Boris III of Bulgaria
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{{Infobox_Monarch | name = Boris III
| title =Tsar of Bulgaria
| image = [[Image:Boris3bulgaria1894.jpg|220px]]
| reign =[[3 October]] [[1918]] – [[28 August]] [[1943]]
| coronation =
| predecessor =[[Ferdinand I of Bulgaria]]
| successor =[[Simeon II of Bulgaria]]
| consort =[[Giovanna of Italy]]
| issue =[[Princess Marie Louise of Bulgaria|Marie Louise of Bulgaria]] <br> [[Simeon II of Bulgaria]]
| royal house =[[Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
| royal anthem =
| father =[[Ferdinand I of Bulgaria]]
| mother =[[Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma]]
| date of birth ={{birth date|1894|1|30|mf=y}}
| place of birth =[[Sofia|Sofia, Bulgaria]]
| date of death ={{death date and age|1943|8|28|1894|1|30|mf=y}}
| place of death =Sofia
| buried =Rila Monastery, Bulgaria
|}}
[[Image:TsarBorisIIIAutograph.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Signature of Tsar Boris III]]
'''Boris III, Tsar of Bulgaria''' ([[January 30]], [[1894]] – [[August 28]], [[1943]]), originally '''Boris Klemens Robert Maria Pius Ludwig Stanislaus Xaver''', son of [[Ferdinand I of Bulgaria|Ferdinand I]], came to the throne in 1918 upon the [[abdication]] of his father, following [[Bulgaria]]'s defeat in [[World War I]]. This was the country's second major defeat in only five years, after the disastrous [[Second Balkan War]] (1913). Under the [[Treaty of Neuilly]], Bulgaria was forced to cede new territories and pay crippling reparations to its neighbors, thereby threatening political and economic stability. Two political forces, the Agrarian Union and the Communist Party, were calling for the overthrowing of the monarchy and the change of the government. It was in these circumstances that Boris succeeded to the throne.
==Early reign==
One year after Boris's accession, [[Aleksandar Stamboliyski]] (or ''Stambolijski'') of the Bulgarian People's Agrarian Union was elected prime minister. Though popular with the large peasant class, Stambolijski earned the animosity of the middle class and military, which lead to his toppling in a military coup on 9 June 1923. In 1925, there was a short border war with Greece which was resolved with the help of the [[League of Nations]]. Also in 1925, there were two attempts on Boris's life perpetrated by leftist extremists. After the second attempt, the military in power exterminated in reprisals several thousand communists and agrarians including representatives of the intelligentsia.
In the [[Bulgarian coup d'état of 1934|coup on May 19, 1934]], the [[Zveno]] military organisation established a dictatorship and abolished the political parties in Bulgaria. King Boris was reduced to the status of a puppet king as a result of the coup.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,788521,00.html Tsars Coup]</ref> In the following year, he staged a counter-coup and assumed control of the country by establishing a regime loyal to him. The political process was controlled by the Tsar, but a form of parliamentary rule was re-introduced, without the restoration of the political parties.<ref>[http://www.sofiaecho.com/balkans-and-world-war-1/p_31/ Balkans and World War 1]</ref>
Boris married [[Giovanna of Italy]], daughter of [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy]], first in [[Assisi]] in October 1930 (attended by Benito Mussolini), and then at an Orthodox ceremony in Sofia. The marriage produced a daughter, [[Marie Louise of Bulgaria|Maria Louisa]], in January 1933, and a son and heir to the throne, [[Simeon II of Bulgaria|Simeon]], in 1937.
==World War II==
In the early days of [[World War II]], Bulgaria was neutral, but powerful groups in the country swayed its politics toward [[Germany]] (whom they had also allied with in [[World War I]]), which had gained initial sympathies by forcing Romania to cede southern [[Dobruja]] back to Bulgaria. In 1941, Boris reluctantly allied himself with the [[Axis Powers]] in an attempt to recover Macedonia from [[Greece]] and [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes|Yugoslavia]], which had been gained by Bulgaria in the [[First Balkan War]] and lost again in the [[Second Balkan War|Second]].
{{House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha of Bulgaria}}
However, in spite of this loose alliance, Boris was not willing to render full and unconditional cooperation with Germany, and the only German presence in Bulgaria was along the railway line which passed through it to Greece.
In early 1943, Nazi officials requested that Bulgaria send its [[Jews|Jewish]] population to [[Poland]]. The request caused a public outcry, and a campaign whose most prominent leaders were Parliament Vice-Chairman [[Dimitar Peshev]] and the head of the [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church]], Archbishop Stefan, was organized.<ref> Balkans into Southeastern Europe, pg. 154 </ref> Following this campaign Boris refused to permit the extradition of Bulgaria's 50,000 Jews. Nonetheless, he did sanction the German demand for the extradition of 13,000 Jews from those territories re-occupied by Bulgaria. These two decisions have led to a position today where large numbers of people regard Boris as a hero for 'saving' Bulgaria's Jews, and large numbers revile him for condemning those of the occupied territories. The extent to which the Tsar was able to influence events in either case remains a matter of debate.
[[Image:Photo libre de droits2.jpg|thumb|left|Tsar Boris and Adolf Hitler]]
Most irritating for Hitler, however, was the Tsar's refusal to declare war on the [[Soviet Union]] or send Bulgarian troops to the Eastern front.
On the 9 August 1943, Hitler summoned Boris to a stormy meeting at [[Rastenburg]], [[East Prussia]], where Tsar Boris arrived by plane from [[Vrajdebna]] on Saturday 14 August. While Bulgaria had declared a 'symbolic' war on the distant [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]], at that meeting Boris once again refused to get involved in the war against the [[Soviet Union]], giving as two major reasons for his unwillingness to send troops to Russia -- first, that many ordinary Bulgarians had strong Russophile sentiments; and second, that the political and military position of Turkey remained unclear. The 'symbolic' war against the Western Allies, however, turned into a disaster for the citizens of [[Sofia]] as the city was heavily bombarded by the US, and the British Royal Air Force, in 1943 and 1944.
==Death==
Shortly after returning to Sofia, Boris died of apparent heart failure. He had complained of chest pains for some months and had put it down to [[Angina pectoris|angina]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} [[Conspiracy theories]] instantly sprang up, many choosing to believe that he was poisoned by Hitler in an attempt to put a more obedient government in place. The evening before the illness occurred, Boris had an official dinner in the Italian embassy. Others suggest that his death was a [[Communist]] plot to destabilize the monarchy, and that Boris was poisoned while visiting the Rila Monastery before getting ill. The question has never been settled and many people remain of the belief that Boris was murdered, in spite of no evidence being available. Boris was succeeded by his six-year-old son [[Simeon II of Bulgaria|Simeon II]] under a Regency Council headed by his brother, [[Prince Kyril of Bulgaria]].
Following a large and impressive State Funeral at the [[Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia]], where the streets were lined with weeping crowds, the coffin of Tsar Boris III was taken by train to the mountains and buried in Bulgaria's largest and most important monastery, the [[Rila Monastery]]. After taking power in September 1944, the Communist-dominated government had his body exhumed and secretly buried in the courtyard of the [[Vrana Palace]] near Sofia. At a later time the Communist authorities removed the zinc coffin from Vrana and moved it to a secret location, which remains unknown to this day. After the fall of communism, an excavation attempt was made at the Vrana Palace, in which only Boris's heart was found, as it had been put in a glass cylinder outside the coffin. The heart was taken by his widow in 1993 to Rila Monastery where it was reinterred.
==Ancestors==
<center>{{ahnentafel-compact5
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|1= 1. '''Boris III of Bulgaria'''
|2= 2. [[Ferdinand I of Bulgaria]]
|3= 3. [[Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma|Princess Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma]]
|4= 4. [[August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, 5th Prince of Kohary]]
|5= 5. [[Princess Clémentine of Orléans]]
|6= 6. [[Robert I, Duke of Parma]]
|7= 7. [[Princess Maria Pia of the Two Sicilies]]
|8= 8. [[Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, 4th Prince of Kohary]]
|9= 9. Maria Antonia Koháry de Csábrág
|10= 10. [[Louis-Philippe of France]]
|11= 11. [[Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies|Princess Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies]]
|12= 12. [[Charles III, Duke of Parma]]
|13= 13. [[Louise Marie Thérèse of France|Princess Louise Marie Thérèse of France]]
|14= 14. [[Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies]]
|15= 15. [[Maria Theresa of Austria (1816-1867)|Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria]]
|16= 16. [[Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld]]
|17= 17. [[Augusta Reuss-Ebersdorf|Princess Augusta Caroline Reuss of Ebersdorf]]
|18= 18. Prince Ferenc Jozsef of Koháry de Csábrág and Szitnya
|19= 19. Maria Antonia von Waldstein
|20= 20. [[Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans]]
|21= 21. [[Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre]]
|22= 22. [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies]]
|23= 23. [[Marie Caroline of Austria|Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria]]
|24= 24. [[Charles II, Duke of Parma]]
|25= 25. [[Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy]]
|26= 26. [[Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry]]
|27= 27. [[Caroline Ferdinande Louise, duchesse de Berry|Princess Caroline Ferdinande Louise of the Two Sicilies]]
|28= 28. [[Francis I of the Two Sicilies]]
|29= 29. [[Maria Isabella of Spain|Infanta Maria Isabella of Spain]]
|30= 30. [[Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen]]
|31= 31. [[Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg]]
}}</center>
==See also==
*[[History of Bulgaria]]
{{Commonscat|Boris III of Bulgaria}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
* ''Bulgaria in the Second World War'' by Marshall Lee Miller, Stanford University Press, 1975.
* ''Boris III of Bulgaria 1894-1943'', by Pashanko Dimitroff, London, 1986, ISBN 0-86332-140-2
* ''Crown of Thorns'' by Stephane Groueff, Lanham MD., and London, 1987, ISBN 0-8191-5778-3
* ''The Betrayal of Bulgaria'' by Gregory Lauder-Frost, Monarchist League Policy Paper, London, 1989.
* ''The Daily Telegraph'', Obituary for "HM Queen Ioanna of the Bulgarians", London, 28 February 2000.
* ''Balkans into Southeastern Europe'' by John R. Lampe, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2006.
==External links==
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=9426828 Find-A-Grave biography]
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{{s-hou|[[Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]]|30 January|1894|28 August|1943|[[House of Wettin]]}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ferdinand of Bulgaria|Ferdinand I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Bulgarian monarchs|Tsar of Bulgaria]]|years=[[3 October]] [[1918]] – [[28 August]] [[1943]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Simeon II of Bulgaria|Simeon II]]}}
{{end}}
{{Bulgarian monarchs}}
[[Category:1894 births|Boris III, of Bulgaria]]
[[Category:1943 deaths|Boris III, of Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Bulgarian monarchs]]
[[Category:Bulgarian Eastern Orthodox Christians]]
[[Category:Bulgarian Orthodox Christians|Boris III of Bulgaria]]
[[Category:History of Bulgaria|Boris III of Bulgaria]]
[[Category:House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
[[Category:People from Sofia]]
[[Category:World War II political leaders|Boris III of Bulgaria]]
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