Bottle
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224547759
2008-07-09T10:24:21Z
62.31.67.191
[[Image:Bottle Iran 16.JPG|thumb|right|100px|Composite body, painted, and glazed bottle. Dated 16th century. From [[Iran]]. New York Metropolitan Museum of Art.]]
[[Image:Song Dynasty Porcelain, Lacquerware, Stoneware.jpg|thumb|Chinese ding-ware porcelain bottle (far left) with iron-tinted pigment under a transparent colorless glaze, 11th century, [[Song Dynasty]]]]
A '''bottle''' is a container with a neck that is narrower than the body and a "mouth." Bottles are often made of [[glass]], [[clay]], [[plastic]] or other impervious materials, and typically used to store [[liquid]]s such as [[water]], [[milk]], [[children]], [[soft drink]]s, [[beer]], [[wine]], [[blood]], [[cooking oil]], [[medicine]], [[shampoo]], [[ink]] and [[chemicals]]. A device applied in the [[bottling line]] to seal the mouth of a bottle is termed a [[bottle cap]] (external), or [[Stopper (plug)|stopper]] (internal). A bottle can also be sealed using [[induction sealing]].
The bottle has developed over millennia of use, with some of the earliest examples appearing in China, [[Phoenicia]], [[Rome]] and [[Crete]]. The Chinese used bottles to store liquids.
In modern times for some bottles a [[container deposit legislation|legally mandated deposit]] is paid, which is refunded after returning the bottle to the [[retailer]]. For other glass bottles there is often separate [[waste|garbage]] collection for [[recycling]].
==History==
Since [[prehistoric times]], bottle containers were created from clay or asphaltum sealed woven containers. Early glass bottle manufacture was conducted by the [[Phoenician]]s; specimens of Phoenician [[translucent]] and transparent glass bottles have been found in [[Cyprus]] and [[Rhodes]] generally varying in length from three to six inches.<ref>Perrot and Chipiez, ''Histoire de l'art'', v iii, 734-744</ref> These Phoenician examples from the first millennium [[BC]] were thought to have been used for [[perfume]].<ref>George Rawlinson, ''History of Phoenicia'', 1889, Green Longmans publisher, 583 pages</ref> The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] learned glass-making from the Phoenicians and produced many extant examples of fine glass bottles, mostly relatively small.
==For wine==
{{main|Wine bottle}}
[[Image:Glass milk bottles.jpg|100px|thumb|Reusable glass milk bottles]]
[[Image:NA Beer Jupiler.JPG|100px|thumb|A bottle of beer]]
[[Image:Wine mt markey.jpg|thumb|Bottles of Wine]]
The glass bottle was an important development in the history of wine, because, when combined with a high-quality [[stopper (plug)|stopper]] such as a [[cork (material)|cork]], it allowed long-term [[aging]] of wine. Glass has all qualities required for long-term storage. It eventually gave rise to "château bottling," the practice where an estate's wine is put in bottle at the source, rather than by a merchant. Prior to this, wine would be sold by the [[Barrel (storage)|barrel]] (and before that, the [[amphora]]) and put into bottles only at the merchant's shop, if at all. This left a large and often abused opportunity for fraud and adulteration, as the consumer had to trust the merchant as to the contents. It is thought that most wine consumed outside of [[list of wine-producing regions|wine-producing regions]] had been tampered with in some way. Also, not all merchants were careful to avoid [[oxidation]] or contamination while bottling, leading to large [[bottle variation]]. Particularly in the case of [[port wine|port]], certain conscientious merchants' bottling of old ports fetch higher prices even today. To avoid these problems, most fine wine is bottled at the place of production (including all port, since 1974).
There are many sizes and shapes of bottles used for wine. Some of the known shapes:
* "Bordeaux": This bottle is roughly straight sided with a curved "shoulder" that is useful for catching [[sediment]] and is also the easiest to stack. Traditionally used in [[Bordeaux]] but now worldwide, this is probably the most common type.
* "Burgundy": Traditionally used in [[Burgundy]], this has sides that taper down about 2/3rds of the height to a short cylindrical section, and does not have a shoulder.
* "Champagne": Traditionally used for [[Champagne (wine)|Champagne]], it is similar to a Burgundy bottle, but with a wider base and heavier due to the [[pressure|pressurization]].
==Codd-neck bottles==<!-- This section is linked from [[Cod]] -->
[[Image:Image-Codd bottle.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A Codd bottle.]]
In [[1872]], [[United Kingdom|British]] [[bottler|soft drink maker]] [[Hiram Codd]] of Camberwell, south east London, designed and patented a bottle designed specifically for [[carbonation|carbonated]] drinks. The '''Codd-neck bottle''', as it was called, was designed and manufactured to enclose a [[marbles|marble]] and a [[rubber]] [[Washer (mechanical)|washer/gasket]] in the neck. The bottles were filled upside down, and pressure of the [[gas]] in the bottle forced the marble against the washer, sealing in the carbonation. The bottle was pinched into a special shape, as can be seen in the photo to the right, to provide a chamber into which the marble was pushed to open the bottle. This prevented the marble from blocking the neck as the drink was poured
Soon after its introduction, the bottle became extremely popular with the soft drink and [[brewing]] industries in mainly [[Europe]], [[Asia]] and [[Australasia]], though some [[alcohol]] drinkers disdained the use of the bottle. One [[etymology]] of the term ''[[codswallop]]'' originates from beer sold in Codd bottles.<ref>[http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/235250.html UK word origins] </ref>
The bottles were regularly produced for many decades, but gradually declined in usage. Since children smashed the bottles to retrieve the marbles, they are relatively rare and have become [[collector item]]s; particularly in the UK. A cobalt coloured Codd bottle today fetches thousands of [[Pounds sterling|British pounds]] at auction{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. The Codd-neck design is still used for the [[Japan]]ese soft drink [[Ramune]] and in the [[India]]n drink called [[Banta]].
[[Image:PET-Einwegflasche REAL.png|150px|thumb|right|A PET bottle]]
==Plastic bottles==
[[Plastic bottle]]s (e.g. [[two-liter bottle|two-liter]]) used for soft drinks can withstand typical internal carbonation pressures of 2–4 bar (30–60 psi.), because the plastic is strain oriented in the stretch [[blow molding]] manufacturing process.
==Aluminum bottles==
The [[aluminum]] beverage bottle, also known as a bottlecan, is made of recyclable aluminum. Beer, soft drinks, alternative beverages and wine have all been packaged in aluminum beverage bottles. CCL Container and Mistic Brands, Inc., part of the [[Snapple Beverage Group]], teamed up in 2002 for the national launch of Mistic RĒ. The result was a recyclable packaging innovation that utilized aluminum and plastic, leveraging the best properties of each in a practical, attractive and groundbreaking aluminum bottle with a resealable lug cap that fits snugly onto a unique plastic sleeve. The aluminum bottlecan is an ecological alternative to plastic bottles. Shaped similar to the traditional glass beverage bottle, the aluminum beverage bottle is available in a broad range of profiles, styles and configurations for commercial production. [http://www.cclcontainer.com CCL] Container, North America’s leading producer of impact-extruded aluminum packaging offers a variety of shapes, including “traditional,” “oval,” and “sport.” Resealable lids are also available as a cap option. Some studies have concluded that aluminum provides for increased insulation keeping beverages cooler longer than glass{{Fact|date=April 2008}}.
==Capsules==
Some [[jar]]s and bottles have a metal cap or cover called a capsule. They were historically made of [[lead]], and protected the cork from being gnawed away by [[rodent]]s or infested with [[cork weevil]]. Because of research showing that trace amounts of lead could remain on the lip of the bottle[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE5DC173EF931A3575BC0A967958260 (NYT 2aug91)], lead capsules (lead foil bottleneck wrappings) were slowly phased out, and by the 1990s[http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/ANS00446.html (FDA 1992)], most capsules were made of aluminum foil or plastic.
==See also==
* [[Plastic Bottles]]
* [[Concert bottling]]
* [[Glass Container Industry]]
* [[Reusing water bottles]]
* [[Bottle sling]]
* [[Bottle wall]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{commons|Bottle}}
*[http://www.antique-bottles.net/forum/ Antique Bottles collectors/traders]
*[http://www.worldcollectorsnet.com/jimbeam Jim Beam Bottle Collecting Background, Features and Message Board at World Collectors Net]
*[http://www.bottles.us/ Bottle images with a variety of closures]
*[http://www.ebottles.co.uk/ British source for bottles]
*[http://www.eflaschen.de/ German source for bottles]
*[http://www.cmog.org/ Corning Museum of Glass]
[[Category:Bottles| ]]
[[Category:Containers]]
[[Category:Packaging]]
[[Category:Wine packaging and storage]]
[[Category:Recyclable materials]]
[[Category:Glass bottles]]
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[[bm:Buteli]]
[[bg:Бутилка]]
[[ca:Botella (envàs)]]
[[cs:Láhev]]
[[da:Flaske]]
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[[el:Φιάλη (δοχείο)]]
[[es:Botella]]
[[eo:Botelo]]
[[eu:Botila]]
[[fa:بطری]]
[[fr:Bouteille]]
[[gd:Botal]]
[[ko:병 (용기)]]
[[hr:Boca]]
[[id:Botol]]
[[is:Flaska]]
[[it:Bottiglia]]
[[he:בקבוק]]
[[li:Flesj]]
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[[ja:ボトル]]
[[no:Flaske]]
[[nds:Buddel]]
[[pl:Butelka]]
[[pt:Garrafa]]
[[ru:Бутылка]]
[[simple:Bottle]]
[[fi:Pullo]]
[[sv:Flaska]]
[[th:ขวด]]
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[[zh-yue:樽]]
[[zh:瓶子]]