchestra]] has a duration of 13 minutes 25 seconds.<ref name="orenstein_590"/> ===Criticism=== Ravel was a stringent critic of his own work. During Boléro's composition, he said to [[Joaquin Nin]] that the work had "no form properly speaking, no development, no or almost no modulation".<ref>{{citation |first=Joaquin |last=Nín |authorlink=Joaquin Nin |title=Comment est né le Boléro |journal=Revue Musicale |date=December 1938 |pages=213 }}, quoted and translated in Mawer, [http://books.google.com/books?id=64K4QZOPljUC&pg=PA219&vq=%22no+form+properly+speaking%22&dq=bolero+%22without+music%22&as_brr=3&sig=x1WskJJEffs62IruFpzpYSXegDA p. 219]</ref> In a newspaper interview with ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in July 1931 he spoke about the work as follows:<ref name="calvocoressi">{{cite news |first=M. D. |last=Calvocoressi |title=M. Ravel discusses his own work: The Boléro explained |work=Daily Telegraph |date=1931-07-11 }} reprinted in Ravel & Orenstein, [http://books.google.com/books?id=lFtn3egpF8sC&pg=RA1-PA477&vq=%22orchestral+tissue+without+music%22&dq=bolero+%22without+music%22&as_brr=3&sig=eN3yDGokAkJr_1fU1jghaxq8tQs p. 477]</ref><blockquote>It constitutes an experiment in a very special and limited direction, and should not be suspected of aiming at achieving anything different from, or anything more than, it actually does achieve. Before its first performance, I issued a warning to the effect that what I had written was a piece lasting seventeen minutes and consisting wholly of "orchestral tissue without music" — of one very long, gradual crescendo. There are no contrasts, and practically no invention except the plan and the manner of execution.</blockquote> Social critic [[Allan Bloom]] wrote in ''[[The Closing of the American Mind]]'' that the reason ''Bolero'' is one of the few pieces of concert music to have broad appeal among the general public (i.e., non-classical music fans) is that its rhythm is the same as that of [[sexual intercourse]]. Bloom blamed much of [[rock music]] for providing the same repetitive rhythm. ==Uses of ''Boléro''== The melody of ''Boléro'' is well-known to many and it is often featured in different occasions in popular culture, including motion pictures, video games and popular music. It was used in the movie ''[[10 (film)|10]]'' to great acclaim; the character played by [[Bo Derek]] kept restarting the music on a phonograph, while trying to seduce the character played by [[Dudley Moore]]. Spanish director [[Pedro Almodóvar]] used ''Boléro'' for a long sequence of the 1988 film ''[[Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown]]''. Italian animator [[Bruno Bozzetto]] used the greater part of ''Boléro'' for a sequence in his ''[[Fantasia (film)|Fantasia]]''-like 1977 film ''[[Allegro non troppo]]''. ''Boléro'' was used in the ''[[Doctor Who]]'' episode "The Impossible Planet". It has also been used as background music (BGM) in the Japanese anime series ''[[Digimon]]'' (seasons 1, 2; movies 1, 2). In the original ''Digimon Adventure'' movie, ''Boléro'' is the main motif in connection to the Agumon released and his evolution. It is also used partially in season 3 as one of the character's ringtones. It was used in a scene of the movie ''The New Guy''. Japanese composer [[Ryuichi Sakamoto]] composed the piece ''[[Bolerish]]'', a 13-minute orchestral homage to Ravel's Bolero, for the [[Brian De Palma]] film ''[[Femme Fatale (film)|Femme Fatale]]''. He also composed and performed a solo piano version of ''Bolerish''. A rework of ''Boléro'' is found on [[Angélique Kidjo]]'s album ''Djin Djin'', which starts mostly a cappella by means of multiple overdubbing before some building to an appropriate crescendo with some additional instrumentation. ''Boléro'' is integrated into [[Rufus Wainwright]]'s song "Oh What a World". The rock band [[The James Gang]] included a section of ''Boléro'' in their song "The Bomber" on the initial pressing of their 1970 album ''[[James Gang Rides Again]]''. However, Ravel's estate (which still owns copyright on the work) objected, and as a result the band edited that section out of the song on subsequent pressings of the album. The CD re-issue of ''Rides Again'' contains the full version of "The Bomber", with the ''Boléro'' section restored. Similarly, Ravel's estate has objected to [[Frank Zappa]]'s treatment of ''Boléro'' on his 1991 live album ''The Best Band You Never Heard in Your Life'', and has forced omission of the song from the European release of the album. English electronica group [[Goldfrapp]] have loosely used the melody in an instrumental song called "Felt Mountain" on their debut album ''[[Felt Mountain]]''. [[ice dancing|Ice dancers]] [[Torvill and Dean]] skated to ''Boléro'' in their gold medal-winning performance at the [[1984 Winter Olympics]], which is still the only ice dancing performance ever to have received a perfect score from every judge. [[Manchester]] post-punk artist [[Eric Random]] performed a version of ''Boléro'' on his compilation ''Subliminal 1980-1982''. ''Boléro'' was at one point also used as the background music in [[Blue Man Group]]'s stage show during the Twinkie Feast sketch. It has since been replaced by an unidentified [[Samba]]. It has also been used for the opening piece of the Broadway production ''[[Blast! (musical)|Blast!]]'', a show originated from the drum corps group [[Star of Indiana Drum and Bugle Corps]]. ''Boléro'' is the title of a dialogue-heavy one-act play by [[David Ives]] about a conflict between a married couple. The action of the dialogue rises and falls in a rhythm similar to its namesake. It has been used commonly in the Canadian show ''[[Kenny Vs. Spenny]]''. In the 1956 movie ''El Bolero de Raquel'', [[Mexican]] comedian [[Mario Moreno|Mario Moreno "Cantinflas"]] dances to ''Boléro'' in his trademark comical manner with [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-xzKlrz2pKQ Elaine Bruce]. ''Boléro'' was used as the background music on [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] car advertisements in 1991, which featured the [[Ford Escort|Escort]], [[Ford Orion|Orion]] and [[Ford Sierra|Sierra]] on an ice-rink. [[Marc Jacobs]] featured ''Boléro'' as a musical accompaniment to the runway show for his Spring 2008 Women's Collection. Japanese acoustic guitar duo [[DEPAPEPE]] has covered the song in their album ''DEPACLA ~depapepe plays the classics~''. Eccentric jazz musician [[Rahsaan Roland Kirk]] wrote a song called "Narrow Bolero" and played it as the first song of the set recorded as "Rahsaan Roland Kirk: Live in Copenhagen". He was quoted in the liner notes as saying that it was one of, if not his favorite song. Narrow Bolero's melody has little to do with Ravel's original invention but it is clearly named for its snare [[ostinato]] and overall crescendo. An abbreviated, four-minute rendition of ''Boléro'' originally appeared on [[Pink Martini]]'s debut album [[Sympathique]], but was removed in later printings of the album for unknown reasons. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Bibliography== *{{cite book |first=Deborah |last=Mawer |title=The Ballets of Maurice Ravel: Creation and Interpretation |date=2006 |location=Aldershot, England; Burlington, VT |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=0754630293 }} *{{cite book |first=Arbie |last=Orenstein |title=Ravel: Man and Musician |publisher=Dover Publications |location=New York |date=1991 |isbn=0486266338 }} *{{cite book |first=Maurice |last=Ravel |coauthors=Arbie Orenstein |title=A Ravel Reader: Correspondence, Articles, Interviews |location=Minneola, NY |publisher=Dover Publications |date=2003 |isbn=0486430782}} ==Further Reading== *{{cite book |first=Benjamin |last=Ivry |title=Maurice Ravel: a Life |date=2000 |location=New York |publisher=Welcome Rain |isbn=1566491525 }} ==External links== * [http://www3.alpha-net.ne.jp/users/bolero/ORCH.HTM Extensive discography, with timings] [[Category:Compositions by Maurice Ravel]] [[Category:Ballets by Maurice Ravel]] [[Category:1928 ballet premieres]] [[Category:Ballets by Bronislava Nijinska]] {{Link FA|fr}} {{Link FA|es}} [[bg:Болеро]] [[ca:Bolero (Maurice Ravel)]] [[cs:Bolero (Ravel)]] [[de:Boléro]] [[es:Bolero (Ravel)]] [[fr:Boléro (Ravel)]] [[hr:Boléro]] [[it:Bolero (Ravel)]] [[he:בולרו (ראוול)]] [[nl:Bolero (Ravel)]] [[ja:ボレロ (ラヴェル)]] [[pl:Boléro]] [[pt:Bolero (Ravel)]] [[ru:Болеро (Равель)]] [[sk:Bolero (Ravel)]] [[fi:Boléro]] [[sv:Boléro]] [[zh:波莱罗]]