Bosnian Genocide
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/* Individuals accused of genocide during the Bosnian war */
''This article refers to [[genocide]] during the 1992-1995 [[Bosnian War]]. Other cases of genocide in the same region during World War II are covered in other articles.''
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:MassGraveNearSrebrenicaGenocideVictims.jpg|thumb|right|250px|One of 550 exhumed [[mass grave]]s of [[Bosniak]] victims near [[Srebrenica]]]] -->
The term '''Bosnian Genocide''' is used to refer either to [[Srebrenica massacre|the genocide]] committed by Bosnian Serb forces in [[Srebrenica]] in [[1995]],<ref>Staff. ''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1907122.stm Bosnian genocide suspect extradited]'', [[BBC]], [[2 April]] [[2002]]</ref> or to [[ethnic cleansing]] that took place during the 1992-1995 [[war in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian War]].<ref name=ECHR-Jorgic-47>[http://www.echr.coe.int/echr/ European Court of Human Rights] - [http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/viewhbkm.asp?sessionId=1448788&skin=hudoc-en&action=html&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649&key=63590&highlight= Jorgic v. Germany Judgment], [[July 12]] 2007. § 47</ref><ref>[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:SE00134:@@@D&summ2=m& CRS Summary: A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate regarding the massacre at Srebrenica in July 1995]. See clause (2)</ref>
In the 1990s, several authorities, in line with a minority of legal scholars, asserted that ethnic cleansing as carried out by elements of the Bosnian Serb army was genocide. These included a resolution by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] and three convictions for genocide in German courts, the convictions based upon a wider interpretation of genocide than that used by international courts. <ref>ECHR Jorgic v. Germany Judgment, [[July 12]] 2007. § 47,107,108</ref> In 2005, the United States Congress passed a resolution declaring that "the Serbian policies of aggression and ethnic cleansing meet the terms defining genocide". <ref>[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:s.res.00134: A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate regarding the massacre at Srebrenica in July 1995]</ref>
However, in line with a majority of legal scholars, the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia]] (ICTY) and the [[International Court of Justice]] (ICJ) have ruled that, in order for actions to be deemed genocide, there must be physical or biological destruction of a protected group and a specific intent to commit such destruction. To date only the [[Srebrenica massacre]] has been found to be an act of genocide by the ICTY, a finding upheld by the ICJ.<ref>ECHR Jorgic v. Germany Judgment §47,112</ref>
==Individuals accused of genocide during the Bosnian war==
{{main article|List of Bosnian genocide prosecutions}}
About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]]. To date, after several [[plea bargain]]s and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal, only [[Radislav Krstic]] has been found guilty of complicity in [[genocide]] in an international court. Three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in Bosnia by German courts, one of whom [[Nikola Jorgic]] lost an appeal against his conviction in the [[European Court of Human Rights]]. Several former members of the Bosnian Serb security forces are currently on trial in Bosnia and Herzegovina indicted on several charges including genocide.
[[Slobodan Milosevic]], the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. On [[11 March]] 2006, he died during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina. No verdict was returned. The ICTY has issued a warrant for the arrest of [[Radovan Karadzic]] and [[Ratko Mladic]] on several charges including genocide but to date they have evaded arrest and remain at large.
==United Nations==
On [[18 December]] 1992, the ''United Nations General Assembly resolution 47/121'' in its preamble deemed ethnic cleansing to be a form of genocide stating:
{{quote|Gravely concerned about the deterioration of the situation in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina owing to intensified aggressive acts by the Serbian and Montenegrin forces to acquire more territories by force, characterized by a consistent pattern of gross and systematic violations of human rights, a burgeoning refugee population resulting from mass expulsions of defenceless civilians from their homes and the existence in Serbian and Montenegrin controlled areas of concentration camps and detention centres, in pursuit of the abhorrent policy of “ethnic cleansing”, which is a form of genocide, ...|United Nations General Assembly<ref>ECHR Jorgic v. Germany Judgment, [[July 12]] 2007. §45 citing Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro ("Case concerning the application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide") the International Court of Justice (ICJ) found under the heading of "intent and 'ethnic cleansing'" § 190</ref><ref>[http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/47/a47r121.htm A/RES/47/121 91st plenary meeting: The situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina] [[18 December]] 1992.</ref>}}
On [[12 July]] 2007, in its judgement on the ''Jorgic v. Germany'' case, the European Court of Human Rights noted that:
{{quote|the ICTY, in its judgments in the cases of Prosecutor v. Krstic and Prosecutor v. Kupreskic, expressly disagreed with the wide interpretation of the 'intent to destroy' as adopted by the UN General Assembly and the German courts. Referring to the principle of [[nullum crimen sine lege]], the ICTY considered that genocide, as defined in public international law, comprised only acts aimed at the physical or biological destruction of a protected group.|European Court of Human Rights<ref>ECHR Jorgic v. Germany Judgment, [[July 12]] 2007. §112</ref>}}
== International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia ==
{{main|Srebrenica massacre}}
In 2001, the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia]] (ICTY) judged that the 1995 [[Srebrenica massacre]] was genocide.<ref>The [[International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia]] found in [http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2001/8.html Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic - Trial Chamber I - Judgment - IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001)] that genocide had been committed. (see paragraph 560 for name of group in English on whom the genocide was committed). It was upheld in ''[http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2004/7.html Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic - Appeals Chamber - Judgment - IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004)]''</ref> In the unanimous ruling "Prosecutor v. Krstić", the Appeals Chamber of the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia|International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)]], located in [[The Hague]], reaffirmed that the Srebrenica massacre was [[genocide]]<ref>ICTY "Prosecutor v. Krstic" [http://www.un.org/icty/krstic/Appeal/judgement/krs-aj040419e.pdf]</ref>, the Presiding Judge Theodor Meron stating:
{{quote|By seeking to eliminate a part of the [[Bosniaks|Bosnian Muslims]], the Bosnian Serb forces committed genocide. They targeted for extinction the forty thousand Bosnian Muslims living in Srebrenica, a group which was emblematic of the Bosnian Muslims in general. They stripped all the male Muslim prisoners, military and civilian, elderly and young, of their personal belongings and identification, and deliberately and methodically killed them solely on the basis of their identity.<ref>ICTY; "Address by ICTY President Theodor Meron, at Potocari Memorial Cemetery" The Hague, 23 June 2004 [http://www.un.org/icty/pressreal/2004/p860-e.htm]</ref>}}
==United States resolutions H.199 and S.134==
[[Image:Omarska2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|'''[[Omarska camp]]''' detainees. Image from [[Penny Marshall (UK journalist)|Penny Marshall]] crew video footage]]
On [[27 June]] [[2005]], during the 109th Congress, the [[United States House of Representatives]] passed a resolution (H. Res. 199 sponsored by Congressman [[Christopher Smith]] with 39 cosponsors) commemorating the 10th anniversary of the Srebrenica genocide.<ref>[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:h.res.00199: Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives regarding the massacre at Srebrenica in July 1995]</ref> The resolution, as amended, was passed with an overwhelming majority of 370 - YES votes, 1 - NO vote, and 62 - ABSENT.<ref name=Post>Washington Post. "[http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/109/house/1/votes/322/ Votes Database: Bill: H RES 199]" [[27 June]] [[2005]]</ref> The [[Resolution (policy debate)|resolution]] is a bipartisan measure commemorating [[July 11]], [[1995]]-2005, the tenth anniversary of the [[Srebrenica massacre]].<ref name=IR-13>[http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/archives/109/21401.PDF Markup Committee on International Relations House of Representatives (pdf)], 109th Congress, H. Res. 199 and H.R. 2601, May 26, 2005, Serial No. 109–87. p. 13</ref> The Senate version, S.Res.134, was introduced by Senator [[Gordon Smith]] and was agreed to in the Senate on [[22 June]] 2005 without amendment and with unanimous consent.<ref>[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c109:S.RES.134: Bill Number S.RES.134 for the 109th Congress]</ref><ref>[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:s.res.00134: A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate regarding the massacre at Srebrenica in July 1995]</ref> The summaries of the resolutions are identical, with the exception of the name of the house passing the resolution:
{{quote|Expresses the sense of the [House of Representatives]/[Senate] that that:
:(1) the thousands of innocent people executed at Srebrenica in Bosnia and Herzegovina in July 1995, along with all individuals who were victimized during the conflict and genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992 to 1995, should be remembered and honored;
:(2) the Serbian policies of aggression and ethnic cleansing meet the terms defining genocide;
:(3) foreign nationals, including U.S. citizens, who have risked, and in some cases lost, their lives in Bosnia and Herzegovina should be remembered and honored;
:(4) the United Nations (U.N.) and its member states should accept their share of responsibility for allowing the Srebrenica massacre and genocide to occur, and seek to ensure that this does not happen in future crises;
:(5) it is in the U.S. national interest that the responsible individuals should be held accountable for their actions;
:(6) persons indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) should be apprehended and transferred to The Hague without further delay, and countries should meet their obligations to cooperate with the ICTY; and
:(7) the United States should support the independence and territorial integrity of Bosnia and Herzegovina and peace and stability in southeastern Europe.| CRS Summary<ref>Christopher Smith [http://chrissmith.house.gov/lawsandresolutions/hres199.htm H.Res. 199, Expressing the Sense of the House of Representatives Regarding the Massacre at Srebrenica in July 1995. Accessed [[31 January]] 2008</ref><ref>[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:SE00134:@@@D&summ2=m& CRS Summary: A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate regarding the massacre at Srebrenica in July 1995]</ref><ref>[http://www.opencongress.org/bill/109-sr134/show S.Res.134 A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate regarding the massacre at Srebrenica in July 1995], [http://www.opencongress.org www.opencongress.org]. Accessed [[31 January]] 2008</ref>}}
== International Court of Justice ==
[[Image:Public hearing at the ICJ.jpg|left|thumb|Public hearing at the ICJ.]]
{{main|Bosnian Genocide Case}}
On [[February 26]], [[2007]] the [[International Court of Justice]] (ICJ), in the ''Bosnian Genocide Case'' concurred with the ICTY's earlier finding that the Srebrenica massacre constituted genocide:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2007/02/26/international/i033600S38.DTL&type=politics|title=Courte: Serbia failed to prevent genocide, UN court rules|date=[[2007-02-26]]|publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>
ICJ President [[Rosalyn Higgins]] noted that there is a lot of evidence to prove that [[crimes against humanity]] and [[war crimes]] had been committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina such as widespread killings, the siege of towns, mass [[rape]]s, [[torture]], [[deportation]] to [[concentration camp|camps]] and detention centers. The International Court of Justice does not have [[jurisdiction]] over them, because this case deals "exclusively with genocide in a limited legal sense and not in the broader sense sometimes given to this term".<ref>{{cite web|year=|url=http://www.sense-agency.com/en/stream.php?sta=3&pid=9273&kat=3|title=Sense Tribunal: SERBIA FOUND GUILTY OF FAILURE TO PREVENT AND PUNISH GENOCIDE}}</ref><ref>ICJ: Bosnian Genocide Case: Summary of the Judgment of 26 February 2007 [http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?sum=667&code=bhy&p1=3&p2=2&case=91&k=f4&p3=5]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2007/02/26/international/i033600S38.DTL&type=politics|title=Courte: Serbia failed to prevent genocide, UN court rules|date=[[2007-02-26]]|publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Moreover, the Court found "that Serbia has not committed genocide" nor "conspired to" or "incited the commission of genocide". It did however, find that Serbia had failed "to take all measures within its power to prevent genocide in Srebrenica" and to comply fully with the ICTY by failing to transfer [[Ratko Mladić]] to the custody of the ICTY in [[the Hague]] and that Serbia must in future transfer to the Hague all ICTY indited individuals, who reside under Serbian jurisdiction.<ref>[http://www.icj-cij.org/presscom/index.php?pr=1897&pt=1&p1=6&p2=1 ICJ press release 2007/8] [[26 February]] 2007</ref>
== European Court of Human Rights ==
[[Image:European Court of Human Rights.jpg|222px|thumb|right|European Court of Human Rights building in [[Strasbourg]]]]
The Higher Regional Court of Dusseldorf, Germany, in September 1997, handed down a genocide conviction against [[Nikola Jorgić]], a Bosnian Serb who was the leader of a paramilitary group located in the [[Doboj]] region. He was sentenced to four terms of life imprisonment for his involvement in genocidal actions that took place in regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, other than Srebrenica.<ref>[http://www.preventgenocide.org/punish/GermanFederalCourt.htm Federal High Court of Germany: Translation of Press Release into English Nr. 39 on 30 April 1999: Federal High Court makes basic ruling on genocide], [http://www.preventgenocide.org/aboutus/ Prevent Genocide International]</ref>
In a judgement issued on [[12 July]] 2007, the [[European Court of Human Rights]] (ECHR) in the ''Jorgic v. Germany'' case (Application no. 74613/01), reviewed the German court's judgements against Jorgic. In rejecting Jorgic's appeal, the ECHR affirmed that the German court's ruling was consistent with an interpretation of the [[Genocide Convention]] foreseeable at the time Jorgic committed the offence in 1992. However, the ECHR highlighted that the German court's ruling, based upon German domestic law, had interpreted the crime of genocide more broadly than and in a manner since rejected by international courts.<ref>[http://www.echr.coe.int/echr/ European Court of Human Rights] - [http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/viewhbkm.asp?sessionId=1448788&skin=hudoc-en&action=html&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649&key=63590&highlight= Jorgic v. Germany Judgment], [[July 12]] 2007. § 18,98,99</ref>Under the wider definition that the German judiciary upheld, the ethnic cleansing carried out by Jorgić was a genocide because it was an intent to destroy the group as a social unit, and although the majority of scholars took the view that German genocide law should interpret genocide as the physical-biological destruction of the protected group, "a considerable number of scholars were of the opinion that the notion of destruction of a group as such, in its literal meaning, was wider than a physical-biological extermination and also encompassed the destruction of a group as a social unit."<ref>ECHR Jorgic v. Germany Judgment, [[July 12]] 2007. § 36 but also §§ 18,47,99,103,108</ref>
In the case of ''Prosecutor v. Krstic'' ([[2 August]] [[2001]]), the ICTY ruled "customary international law limits the definition of genocide to those acts seeking the physical or biological destruction of all or part of the group. Hence, an enterprise attacking only the cultural or sociological characteristics of a human group in order to annihilate these elements which give to that group its own identity distinct from the rest of the community would not fall under the definition of genocide."<ref>ECHR Jorgic v. Germany Judgment, [[July 12]] 2007. § 42 citing Prosecutor v. Krstic, IT-98-33-T, judgment of 2 August 2001, §§ 580</ref> On [[19 April]] 2004, this determination was upheld on appeal: "The Genocide Convention, and customary international law in general, prohibit only the physical or biological destruction of a human group. ... The Trial Chamber expressly acknowledged this limitation, and eschewed any broader definition. ..." although like the lower court, the appeal court also ruled that ethnic cleansing might with other evidence lead to an inference of genocidal intent.<ref>ECHR Jorgic v. Germany Judgment, [[July 12]] 2007. § 43 citing the judgment of 19 April 2004 rendered by the Appeals Chamber of the ICTY, IT-98-33-A §§ 25,33</ref> On 14 January 2000, the ICTY ruled in the ''Prosecutor v. Kupreškić and Others'' case that the [[Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing]] campaign in order to expel the Bosnian Muslim population from the region was [[persecution]], not genocide per se<ref>ECHR Jorgic v. Germany Judgment, [[July 12]] 2007. § 44 citing Prosecutor v. Kupreskic and Others (IT-95-16-T, judgment of 14 January 2000), § 751</ref> The ECHR noted the opinion of the International Court of Justice ruling in the [[Bosnian Genocide Case]] that ethnic cleansing is not in and of itself genocide.<ref>ECHR Jorgic v. Germany Judgment, [[July 12]] 2007. §45 citing Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro ("Case concerning the application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide") the International Court of Justice (ICJ) found under the heading of "intent and 'ethnic cleansing'" § 190</ref>
In reference to legal writers, the ECHR also noted: "Amongst scholars, the majority have taken the view that ethnic cleansing, in the way in which it was carried out by the Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to expel Muslims and Croats from their homes, did not constitute genocide. However, there are also a considerable number of scholars who have suggested that these acts did amount to genocide"<ref name=ECHR-Jorgic-47>ECHR Jorgic v. Germany Judgment, [[July 12]] 2007. § 47</ref>
The ECHR having reviewed the case and the more recent international rulings on the issue the ECHR ruled that "The Court finds that the [German] courts' interpretation of 'intent to destroy a group' as not necessitating a physical destruction of the group, which has also been adopted by a number of scholars ..., is therefore covered by the wording, read in its context, of the crime of genocide in the [German] Criminal Code and does not appear unreasonable",<ref>ECHR Jorgic v. Germany Judgment, [[July 12]] 2007. § 105</ref> so "In view of the foregoing, the [ECHR] concludes that, while many authorities had favoured a narrow interpretation of the crime of genocide, there had already been several authorities at the material time which had construed the offence of genocide in the same wider way as the German courts. In these circumstances, the [ECHR] finds that [Jorgic], if need be with the assistance of a lawyer, could reasonably have foreseen that he risked being charged with and convicted of genocide for the acts he had committed in 1992.",<ref>ECHR Jorgic v. Germany Judgment, [[July 12]] 2007. § 113</ref> and for this reason the court rejected Jorgic assertion that there had been a breach of Article 7 (no punishment without law) of the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] by Germany.<ref>ECHR Jorgic v. Germany Judgment, [[July 12]] 2007. § 116</ref>
==Controversy==
[[Image:Srebrenica Potocari Memorial 2.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Srebrenica, the Memorial]]
There is a significant disagreement between the Bosnian and Serbian side about the possibility or scope of genocide in Bosnia during the Bosnian War that has made this a controversial and contentious issue.
The Bosnian side claims that the Srebrenica massacre was just one instance of what was a broader genocide committed by Serbia.<ref name=ICJ1>van den Biesen."Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, General Concluding Observation". International Court of Justice. [[24 April]] [[2006]], para. 1-12. [http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/idocket/ibhy/ibhyframe.htm] </ref>
The International Court of Justice veered away from the factual and legal findings of the ICTY Appeals Chamber in the ''Duško Tadić case''. In the judgment delivered in July 1999, the Appeals Chamber found that the [[Army of Republika Srpska]] was "under overall control" of [[Belgrade]] and the [[Yugoslav Army]], which meant that they had funded, equipped and assisted in coordination and planning of military operations. Had the International Court of Justice accepted this finding of the Tribunal, Serbia would have been found guilty of complicity in the Srebrenica genocide. Instead it concluded that the Appeals Chamber in the Tadić case "did not attempt to determine the responsibility of a state but individual criminal responsibility". Paradoxical as it may be, the outcome of this legal suit filed back in March 1993 arrived too early for Bosnia and Herzegovina. Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić, accused of Bosnian genocide are not arrested yet. Slobodan Milošević died during the trial and three trials of former Serbian officials have just started.<ref>SENSE Tribunal: ICTY - THE MISSING LINK: [http://www.sense-agency.com/en/stream.php?sta=3&pid=9279&kat=3]</ref>
The allegations about the ICTY Prosecution agreement with Belgrade authorities by which the transcripts of the meetings of Supreme Defense Council remained not disclosed to the public and the International Court of Justice appeared immediately after the International Court of Justice delivered its judgment in the Bosnia Herzegovina Vs. Serbia and Montenegro case. [[Geoffrey Nice]], who was lead counsel for the prosecution at the Slobodan Milošević trial, notes in his letter that [[Carla Del Ponte]] personally agreed to a ‘deal’ with the Belgrade authorities to ‘protect’ the documents of the Supreme Defense Council relating to the role of Serbia in the wars in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Those documents remained under seal. The public and the International Court of Justice thus had no access to them.<ref>SENSE Tribunal: Del Ponte Denies Alleged "Deal" with Belgrade [http://www.sense-agency.com/en/stream.php?sta=3&pid=9511&kat=3]</ref>
Some commentators believe that the Srebrenica massacre was not genocide. Typically, they cite that women and children were largely spared and that only military age men were targeted.<ref>The Politics of the Srebrenica Massacre, Z Net, 7 July 2007, by Edward S. Herman [http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=8244]</ref><ref>"The real story behind Srebrenica", ''Globe and Mail'', July 14, 2005. [http://www.mail-archive.com/serbian_way@antic.org/msg00008.html]</ref> This view is not supported by the [[ICJ]] or the [[ICTY]].<ref>ICTY, ''Prosecutor vs Krstic, Trial Chamber Judgement'', Case No. IT-98-33-T, paras 43–46. [http://www.un.org/icty/krstic/jug33-e.htm]</ref>
==See also==
*[[Bosniaks]]
*[[Command responsibility]]
*[[Genocides in history]]
*[[Republika Srpska]]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
*[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/989 America and the Bosnia Genocide] by Mark Danner New York Review of Books, Volume 44, Number 19, December 4, 1997
*[http://www.yale.edu/gsp/former_yugoslavia/index.html Yale University] - Bosnia Genocide Studies Program
*[http://www.aegistrust.org/ Aegis Trust (genocide prevention trust)] An independent international organisation dedicated to eliminating genocide
*[http://srebrenica.brightside.nl/srebrenica/ Srebrenica - a 'Safe haven'] Netherlands Institute for War Documentation, Srebrenica - a 'Safe haven', an extensive Dutch government report on events in eastern Bosnia and the fall of Srebrenica.
*[http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa008&articleID=00017173-6251-14E3-A1A983414B7F0000&pageNumber=2&catID=4 Missing No Longer - International commission forges ahead to identify genocide victims], ''[[Scientific American]]'', [[1 August]] [[2006]]
*[http://www.ppu.org.uk/genocide/g_bosnia.html Genocide-Bosnia] at Peace ''Pleddge Union Information'' website
[[Category:Genocide]]
[[Category:Bosnian War|Genocide]]
[[Category:War crimes in former Yugoslavia]]
[[Category:War crimes in Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:Military history of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[ar:مجزرة البوسنة]]
[[bs:Genocid u Bosni i Hercegovini]]
[[es:Genocidio en Bosnia]]
[[fi:Bosnian kansanmurha]]
[[tr:Bosna Soykırımı]]
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