British Museum
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{{Infobox London museum
| name = British Museum
| image = British Museum from NE 2.JPG
| established = 1753
| collection = 13+ million objects
| area = {{convert|13.5|acre|ha|1|abbr=on|lk=on}} or<br> {{convert|588000|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}} in<br> 94 Galleries<ref>[http://www.uwosh.edu/cambridge/journals/morgan1.htm Saturday, [[January 29]], [[2000]]<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
| location = [[Great Russell Street]], London [[WC postcode area|WC1]], [[England]]
| visitors = 4,903,000 (2006–2007)<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.britishmuseum.org/PDF/TAR06-07.pdf | work= British Museum | format= PDF | title= Reports and accounts for the year ended [[31 March]] [[2007]] | date= [[12 July]] [[2007]] | accessdate=2007-11-12}}</ref>
| tube = [[Holborn tube station|Holborn]], [[Tottenham Court Road tube station|Tottenham Court Road]], [[Russell Square tube station|Russell Square]]
|director = [[Neil MacGregor]]
| website = [http://www.britishmuseum.org/ www.britishmuseum.org]
}}
The '''British Museum''' is a [[museum]] of human history and culture in [[London]]. Its collections, which number more than 13 million objects, are amongst the largest and most comprehensive in the world and originate from all continents, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its beginning to the present.{{Ref_label|A|a|none}} The museum is a [[Non-Departmental Public Body]] sponsored by the [[Department for Culture, Media and Sport]].
{{Cquote|The wonders of the museum brought here to [[Bloomsbury]] from all around the world's imagined corners are numberless. How can they be named? As well tally each leaf of a tree. They come here out of the living minds of generations of men and women now dead – [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] and [[Assyria]]n, [[Aztec]] and [[Inuit]], [[History of China|Chinese]] and [[History of India|Indian]] – who have conceived and carved and hammered and tempered and cast these objects to represent the worlds around them, visible and invisible.<ref>Mark Fisher. ''Britain's Best Museums and Galleries'' (2004) ISBN 0-713-99575-0</ref>}}
The British Museum was established in 1753, largely based on the collections of the physician and scientist [[Hans Sloane|Sir Hans Sloane]]. The museum first opened to the public on [[15 January]] [[1759]] in [[Montagu House, Bloomsbury|Montagu House]] in [[Bloomsbury]], on the site of the current museum building. Its expansion over the following two and a half centuries has resulted in the creation of several branch institutions, the first being the [[Natural History Museum|British Museum of Natural History]] in [[South Kensington]] in 1887. Until 1997, when the current [[British Library]] building opened to the public, the British Museum was unique in that it housed both a national museum of [[antiquities]] and a [[national library]] in the same building. Since 2001 the [[Director of the British Museum|director of the Museum]] has been [[Neil MacGregor]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1682270.stm BBC News | ARTS | National man for British Museum<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
As with all other national museums and art galleries in [[Great Britain|Britain]], the Museum charges no admission fee, although charges are levied for some temporary special exhibitions.<ref>[http://www.britishmuseum.org/visiting/admission_and_opening_times.aspx British Museum - Admission and opening times<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
[[Image:British Museum Great Court roof.jpg|thumb|right|The centre of the museum was redeveloped in 2000 to become the [[Queen Elizabeth II Great Court|Great Court]], surrounding the original [[British Museum Reading Room|Reading Room]].]]
==History==
===Sir Hans Sloane, founder of the British Museum===
[[Image:Sir Hans Sloane, an engraving from a portrait by T. Murray.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hans Sloane|Sir Hans Sloane]]]]
Though principally a museum of cultural art objects and [[Ancient history|antiquities]] today, the British Museum was founded as a "universal museum". Its foundations lie in the will of the physician and naturalist [[Hans Sloane|Sir Hans Sloane]] (1660–1753). During the course of his lifetime Sloane gathered an enviable [[cabinet of curiosities|collection of curiosities]] and whilst not wishing to see his collection broken up after death, he bequeathed it to [[George II of Great Britain|King George II]], for the nation, for the princely sum of £20,000.<ref>[http://www.fathom.com/course/21701728/session1.html Creating a Great Museum: Early Collectors and The British Museum<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
At that time, Sloane’s collection consisted of around 71,000 objects of all kinds<ref>[http://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/history/general_history.aspx British Museum - General history<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> including some 40,000 printed books, 7,000 [[manuscript]]s, extensive natural history specimens including 337 volumes of dried plants, [[Old master print|prints]] and drawings including those by [[Albrecht Dürer]] and antiquities from [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], [[Ancient Greece|Greece]], [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], the [[Ancient Near East|Ancient Near]] and [[East Asia|Far East]] and the [[History of the Americas|Americas]].<ref>Gavin R de Beer, Sir Hans Sloane and the British Museum (London, 1953).</ref>
===Foundation (1753)===
On [[7 June]] [[1753]] [[George II of Great Britain|King George II]] gave his formal assent to the [[Act of Parliament]] which established the British Museum.{{Ref_label|B|b|none}} [[List of Acts of the Parliament of Ireland, 1701 to 1800|The Foundation Act]], added two other libraries to the Sloane collection. The [[Cotton library|Cottonian Library]], assembled by [[Robert Bruce Cotton|Sir Robert Cotton]], dated back to [[Elizabethan era|Elizabethan]] times and the [[Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer|Harleian library]], the collection of the [[Earl of Oxford|Earls of Oxford]]. They were joined in 1757 by the Royal Library, assembled by various [[British monarchy|British monarchs]]. Together these four "foundation collections" included many of the most treasured books now in the British Library<ref>Letter to Charles Long (1823), BMCE115/3,10. Scrapbooks and illustrations of the Museum. {Wilson, David, M. (2002). The British Museum: A History. London: The British Museum Press, pg 346)</ref> including the [[Lindisfarne Gospels]] and the sole surviving copy of ''[[Beowulf]]''.{{Ref_label|C|c|none}}
The British Museum was the first of a new kind of museum - national, belonging to neither church nor king, freely open to the public and aiming to collect everything. Sloane's collection, whilst including a vast miscellany of objects, tended to reflect his scientific interests.<ref>[http://www.bmimages.com/preview.asp?image=00032676001&imagex=90&searchnum=0001 The British Museum Images<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The addition of the [[Robert Bruce Cotton|Cotton]] and [[Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer|Harley manuscripts]] introduced a literary and [[antiquarian]] element and meant that the British Museum now became both national museum and library.{{Fact|date=April 2007}}
===Cabinet of curiosities (1753-78)===
[[Image:The North Prospect of Mountague House JamesSimonc1715.jpg|thumb|right|[[Montagu House, Bloomsbury|Montagu House]]]]
The body of trustees decided on a converted 17th-century mansion, [[Montagu House, Bloomsbury|Montagu House]], as a location for the museum, which it bought from the [[Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu|Montagu family]] for £20,000. The Trustees rejected Buckingham House, on the site now occupied by [[Buckingham Palace]], on the grounds of cost and the unsuitability of its location.<ref> Wilson, David, M. (2002). The British Museum: A History. London: The British Museum Press, pg 25</ref>{{Ref_label|D|d|none}}
With the acquisition of Montagu House the first exhibition galleries and [[Library|reading room]] for scholars opened on [[15 January]] [[1759]]. In 1757 [[George II of Great Britain|King George II]] gave the [[Royal Library, Windsor|Old Royal Library]] and with it the right to a copy of every book published in the country, thereby ensuring that the Museum's library would expand indefinitely. The predominance of natural history, books and manuscripts began to lessen when in 1772 the Museum acquired its first antiquities of note; [[William Richard Hamilton|Sir William Hamilton]]'s collection of [[Pottery of ancient Greece|Greek vases]]. During the few years after its foundation the British Museum received several further gifts, including the [[Thomason Collection of Civil War Tracts]] and [[David Garrick]]'s library of 1,000 printed plays, but yet contained few ancient [[relic]]s recognisable to visitors of the modern museum.{{Fact|date=April 2007}}
===Indolence and energy (1778-1800)===
[[Image:Colossal marble foot.jpg|thumb|left|Colossal Marble Foot]]
From 1778 a display of objects from the [[South Sea]]s brought back from the round-the-world voyages of Captain [[James Cook]] and the travels of other explorers fascinated visitors with a glimpse of previously unknown lands. The bequest of a collection of books, engraved gems, coins, prints and drawings by [[Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode]] in 1800 did much to raise the Museum's reputation however Montagu House became increasingly crowded and decrepit and it was apparent that it would be unable to cope with further expansion.<ref>BMCE1/5, 1175 ([[13 May]] [[1820]]). Minutes of General Meeting of the Trustees, 1754-63. {Wilson, David, M. (2002). The British Museum: A History, pg 78)</ref>
The museum’s first notable addition towards its collection of antiquities, since its foundation, was by [[William Richard Hamilton|Sir William Hamilton]] (1730–1803), British Ambassador to [[Naples]], who sold his collection of Greek and Roman artefacts to the museum in 1784 together with a number of other antiquities and natural history specimens. A list of donations to the Museum, dated [[31 January]] [[1784]] refers to the Hamilton bequest of a "Colossal Foot of an [[Apollo]] in Marble". It was one of two antiquities of Hamilton's collection drawn for him by Francesco Progenie, a pupil of Pietro Fabris, who also contributed a number of drawings of Mount Vesuvius sent by Hamilton to the [[Royal Society]] in [[London]].
===Growth and change (1800-25)===
[[Image:London 307.JPG|thumb|200px|right|The ''[[Cyrus Cylinder]] ''.]]
In the early 19th century the foundations for the extensive collection of sculpture began to be laid and Greek, Roman and Egyptian artefacts dominated the antiquities displays. After the defeat of the [[French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1799|French Campaign]] in the [[Battle of the Nile]], in 1801, the British Museum acquired more Egyptian sculpture and in 1802 [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III]] presented the [[Rosetta Stone]] - key to the deciphering of hieroglyphs.<ref>''Wondrous Curiosities - Ancient Egypt at the British Museum'', pg 66-72 (Stephanie Moser, 2006, ISBN 0226542092</ref> Gifts and purchases from [[Henry Salt (Egyptologist)|Henry Salt]], British [[Consul General]] in Egypt, beginning with the [[Younger Memnon|Colossal bust of Ramesses II]] in 1818, laid the foundations of the collection of Egyptian Monumental Sculpture.<ref>''The Story of the British Museum'', pg 24 (Marjorie Caygill, 2003, ISBN 0714127728)</ref> Many Greek sculptures followed, notably the first purpose-built exhibition space, the [[Charles Towneley|Charles Towneley collection]], much of it Roman Sculpture, in 1805. In 1806, [[Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin]], ambassador to the [[Ottoman Empire]] from 1799 to 1803 removed the large collection of marble sculptures from the [[Parthenon]], on the [[Acropolis of Athens|Acropolis]] in [[Athens]] and transferred them to Britain. In 1816 these masterpieces of western art, were acquired by The British Museum by Act of Parliament and deposited in the museum thereafter.<ref>The British Museum - The Elgin Marbles, pg 85 (B.F.Cook, 2005, ISBN 0714121347</ref> The collections were supplemented by the [[Bassae]] frieze from [[Phigalia|Phigaleia]], [[Greece]] in 1815. The Ancient Near Eastern collection also had its beginnings in 1825 with the purchase of [[Assyria]]n and [[Babylonia]]n antiquities from the widow of [[Claudius James Rich]].<ref>The British Museum - Assyrian Sculpture, pg 6-7 (Julian Reade, 2004, ISBN 071412141X)</ref>
In 1802 a Buildings Committee was set up to plan for expansion of the museum, and further highlighted by the donation in 1822 of the [[King's Library]], personal library of [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III]]'s, comprising 65,000 volumes, 19,000 [[pamphlet]]s, maps, charts and [[Topographic map|topographical drawing]].<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/collections/early/georgeiii.html King's Library<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] architect, [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Sir Robert Smirke]], was asked to draw up plans for an eastern extension to the Museum "... for the reception of the [[Royal Library, Windsor|Royal Library]], and a Picture Gallery over it ..."<ref>Wilson, David, M. (2002). The British Museum: A History. London: The British Museum Press, pg 79</ref> and put forward plans for today's quadrangular building, much of which can be seen today. The dilapidated Old [[Montagu House, Bloomsbury|Montagu House]] was demolished and work on the [[King's Library]] Gallery began in 1823. The extension, the East Wing, was completed by 1831. However, following the founding of the [[National Gallery, London]] in 1824,{{Ref_label|E|e|none}} the proposed Picture Gallery was no longer needed, and the space on the upper floor was given over to the [[Natural history|Natural History]] collections.<ref>The Story of the British Museum, pg 25 (Marjorie Caygill, 2003, ISBN 0714127728)</ref>
===The largest building site in Europe (1825-50)===
[[Image:P8282318.1.JPG|thumb|right|Left to Right: [[Montagu House, Bloomsbury|Montagu House]], Townley Gallery and [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Sir Robert Smirke]]'s west wing under construction (July 1828)]]
[[Image:Image-The Grenville Library (1875).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Thomas Grenville|Grenville]] Library, (1875)]]
The Museum became a construction site as [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Sir Robert Smirke]]'s grand [[Neoclassical architecture|neo-classical]] building gradually arose. The [[King's Library]], on the ground floor of the East Wing, was handed over in 1827, and was described as one of the finest rooms in [[London]] although it was not fully open to the general public until 1857, however, special openings were arranged during [[The Great Exhibition]] of 1851. In spite of dirt and disruption the collections grew, outpacing the new building.{{Fact|date=April 2007}}
;Archaeological excavations
In 1840 the Museum became involved in its first overseas [[excavation]]s, [[Charles Fellows]]'s expedition to [[Xanthos]], in [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]], whence came remains of the tombs of the rulers of ancient [[Lycia|Lykia]], among them the [[Nereids|Nereid]] and Payava monuments. In 1857 [[Charles Thomas Newton|Charles Newton]] was to discover the 4th-century BC [[Mausoleum of Maussollos|Mausoleum of Halikarnassos]], one of the [[Seven Wonders of the World|Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]]. In the 1840s and 1850s the Museum supported excavations in [[Assyria]] by [[Austen Henry Layard|A.H. Layard]] and others at sites such as [[Nimrud]] and [[Nineveh]]. Of particular interest to curators was the eventual discovery of [[Ashurbanipal]]'s great library of [[Cuneiform script|cuneiform]] [[Clay tablet|tablets]], which helped to make the Museum a focus for [[Assyriology|Assyrian studies]].<ref>Reade, Julian (2004). Assyrian Sculpture. London: The British Museum Press, pg 16</ref>
[[Thomas Grenville|Sir Thomas Grenville]] (1755–1846) was a Trustee of The British Museum from 1830 assembled a fine library of 20,240 volumes, which he left to the Museum in his will. The books arrived in January 1847 in twenty-one horse-drawn vans. The only vacant space for this large library was a room originally intended for manuscripts, between the Front Entrance Hall and the Manuscript Saloon. The books remained here until the British Library moved to [[St Pancras, London|St Pancras]] in 1998.
===Collecting from the wider world (1850-75)===
The opening of the forecourt in 1852 marked the completion of [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Robert Smirke]]'s 1823 plan, but already adjustments were having to be made to cope with the unforeseen growth of the collections. Infill galleries were constructed for [[Assyria]]n sculptures and [[Sydney Smirke]]'s [[British Museum Reading Room|Round Reading Room]], with space for a million books, opened in 1857. Because of continued pressure on space the decision was taken to move natural history to a new building in [[South Kensington]], which would later become the [[Natural History Museum|British Museum of Natural History]].
Roughly contemporary with the construction of the new building was the career of a man sometimes called the "second founder" of the British Museum, the Italian librarian [[Anthony Panizzi]]. Under his supervision, the British Museum Library (now the [[British Library]]) quintupled in size and became a well-organised institution worthy of being called a national library. The quadrangle at the centre of Smirke's design proved to be a waste of valuable space and was filled at Panizzi's request by a circular Reading Room of cast iron, designed by Smirke's brother, Sydney Smirke.<ref>{{Cite web
| author = [[Charles Dickens, Jr|Dickens, Charles, Jr]]
| date= 1879
| title = "Museum, British"
| work = [[Dickens's Dictionary of London]]
| url = http://www.victorianlondon.org/dickens/dickens-mus.htm
| accessdate = 2007-08-22
| quote = Beyond the new Lycian room is the READING ROOM: [...] ; circular structure; original suggestion of Thomas Watts, improved by A. (Sir A.) Panizzi, carried out by Mr. Sidney Smirke; [...]
}}</ref>
{{wide image|British Museum Reading Room Panorama Feb 2006.jpg|750px|Panorama of the circular [[British Museum Reading Room|Reading Room]]}}
Until the mid 19th century the Museum's collections were relatively circumscribed but, in 1851, with the appointment to the staff of [[Augustus Wollaston Franks]] to curate the collections, the Museum began for the first time to collect British and European medieval antiquities, [[prehistory]], branching out into Asia and diversifying its holdings of [[ethnography]]. Overseas excavations continued and [[John Turtle Wood]] discovered the remains of the 4th century BC [[Temple of Artemis]] at [[Ephesus|Ephesos]], another [[Seven Wonders of the World|Wonder of the Ancient World]].<ref> South from Ephesus - An Escape From The Tyranny Of Western Art, pg 33-34,(Brian Sewell, 2002, ISBN 1903933161)</ref>
===Scholarship and legacies (1875-1900)===
The natural history collections were an integral part of the British Museum until their removal to the new British Museum of Natural History, now the [[Natural History Museum]], in 1887. With the departure and the completion of the new White Wing (fronting Montague Street) in 1884, more space was available for antiquities and [[ethnography]] and the library could further expand. This was a time of innovation as electric lighting was introduced in the Reading Room and exhibition galleries.<ref>{{cite web
| title =The Electric Light in the British Museum - Excerpt from London Times, [[November 25]], [[1879]] [[December 18]], [[1879]]
| publisher = New York Times
| date = [[December 18]] [[1879]]
| url =http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9A0CE1DC163EE63BBC4052DFB4678382669FDE&oref=slogin
| format = pdf
| accessdate = 2007-11-12 }}</ref>
In 1882 the Museum was involved in the establishment of the independent [[Egypt Exploration Fund]] (now Society) the first British body to carry out research in Egypt. A bequest from Miss Emma Turner in 1892 financed excavations in Cyprus. In 1897 the death of the great collector and curator, [[Augustus Wollaston Franks|A.W. Franks]], was followed by an immense bequest of 3,300 [[Ring (finger)|finger rings]], 153 drinking vessels, 512 pieces of continental porcelain, 1,500 [[netsuke]], 850 [[inro]], over 30,000 [[bookplates]] and miscellaneous items of jewellery and plate, among them the [[Oxus Treasure]].<ref>Caygill, Marjorie (2006). The British Museum: 250 Years. London: The British Museum Press, pg 5 </ref>
In 1898 [[Ferdinand James von Rothschild|Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild]] bequeathed the glittering contents from his New Smoking Room at [[Waddesdon Manor]]. This consisted of almost 300 pieces of ''objets d'art et de vertu'' which included exquisite examples of jewellery, plate, enamel, carvings, glass and [[maiolica]], in the tradition of a [[schatzkammer]] or treasure houses such as those formed by the [[Renaissance]] princes of Europe.<ref name="rothschild">{{cite web| title =Creating a Great Museum: Early Collectors and The British Museum|first=Marjorie|last=Caygill|publisher =Fathom.com|url=http://www.fathom.com/course/21701728/session4.html|accessdate = 2007-11-13 }}</ref> Baron Ferdinand's will was most specific, and failure to observe the terms would make it void, the collection should be, {{cquote|placed in a special room to be called the Waddesdon Bequest Room separate and apart from the other contents of the Museum and thenceforth for ever thereafter, keep the same in such room or in some other room to be substituted for it.<ref name="rothschild"/>}}
===New century, new building (1900-25)===
[[Image:England; London - The British Museum, Archive King Edward VII's Galleries ~ North Wing (1914).2.jpg|thumb|160px|left|Opening of The White Wing, [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|King Edward VII's]] Galleries (1914)]]
By the last years of the nineteenth century, The British Museum's collections had increased so much that the Museum building was no longer big enough for them. In 1895 the trustees purchased the 69 houses surrounding the Museum with the intention of demolishing them and building around the West, North and East sides of the Museum. The first stage was the construction of the northern wing beginning 1906.
[[Image:Left to Right; Sir T.E.Lawrence and Sir Leonard Woolley standing beside a Hittitie slab found during excavations at Carchemish, Syria (1911-14).jpg|thumb|right|173px|Left to Right; [[T. E. Lawrence]] and [[Leonard Woolley|Sir Leonard Woolley]] standing beside a [[Hittites|Hittite]] slab, [[Carchemish]], [[Syria]] (1911-14)]]
All the while, the collections kept growing, Emily Torday collected in Central Africa, [[Marc Aurel Stein|Aurel Stein]] in Central Asia, [[David George Hogarth|D.G. Hogarth]], [[Leonard Woolley]] and [[T. E. Lawrence]] excavated at [[Carchemish]]. In 1918, because of the threat of wartime bombing, some objects were evacuated to a Postal Tube Railway at Holborn, the [[National Library of Wales|National Library of Wales (Aberystwyth)]] and a country house near [[Malvern, Worcestershire|Malvern]]. On the return of antiquities from wartime storage in 1919, some objects were found to have deteriorated. A temporary conservation laboratory was set up in May 1920 and became a permanent department in 1931. It is today the oldest in continuous existence.<ref> Permanent establishment of the Research Laboratory (now the oldest such establishment in continuous existence) http://www.britishmuseum.org/visit/datelist.html</ref> In 1923, the British Museum, welcomed over one million visitors.
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===Disruption and reconstruction (1925-50)===
New [[mezzanine]] floors were constructed and book stacks rebuilt in an attempt to cope with the flood of books. In 1931 the art dealer [[Joseph Duveen, 1st Baron Duveen of Millbank|Sir Joseph Duveen]] offered funds to build a gallery for the [[Elgin Marbles|Parthenon sculptures]]. Designed by the American architect [[John Russell Pope]], it was completed in 1938. The appearance of the exhibition galleries began to change as dark Victorian reds gave way to modern pastel shades.{{Ref_label|F|f|none}} However, in August 1939, due to the imminence of war and the likelihood of air-raids the Parthenon Sculptures along with Museum's most valued collections were dispersed to secure basements, [[country house]]s, [[Aldwych tube station]], the [[National Library of Wales]] and a quarry. The evacuation was timely, for in 1940 the Duveen Gallery was severely damaged by bombing.<ref>Cook, B.F. (2005). The Elgin Marbles. London: The British Museum Press, pg 92</ref> The Museum continued to collect from all countries and all centuries: among the most spectacular additions were the 2,600 BC [[Mesopotamia]]n treasure from [[Ur]], discovered during [[Leonard Woolley|Leonard Woolley's]] 1922–34 excavations. Gold, silver and [[garnet]] grave goods from the [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] ship burial at [[Sutton Hoo]] (1939) and late Roman silver tableware from [[Mildenhall Treasure|Mildenhall]], [[Suffolk]] (1946). The immediate [[post-war]] years were taken up with the return of the collections from protection and the restoration of the museum after the [[The Blitz|blitz]]. Work also began on restoring the damaged Duveen Gallery.
===A new public face (1950-75)===
[[Image:The Duveen Gallery (1980s).jpg|thumb|left|185px|The re-opened [[Joseph Duveen, 1st Baron Duveen|Duveen]] Gallery, (1980)]]
In 1953 the Museum celebrated its [[bicentenary]]. Many changes followed: the first full time in house designer and publications officer were appointed in 1964, A Friends organisation was set up in 1968, an Education Service established in 1970 and publishing house in 1973. In 1963 a new Act of Parliament introduced administrative reforms. It became easier to lend objects, the [[constitution]] of the [[Board of Trustees]] changed and the [[Natural History Museum]] became fully independent. By 1959 the Coins and Medals office suite, completely destroyed during the war, was rebuilt and re-opened, attention turned towards the gallery work with new tastes in design leading to the remodelling of [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Robert Smirke's]] Classical and Near Eastern galleries.<ref>Wilson, David, M. (2002). The British Museum: A History. London: The British Museum Press, pg 270</ref> In 1962 the Duveen Gallery was finally restored and the Parthenon Sculptures were moved back into it, once again at the heart of the museum.{{Ref_label|G|g|none}}
By the 1970s the Museum was again expanding. More services for the public were introduced; visitor numbers soared, with the temporary exhibition "Treasures of [[Tutankhamun]]" in 1972, attracting 1,694,117 visitors, the most successful in British history. In the same year the Act of Parliament establishing the British Library was passed, separating the collection of [[manuscripts]] and printed books from the British Museum. This left the Museum with antiquities; coins, medals and paper money; prints & drawings; and [[ethnography]]. A pressing problem was finding space for additions to the library which now required an extra 1 1/4 miles of shelving each year. The Government suggested a site at [[St Pancras]] for the new British Library but the books did not leave the museum until 1997.
===The Great Court emerges (1975-2000)===
[[Image:The Great Court.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Queen Elizabeth II Great Court|Great Court]] - Quadrangle and [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Robert Smirke's]] Round Reading Room]]
The departure of the British Library to a new site at [[St Pancras, London|St Pancras]], finally achieved in 1998, provided the space needed for the books. It also created the opportunity to redevelop the vacant space in [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Robert Smirke's]] 19th-century central quadrangle into the [[Queen Elizabeth II Great Court]] – the largest covered square in Europe – which opened in 2000.
The ethnography collections, which had been housed in the short-lived [[Museum of Mankind]] at 6 Burlington Gardens from 1970, were returned to new purpose-built galleries.
The Museum again readjusted its collecting policies as interest in "modern" objects: prints, drawings, medals and the decorative arts reawakened. Ethnographical fieldwork was carried out in places as diverse as [[New Guinea]], [[Madagascar]], [[Romania]], [[Guatemala]] and [[Indonesia]] and there were excavations in the [[Near East]], Egypt, Sudan and the UK. The [[Weston family|Weston]] Gallery of Roman Britain, opened in 1997, displayed a number of recently discovered [[hoard]]s which demonstrated the richness of what had been considered an unimportant part of the Roman Empire. The Museum turned increasingly towards private funds for buildings, acquisitions and other purposes.<ref>Wilson, David, M. (2002). The British Museum: A History. London: The British Museum Press, pg 327</ref>
===The Museum today===
[[Image:England; London - The British Museum, Facade South Front ~ -Main Entrance + West Wing- Collonade + The Africa Garden.2.JPG|thumb|right|African Garden - The British Museum Facade - created by BBC TV programme [[Ground Force]]]]
The Museum was founded 250 years ago as an encyclopædia of nature and of art. Today it no longer houses collections of [[natural history]], and the books and manuscripts it once held now form part of the independent British Library. The Museum nevertheless preserves its universality in its collections of artefacts representing the cultures of the world, ancient and modern. The original 1753 collection has grown to over thirteen million objects at the British Museum, 70 million at the [[Natural History Museum]] and 150 million at the British Library.
The [[British Museum Reading Room|Round Reading Room]], which was designed by the architect [[Sydney Smirke]], opened in 1857. For almost 150 years researchers came here to consult the Museum's vast library. The Reading Room closed in 1997 when the national library (the British Library) moved to a new building at [[St Pancras, London|St Pancras]]. Today it has been transformed into the Walter and Leonore [[Annenberg Foundation|Annenberg]] Centre. This contains the [[Paul Hamlyn]] Library of books about the Museum's collections, which is open to all visitors.<ref>http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/libraries/#hamlyn </ref>
With the bookstacks in the central courtyard of the museum now empty, the process of demolition for [[Lord Foster]]'s glass-roofed [[Queen Elizabeth II Great Court|Great Court]] could begin. The Great Court, opened in 2000, while undoubtedly improving circulation around the museum, was criticised for having a lack of exhibition space at a time when the museum was in serious financial difficulties and many galleries were closed to the public. At the same time the African and Oceanic collections that had been temporarily housed in 6 Burlington Gardens were given a new gallery in the North Wing funded by the [[David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville|Sainsbury]] family.<ref>http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/africangalleries/index.html </ref>
==Governance==
{{see also|Director of the British Museum}}
In technical terms, the British Museum is a [[quango|non-departmental public body]] sponsored by the [[Department for Culture, Media and Sport]] through a three-year funding agreement. Its head is the Director. The British Museum was run from its inception by a 'Principal Librarian' (when the book collections were still part of the Museum), a role that was renamed 'Director and Principal Librarian' in 1898, and 'Director' in 1973 (on the separation of the British Library).<ref>[http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/the_museum/about_us/management_and_governance/directors.aspx British Museum - Directors<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
A board of 25 [[trustee]]s (with the Director as their [[Chief accounting officer|accounting officer]] for the purposes of reporting to Government) is responsible for the general management and control of the Museum, in accordance with the British Museum Act of 1963 and the Museums and Galleries Act of 1992.<ref>[http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/the_museum/about_us/management_and_governance/museum_governance.aspx British Museum - Museum governance<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Prior to the 1963 Act, it was chaired by the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], the [[Lord Chancellor]] and the [[Speaker of the British House of Commons|Speaker of the House of Commons]]. The board was formed on the Museum's inception to [[trust law|hold its collections in trust]] for the nation without actually owning them themselves, and now fulfil a mainly advisory role. Trustee appointments are governed by the regulatory framework set out in the code of practice on public appointments issued by the Office of the Commissioner for Public Appointments. For a list of current trustees, see [http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/the_museum/about_us/management_and_governance/trustees.aspx here].
==Building==
The [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] façade facing Great Russell Street is a characteristic building of Sir [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Robert Smirke]], with 44 columns in the [[Ionic order]] 45 ft (13.7 m) high, closely based on those of the temple of [[Athena|Athena Polias]] at [[Priene]] in [[Asia Minor]]. The [[pediment]] over the main entrance is decorated by sculptures by Sir [[Richard Westmacott]] depicting ''The Progress of Civilisation'', consisting of fifteen [[Allegory|allegorical]] figures, installed in 1852.
The construction commenced around the courtyard with the East Wing ([[King's Library|The King's Library]]) in 1823–1828, followed by the North Wing in 1833–1838, which originally housed among other galleries a reading room, now the Wellcome Gallery. Work was also progressing on the northern half of the West Wing (The Egyptian Sculpture Gallery) 1826–1831, with [[Montagu House, Bloomsbury|Montagu House]] demolished in 1842 to make room for the final part of the West Wing, completed in 1846, and the South Wing with its great colonnade, initiated in 1843 and completed in 1847, when the Front Hall and Great Staircase were opened to the public.<ref>Building the British Museum, Marjorie Caygill & Christopher Date 1999</ref> The Museum is faced with Portland stone, but the perimeter walls and other parts of the building were built using [[Haytor]] granite from Dartmoor in South Devon, transported via the unique [[Haytor Granite Tramway]].<ref>[http://www.es.ucl.ac.uk/department/collections/RockRoom/building.htm Building London<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
In 1846 Robert Smirke was replaced as the Museum's architect by his brother [[Sydney Smirke]], whose major addition was the [[British Museum Reading Room|Round Reading Room]] 1854–1857; at 140 feet (42.6 m) in diameter it was then the second widest dome in the world, the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] in [[Rome]] being slightly wider.
The next major addition was the White Wing 1882–1884 added behind the eastern end of the South Front, the architect being Sir [[John Taylor (architect)|John Taylor]].
[[Image:BM; Archives - Impression of the proposed extension.jpg|thumb|right|350px| Proposed British Museum Extension, 1906]]
In 1895, Parliament gave the Museum Trustees a loan of £200,000 to purchase from the Duke of Bedford all 69 houses which backed onto the Museum building in the five surrounding streets - Great Russell Street, Montague Street, Montague Place, Bedford Square and Bloomsbury Street.<ref>Title deed of the 'perimeter properties' of The British Museum, BM Archives CA TD</ref> The Trustees planned to demolish these houses and to build around the West, North and East sides of the Museum new galleries that would completely fill the block on which the Museum stands. The architect Sir [[John James Burnet]] was petitioned to put forward ambitious long-term plans to extend the building on all three sides. Most of the houses in Montague Place were knocked down a few years after the sale. Of this grand plan only the Edward VII galleries in the centre of the North Front were ever constructed, these were built 1906-14 to the design by J.J. Burnet, and opened by [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] in 1914. They now house the Museum's collections of Prints and Drawings and Oriental Antiquities. There was not enough money to put up more new buildings, and so the houses in the other streets are nearly all still standing.
[[Image:British Museum - Great Court.JPG|thumb|left|The British Museum, Great Court]]
The [[Joseph Duveen, 1st Baron Duveen of Millbank|Duveen]] Gallery, sited to the west of the Egyptian, Greek & Assyrian sculpture galleries, was designed to house the Elgin Marbles by the American [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] architect [[John Russell Pope]]. Although completed in 1938, it was hit by a bomb in 1940 and remained semi-derelict for 22 years, before reopening in 1962. Other areas damaged during [[World War II]] bombing included: in September 1940 two unexploded bombs hit the Edward VII galleries, the King's Library received a direct hit from a high explosive bomb, incendiaries fell on the dome of the Round Reading Room but did little damage; on the night of 10 to [[11 May]] [[1941]] several incendiaries fell on the south west corner of the Museum, destroying the book stack and 150,000 books in the courtyard and the galleries around the top of the Great Staircase – this damage was not fully repaired until the early 1960s.<ref>pages 65-66, Building the British Museum, Marjorie Caygill & Christopher Date 1999</ref>
The [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] Great Court is a covered square at the centre of the British Museum designed by the engineers [[Buro Happold]] and the architects [[Foster and Partners]].<ref>Norman Foster and the British Museum, Norman Foster, Deyan Sudjic & Spencer de Grey 2001</ref> The Great Court opened in December 2000 and is the largest covered square in Europe. The roof is a glass and steel construction with 1,656 uniquely shaped panes of glass. At the centre of the Great Court is the Reading Room vacated by the British Library, its functions now moved to St Pancras. The Reading Room is open to any member of the public who wishes to read there.
Today, the British Museum has grown to become one of the largest Museums in the world, covering an area of over 13.5 acres or 75,000 m² of exhibition space, showcasing approximately 50,000 items from its collection.<ref>http://www.taiwanheadlines.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=60974&CtNode=10</ref> There are nearly one hundred galleries open to the public, representing 2 miles (3.2 km) of exhibition space, although the less popular ones have restricted opening times. However, the lack of a large temporary exhibition space has led to the £100 million North West Development Project to provide one and to concentrate all the Museum's conservation facilities into one Conservation Centre. This project was announced in July 2007, with the architects [[Richard Rogers|Rogers Stirk Harbour and Partners]], and is expected for completion by 2011.<ref>{{Cite news
| first = Charlotte
| last = Higgins
| title = British Museum plans £100m complex for blockbusters
| url = http://arts.guardian.co.uk/art/heritage/story/0,,2118794,00.html
| work = The Guardian
| page = 10
| date = [[5 July]] [[2007]]
| accessdate = 2007-07-05
| language = English
}}</ref>
==Departments==
===Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan===
[[Image:England; London - The British Museum, Egypt Egyptian Sculpture ~ Colossal granite head of Amenhotep III (Room 4).2.JPG|thumb|right|The British Museum, Room 4 - Colossal Granite head of [[Amenhotep III]] (1350 BC)]]
The British Museum houses the world's largest and most comprehensive collection of [[Art of Ancient Egypt|Egyptian antiquities]] outside the [[Egyptian Museum]] in [[Cairo]].<ref>[http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/world/egypt/egypt.html British Museum - World cultures<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>{{Ref_label|H|h|none}} A collection of immense importance for its range and quality, it includes objects of all periods from virtually every site of importance in [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] and the [[History of Sudan|Sudan]]. Together they illustrate every aspect of the cultures of the [[Nile|Nile Valley]] (including [[Nubia]]), from the [[Predynastic Egypt|Predynastic]] [[Neolithic]] period (c. 10,000 [[Anno Domini|BC]]) through to the [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic (Christian)]] times (12th century [[Anno Domini|AD]]), a time-span over 11,000 years.
[[Image:BM, AES Egyptian Sulpture ~ Colossal bust of Ramesses II, the 'Younger Memnon' (1250 BC) (Room 4).jpg|thumb|left|The British Museum, Room 4 - Colossal bust of [[Ramesses II]] (1250 BC)]]
[[Art of Ancient Egypt|Egyptian antiquities]] have formed part of the British Museum collection ever since its foundation in 1753 after receiving 160 Egyptian objects<ref>Reported in the list of Sloane's collection given to his executors in 1753. Reproduced in MacGregor (1994a:29)</ref> from Sir [[Hans Sloane]]. After the defeat of the [[French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1799|French]] forces under [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] at the [[Battle of the Nile]] in 1801, the Egyptian antiquities collected were confiscated by the [[British army]] and presented to the British Museum in 1803. These works, which included the famed [[Rosetta Stone]], were the first important group of large sculptures to be acquired by the Museum. Thereafter, Britain appointed [[Henry Salt (Egyptologist)|Henry Salt]] as [[Consul general|consul]] in [[Egypt]] who amassed a huge collection of antiquities. Most of the antiquities Salt collected were purchased by the British Museum and the [[Musée du Louvre]]. By 1866 the collection consisted of some 10,000 objects. Antiquities from excavations started to come to the Museum in the later 19th century as a result of the work of the [[Egypt Exploration Society|Egypt Exploration Fund]] under the efforts of [[E. A. Wallis Budge|E.A. Wallis Budge]]. The collection stood at 57,000 objects by 1924. Active support by the Museum for excavations in Egypt continued to result in useful acquisitions throughout the 20th century until changes in antiquities laws in Egypt led to the suspension of policies allowing finds to be exported. The size of the Egyptian collections now stands at over 110,000 objects.<ref>[http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/spencer.htm A British Museum Egyptologist's View: The Return of Egyptian Antiquities is Not an Issue<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
In autumn 2001 the eight million objects forming the Museum's permanent collection were further expanded by the addition of six million objects from the Wendorf Collection of [[Predynastic Egypt|Egyptian]] and [[History of Sudan|Sudanese]] [[Prehistory]].<ref>[http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/aes/aesnot.html British Museum - Ancient Egypt and Sudan<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> These were donated by Professor Fred Wendorf of [[Southern Methodist University]] in [[Texas]], and comprise the entire collection of artefacts and environmental remains from his excavations between 1963 and 1997. They are in the care of the Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan.
The seven permanent Egyptian galleries at the British Museum, which include its largest exhibition space (Room 4, for monumental sculpture), can display only 4% of its Egyptian holdings. The second-floor galleries have a selection of the Museum's collection of 140 [[Mummy|mummies]] and coffins, the largest outside [[Egyptian Museum|Cairo]]. A high proportion of the collection comes from [[tombs]] or contexts associated with the cult of the dead, and it is these pieces, in particular the mummies, that remain among the most eagerly sought after exhibits by visitors to the Museum.{{Fact|date=April 2007}}
;Key highlights of the collections Include:
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*The [[Rosetta Stone]] (196 BC)
*Limestone statue of a husband and wife (1300 BC)
*Colossal bust of [[Ramesses II]], the "[[Memnon (mythology)|Younger Memnon]]" (1250 BC)
*Colossal granite head of [[Amenhotep III]] (1350 BC)
*Colossal head from a statue of Amenhotep III (1350 BC)
*Colossal limestone bust of Amenhotep III (1350 BC)
*Fragment of the beard of the [[Great Sphinx]] (1300 BC)
*Mummy of [[Ginger (mummy)|'Ginger']] which dates to about 3300 BC
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*[[List of pharaohs|List of the kings]] of Egypt from the [[Abydos, Egypt|Temple of Ramesses II]] (1250 BC)
*Limestone false door of Ptahshepses (2380 BC)
*Granite statue of [[Senwosret III]] (1850 BC)
*Mummy of Cleopatra from [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] (100 AD)
*[[Amarna letters|Amarna tablets]] (Collection of 95 out of 382 [[Clay tablet|tablets]] found, second greatest in the world after the [http://www.smb.museum/smb/sammlungen/details.php?objectId=23 Vorderasiatisches Museum], [[Berlin]] (203 tablets)) (1350 BC)<ref>[http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/amarna/cuneiform2.html Amarna cuneiform tablets<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* Obelisk of Pharaoh [[Nectanebo II]] (360–343 BC)
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[[Image:BM, AES Egyptian Sculpture (Room 4), View North.4.JPG|thumb|160px|right|The British Museum, Room 4 - Egyptian Sculpture]]
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{{Egyptian museum collections}}
===Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities===
[[Image:BM; RM18 - GR, The Parthenon Galleries 1 Temple of Athena Parthenos (447-438 B.C) + North Slip Room, -Full Elevation & Viewing North-.JPG|thumb|The British Museum, Room 18 - [[Elgin Marbles|Parthenon Galleries]], [[Parthenon|Temple of Athena Parthenos]] (447-438 B.C)]]
The Department of [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Roman Empire|Roman]] Antiquities of the British Museum has one of the world's largest and most comprehensive collections of antiquities from the [[Classical antiquity|Classical world]], with over 100,000 objects. These mostly range in date from the beginning of the [[Bronze Age|Greek Bronze Age]] (about 3200BC) to the reign of the [[Roman Emperor]] [[Constantine I]] in the 4th century AD, with some [[Paganism|pagan]] survivals.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}
The [[Cyclades|Cycladic]], [[Minoan civilization|Minoan]] and [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]] cultures are represented, and the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] collection includes important sculpture from the [[Parthenon]] in [[Athens]], as well as elements of two of the [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]], the [[Mausoleum of Maussollos|Mausoleum at Halikarnassos]] and the [[Temple of Artemis]] at [[Ephesus|Ephesos]].
[[Image:BM; GMR - RM 83, Roman Sculpture.JPG|thumb|right|The British Museum, Room 83 - [[Roman sculpture|Roman Sculpture]]]]
The Department also houses one of the widest-ranging collections of [[Ancient Italic peoples|Italic]] and [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] antiquities and extensive groups of material from [[Ancient history of Cyprus|Cyprus]]. The collections of ancient jewellery and bronzes, [[Pottery of ancient Greece|Greek vases]] and [[Glass|Roman glass]] and silver are particularly important.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}
''Key highlights of the collections include:''
:;[[Acropolis of Athens|Athenian Akropolis]]
:''The [[Elgin Marbles|Parthenon Gallery (Elgin Marbles)]]''
:*The Parthenon Marbles are one of the finest manifestations of human creation. The Magnificent [[Relief]] [[Frieze]] showing the [[Panathenaic Festival|Panathenaic procession]], from [[Ancient Greece]], often praised as the finest achievement of [[Architecture of ancient Greece|Greek Architecture]], its decorative [[sculptures]] are considered one of the high points of [[Greek art]].
[[Image:BM, GMR - RM21, Mausoleum of Halikarnassos.JPG|thumb|right|The British Museum, Room 21 - [[Mausoleum of Maussollos|Mausoleum of Halikarnassos]]]]
:''[[Erechtheion]]''
:*One of six remaining [[Caryatid]]s
:*Surviving Column
:''[[Athena Nike]]''
:*Surviving [[Frieze]] Slabs
:;[[Bassae]] Sculptures
:*Twenty three surviving blocks of the frieze from the interior of the temple are exhibited on an upper level.
:;[[Mausoleum of Maussollos|Mausoleum of Halikarnassos]]
:''One of the [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]]''
:*Two colossal free-standing figures identified as Maussollos and his wife [[Artemisia I of Caria|Artemisia]].
:*Part of an impressive horse from the [[chariot]] group adorning the summit of the [[Mausoleum]]
:*The [[Amazonomachy]] frieze - A long section of relief frieze showing the battle between Greeks and [[Amazons]]
:;Temple of Artemis at Ephesos
:''One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World''
:;[[Asia Minor]]
:''[[Xanthos|Nereid Monument]]''
:*Partial reconstruction of the Monument, a large and elaborate Lykian tomb from the site of [[Xanthos]] in south-west [[Turkey]]
:*Payava Tomb from Xanthos in south west Turkey
:;''Wider Museum Collection''
:*Material from the [[Knossos|Palace of Knossos]]
:*[[Portland Vase]]
:*The [[Warren Cup]]
:*[[Discobolus|Discus-thrower (Discobolos)]]<ref>Tony Kitto, "The celebrated connoisseur: Charles Townley, 1737-1805" ''Minerva Magazine'' May/June 2005, in connection with a British Museum exhibition clebrating the bicentennial of the Townley purchase. [http://www.burnley.gov.uk/towneley/whatson/charles_towneley/Townley_Marbles_v1.pdf]</ref>
:*[[Charles Towneley|Towneley Sculptures]]
{{Greek and Roman Collection}}
===Department of the Middle East===
[[Image:BM; RM7 - ANE, Nimrud Palace Reliefs 1 Northwest Palace of Ashurnasirpal II (883-859 B.C) ~ Full Elevation & Viewing South.JPG|thumb|right|The British Museum, Room 7 - Reliefs from the Palace of Ashurnasirpal II at [[Nimrud]]]]
[[Image:BM; RM6 - ANE, Assyrian Sculpture 14 West Wall (M + N) ~ Assyrian Empire + -Lamassu, Gates at Balawat, Relief Panel's) & Full Projection.3.JPG|thumb|right|The British Museum, Room 6 - Pair of [[Lamassu|Human Headed Winged Lions]] and Reliefs from [[Nimrud]] with The Gates of [[Balawat]]]]
[[Image:Winged Human-headed Bulls.JPG|thumb|right|The British Museum, Room 10 - [[Lamassu|Human Headed Winged Bulls]] from [[Khorsabad]], companion pieces in the [[Musée du Louvre]]]]
[[Image:BM; RM8 - ANE, Nimrud Palace Reliefs 75 South + East Wall (S) ~ Central Palace of Tiglath-pileser III (744-727 B.C) + Full Elevation & Viewing South.1.JPG|thumb|left|The British Museum, Room 8 - Human Headed Winged [[Lammasu|Lion and Bull]] from [[Nimrud]], companion pieces in [[New York|Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]
[[Image:BM; RM6 - ANE, Assyrian Sculpture 32 -East (N), Centre Island + North Wall- ~ Assyrian Empire + -Lamassu, Stela's, Statue's, Obelisk's, Relief Panel's) & Full Projection.1.JPG|thumb|left|The British Museum, Room 6 - Assyrian Sculpture]]
[[Image:BM; ANE - RM 55, Cuneiform Tablets Display.1.JPG|thumb|left|The British Museum, Room 55 - Cuneiform Collection, including the Epic of Gilgamesh.]]
Formerly the Department of the Ancient Near East, the Department recently became the Department of the Middle East when the collections from the Islamic world were moved from the Department of Asia into this department.
With approximately 330,000 objects<ref>[http://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/departments/middle_east/research.aspx British Museum - Department of Middle East - Research]</ref> in the collection, the British Museum has the greatest collection of [[Mesopotamia]]n antiquities outside [[Iraq]]. The holdings of [[Assyria]]n, [[Babylonia]]n and [[Sumer]]ian antiquities are among the most comprehensive in the world.
The collections represent the civilisations of the ancient Near East and its adjacent areas. These include [[Mesopotamia]], [[Persian Empire|Persia]], the [[Arabian Peninsula]], [[Anatolia]], the [[Caucasus]], parts of [[Central Asia]], [[Syria]], [[Palestine]] and [[Phoenicia]]n settlements in the western [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] from the [[Prehistory|prehistoric period]] until the beginning of [[Islam]] in the 7th century. The collection includes six iconic [[Lamassu|winged human-headed statues]] from [[Nimrud]] and [[Khorsabad]]. Stone [[bas-relief]]s, including the famous Royal Lion Hunt relief's (Room 10), that were found in the palaces of the Assyrian kings at [[Nimrud]] and [[Nineveh]]. The [[Library of Ashurbanipal|Royal Library of Ashurbanipal]] at Nineveh and [[Sumer]]ian treasures found in Royal Cemetery's at [[Ur Kasdim|Ur of the Chaldees]].
The earliest [[Mesopotamian]] objects to enter collections purchased by the British Museum in 1772 from [[William Hamilton (diplomat)|Sir William Hamilton]]. The Museum also acquired at this early date a number of sculptures from [[Persepolis]]. The next significant addition (in 1825) was from the collection of [[Claudius James Rich]]. The collection was dramatically enlarged by the excavations of [[Austen Henry Layard|A. H. Layard]] at the [[Assyria]]n sites of [[Nimrud]] and [[Nineveh]] between 1845–1851.
At Nimrud, Layard discovered the North-West Palace of [[Ashurnasirpal II]], as well as three other palaces and various temples. He also opened in the Palace of [[Sennacherib]] at Nineveh with 'no less than seventy-one halls'. As a result a large numbers of [[Lamassu]]'s, bas-reliefs, [[Stele|stelae]], including the [[Black Obelisk]] of [[Shalmaneser III]] were brought to the British Museum. Layard's work was continued by his assistant, [[Hormuzd Rassam]] and in 1852–1854 he went on to discover the North Palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh with many magnificent reliefs, including the famous Royal Lion Hunt scenes. He also discovered the [[Library of Ashurbanipal|Royal Library of Ashurbanipal]], a large collection of [[Cuneiform script|cuneiform]] [[Clay tablet|tablets]] of enormous importance. [[William Loftus|W. K. Loftus]] excavated in Nimrud between 1850–1855 and found a remarkable hoard of [[Ivory carving|ivories]] in the Burnt Palace. Between 1878–1882 Rassam greatly improved the Museum's holdings with exquisite objects including the [[Cyrus Cylinder]] from [[Babylon]], the bronze gates from [[Balawat]], and a fine collection of [[Urartian]] bronzes. Rassam collected thousands of cuneiform tablets, today with the acquisition of further tablets in the 20th century, the collection now numbers around 130,000 pieces. In the 20th century excavations were carried out at [[Carchemish]], [[Syria]], between 1911–1914 and in 1920 by [[David George Hogarth|D. G. Hogarth]] and [[Leonard Woolley]], the latter assisted by [[T. E. Lawrence]]. The Mesopotamian collections were greatly augmented by excavations in southern [[Iraq]] after the [[First World War]]. From [[Ubaid period|Tell al-Ubaid]] in 1919 and 1923–1924, directed by [[Henry Hall (Egyptologist)|H. R. Hall]] came the bronze furnishings of a [[Sumer]]ian temple, including life-sized lions and a panel featuring the lion-headed eagle Indugud. Woolley went onto to excavate [[Ur]] between 1922–1934, discovering the 'Royal Cemeteries' of the 3rd millennium BC. Some of the masterpieces include the '[[Standard of Ur]]', the 'Ram in a Thicket', the '[[Royal Game of Ur]]', and two bull-headed [[lyres]].
Although the collections centre on Mesopotamia most of the surrounding areas are well-represented. The [[Achaemenid]] collection was enhanced with the addition of the [[Oxus Treasure]] in 1897, by acquisition from the German scholar [[Ernst Herzfeld]], and then by the work of [[Marc Aurel Stein|Sir Aurel Stein]]. From [[Palmyra]] there is a large collection of nearly forty funerary busts, acquired in the 19th century. A group of stone [[reliefs]] from the excavations of [[Max von Oppenheim]] at [[Tell Halaf]], purchased in 1920. More excavated material from the excavations of [[Max Mallowan]] at [[Chagar Bazar]] and [[Tell Brak]] in 1935–1938, and from Woolley at [[Alalakh]] in the years just before and after the [[Second World War]]. The collection of [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] material was strengthened with the acquisition in 1980 of around 17,000 objects found at [[Lachish]] by the Wellcome-Marston expedition of 1932–1938.
A representative selection, including the most important pieces, are on display in 13 galleries and total some 4500 objects. The remainder form the study collection which ranges in size from beads to large sculptures. They include approximately 130,000 [[Cuneiform script|cuneiform]] [[Clay tablet|tablets]] from Mesopotamia.<ref>[http://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/departments/middle_east/history_of_the_collection.aspx British Museum - History of the Collection: Middle East]</ref>
The museum's collection of Islamic art, including archaeological material, numbers about 40,000 objects,<ref>[http://www.discoverislamicart.org/pm_partner.php?id=Mus01;uk&type=museum&theme=ISL& MWNF - Museum With No Frontiers<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> one of the largest of its kind in the world. As such, it contains a broad range of Islamic pottery, paintings, tiles, metalwork, glass, seals, and inscriptions.
;Key Highlights of the Collections include:
''[[Nimrud]]:''
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''Alabaster [[bas-relief]]s from:''
*The North-West Palace of [[Ashur-nasir-pal II|Ashurnasirpal II]]
*Central- Palace of [[Tiglath-Pileser III]]
*South-West Palace of [[Esarhaddon]]
*Palace of [[Adad-nirari III|Adad-Nirari III]]
*South-East Palace ('Burnt Palace')
*The [[Nabu]] Temple (Ezida)
*The Sharrat-Niphi Temple
*Temple of [[Ninurta]]
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''Sculptures:''
*Pair of Human Headed '[[Lamassu]]' Lions (883-859 BC)
*Human Headed 'Lamassu' Bull (883-859 BC), sister piece in [[Metropolitan Museum of Art|The Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
*Human Headed 'Lamassu' Lion (883-859 BC), sister piece in [[Metropolitan Museum of Art|The Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
*Colossal Statue of a Lion (883-859 BC)
*Rare Head of Human Headed 'Lamassu', recovered from the South-West Palace of [[Esarhaddon]]
*The [[Black Obelisk]] of [[Shalmaneser III]] (858-824 BC)
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;''[[Nineveh]]:''
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''Alabaster [[bas-relief]]s from:''
*North-Palace of [[Ashurbanipal]]
*Royal Lion Hunt Scenes
*The 'Dying Lion', long been acclaimed as a masterpiece
*The 'Garden Party' Relief
*South-West Palace of [[Sennacherib]]
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''[[Library of Ashurbanipal|Royal Library]] of [[Ashurbanipal]]:''
*A large collection of [[Cuneiform script|cuneiform]] [[Clay tablet|tablets]] of enormous importance approximately 22,000 inscribed clay tablets
*The [[Deluge (mythology)|Flood Tablet]], relating part of the famous [[Epic of Gilgamesh]]
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;''[[Khorsabad]]:''
*Alabaster bas-reliefs from the Palace of [[Sargon II]]
*Pair of Human Headed Winged '[[Lamassu]]' Bulls
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;''Wider Collection:''
*[[Cyrus Cylinder]], from [[Babylon]]
*The [[Balawat|Balawat Gates]] of [[Shalmaneser III]]
*A fine collection of [[Urartian]] bronzes, which now form the core of the [[Anatolia]]n collection
*The [[Oxus Treasure]]
*The [[Standard of Ur]]
*The '[[Ram in a Thicket]]'
*[[Royal Game of Ur|The Royal Game of Ur]]
*Queen's [[Lyre]]
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{{Ancient Near East Museum Collections}}
{{Islamic Art Collections}}
===Department of Prints and Drawings===
The Department of [[Old master print|Prints]] and [[Drawing]]s holds the national collection of [[Western art history|Western]] Prints and Drawings. It ranks as one of the largest collections in existence alongside the [[Musée du Louvre]] and the [[Hermitage Museum|Hermitage]] as one of the top three collections of its kind.<ref>[http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/pd/pdhome.html British Museum - Prints and Drawings<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
[[Image:Michelangelo Epifania.jpg|thumb|right|The British Museum, Room 90 - [[Michelangelo]], Epifania - Last surviving large scale [[cartoon]] by the artist]]
Since its foundation in 1808 the Prints and Drawings collection has grown to international renown as one of the richest and most representative collections in the world. There are approximately 50,000 drawings and over two million prints.<ref>http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/newsroom/archive1999/landmarks.html</ref> The collection of Drawings covers the period 14th century to the present, and includes many works of the highest quality by the leading [[History of painting|artists]] of the [[Western art history|European school]]. The collection of Prints covers the tradition of fine [[printmaking]] from its beginnings in the 15th century up to the present, with near complete holdings of most of the great names before the 19th century.
There are magnificent groups of drawings by [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Raphael]], [[Michelangelo]], (including his only surviving full-scale cartoon), [[Albrecht Dürer|Dürer]] (a collection of 138 drawings is one of the finest in existence), [[Peter Paul Rubens]], [[Rembrandt]], [[Claude Lorrain|Claude]] and [[Antoine Watteau|Watteau]], and virtually complete collections of the works of all the great printmakers including unsurpassed holdings of prints by [[Albrecht Dürer|Dürer]] (99 [[engraving]]s, 6 [[etching]]s and a substantial number of his 346 [[woodcut]]s), Rembrandt and [[Francisco Goya|Goya]]. More than 30,000 British drawings and [[Watercolor painting|watercolours]] include important examples work by [[William Hogarth|Hogarth]], [[Paul Sandby|Sandby]], [[J. M. W. Turner|Turner]], [[Thomas Girtin|Girtin]], [[John Constable|Constable]], [[John Sell Cotman|Cotman]], [[David Cox (artist)|Cox]], [[James Gillray|Gillray]], [[Thomas Rowlandson|Rowlandson]] and [[George Cruikshank|Cruikshank]], as well as all the great [[Victorian era|Victorians]]. There are about a million British prints including more than 20,000 [[satire]]s and outstanding collections of works by [[William Blake]] and [[Thomas Bewick]].{{Fact|date=April 2007}}
{{Prints and Drawings}}
===Department of Asia===
{{Main|The British Museum Department of Asia}}
[[Image:BrMus Amravati.jpg|thumb|right|Amravati Gallery]]
The scope of the Department of Asia is extremely broad, its collections of over 75,000 objects covers the material culture of the whole Asian continent (from East, South, Central and South-East Asia) and from the Neolithic up to the present day.<ref>[http://www.untoldlondon.org.uk/collections/SE000073.html Collection page<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.uk.emb-japan.go.jp/en/japaninfo/culture/britishmuseum.html Embassy of Japan in the UK<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/departments/asia.aspx British Museum - Department of Asia]</ref>
''Key highlights of the collections include:''<ref>[http://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/departments/departments_all_relationships.aspx?Title=Asia&ContentType=Department&PageId=551 British Museum - Department of Asia - Related Highlight Objects]</ref>
*The most comprehensive collection of sculpture from the Indian subcontinent in the world, including the celebrated [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] limestone reliefs from Amaravati<ref>[http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/explore/galleries/asia/room_33a_amaravati.aspx British Museum - Room 33a: Amaravati<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*An outstanding collection of Chinese antiquities, paintings, and porcelain, lacquer, bronze, jade, and other applied arts
*A fine collection of Buddhist paintings from [[Dunhuang]] and the Admonitions Scroll by Chinese artist [[Gu Kaizhi]] (344–406 AD)
*The most comprehensive collection of Japanese pre-20th century art in the western world
<gallery>
Image:Ku K'ai-chih 001.jpg|Painting by Chinese artist [[Gu Kaizhi]], c. 380 AD.
Image:Ku K'ai-chih 002.jpg|Painting by Chinese artist [[Gu Kaizhi]], c. 380 AD.
Image:Indischer Maler um 1615 (I) 001.jpg|Portrait of Ibrâhîm 'Âdil Shâh II (1580–1626), [[Mughal Empire]] of India, 1615 AD.
Image:CrystalGoose.JPG|A Hamsa sacred swan vessel made of [[crystal]], from [[Gandhara]], 1st century AD.
</gallery>
{{Asian Collections}}
===Department of Africa, Oceania and the Americas===
The British Museum houses one of the world's greatest and most comprehensive collections of [[Ethnographic]] material from Africa, [[Oceania]] and the [[Americas]], representing the cultures of [[indigenous peoples]] throughout the world. Over 350,000 objects<ref>[http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/the_museum/departments/africa,_oceania_and_americas.aspx British Museum - Africa, Oceania and the Americas<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> spanning two million years tells the story of the history of man, from three major continents and many rich and diverse cultures.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}
[[Image:Wellcome Trust Gallery + Living & Dying (Room 24).jpg|thumb|400px|right| The British Museum, Room 24 - The [[Wellcome Trust]] Gallery with [[Hoa Hakananai'a]] in the centre]]
The Sainsbury African Galleries display 600 objects from the greatest permanent collection of African arts and culture in the world. The three permanent galleries provide a substantial exhibition space for the Museum's African collection comprising over 200,000 objects. A curatorial scope that encompasses both archaeological and contemporary material, including both unique masterpieces of artistry and objects of everyday life.
Highlights of the African collection include a magnificent brass head of a Yoruba ruler from Ife, Nigeria; Asante goldwork from Ghana and the Torday collection of Central African sculpture, textiles and weaponry.
The Americas collection mainly consists of 19th and 20th century items although the [[Inca]], [[Aztec]], [[Maya civilization|Maya]] and other early cultures are well represented; collecting of modern artefacts is ongoing.
{{Department of Africa, Oceania and the Americas}}
===Department of Coins and Medals===
The British Museum is home to one of the world's finest [[Numismatics|numismatic]] collections, comprising about a million objects. The collection spans the entire history of coinage from its origins in the 7th century BC to the present day. There are approximately 9,000 coins, medals and banknotes on display around the British Museum. More than half of these can be found in the HSBC Money Gallery (Gallery 68), while the remainder form part of the permanent displays throughout the Museum.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}
{{Coins, Medals and Paper Notes}}
===Department of Prehistory and Europe===
The prehistoric collections cover Europe, Africa and Asia, the earliest African artefacts being around 2 million years old. Coverage of Europe extends to the present day.
===Department of Conservation, Documentation and Science===
This department was founded in 1920. Conservation has six specialist areas: ceramics & glass; metals; organic material (including textiles); stone, wall paintings and mosaics; Eastern pictorial art and Western pictorial art. The [http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/science/index.html science department] has and continues to develop techniques to date artefacts, analyse and identify the materials used in their manufacture, to identify the place an artefact originated and the techniques used in their creation. The department also publishes its findings and discoveries.
===Libraries and Archives===
This department covers all levels of education, from casual visitors, schools, degree level and beyond. The Museum's various libraries hold in excess of 350,000 books, journals and pamphlets covering all areas of the museum's collection. Also the general Museum archives which date from its foundation in 1753 are overseen by this department; the individual departments have their own separate archives covering their various areas of responsibility.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}
==Controversy==
[[Image:Elgin Marbles east pediment.jpg|thumb|right|A few of the [[Elgin Marbles]] (also known as the [[Parthenon Marbles]]) from the East [[Pediment]] of the [[Parthenon]].]]
It is a point of controversy whether museums should be allowed to possess artefacts taken from other countries, and the British Museum is a notable target for criticism. The [[Elgin Marbles]] and the [[Benin Bronzes]] are among the most disputed objects in its collections, and organisations have been formed demanding the return of both sets of artefacts to their native countries of [[Greece]] and [[Nigeria]] respectively.
The British Museum has refused to return either set, stating that the "restitutionist premise, that whatever was made in a country must return to an original geographical site, would empty both the British Museum and the other great museums of the world".<ref>[http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/gr/andart.html British Museum - Greek and Roman Antiquities<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The Museum has also argued that the British Museum Act of 1963 legally prevents any object from leaving its collection once it has entered it. Nevertheless, it has returned items such as the Tasmanian Ashes after a 20 year long battle with Australia.<ref name = "ktixsj">[http://www.cbc.ca/arts/story/2006/03/26/aboriginal-ashes.html CBC.ca Arts - British Museum returns aboriginal ashes to Tasmania<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Critics have particularly argued against the right of the British Museum to own objects which it does not share with the public.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}
Supporters of the Museum claim that it has provided protection for artefacts that might have otherwise been damaged or destroyed if they had been left in their original environments.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} While some critics have accepted this, they also argue that the artefacts should now be returned to their countries of origin if there is sufficient expertise and desire there to preserve them.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}
The British Museum continues to assert that it is an appropriate custodian and has an inalienable right to its disputed artefacts under British law.
=== Disputed Items in the Collection ===
*[[Elgin Marbles]] - claimed by [[Greece]] and backed by [[UNESCO]] among others for restitution.<ref>[http://www.parthenonuk.com/article.php?id=79 The Parthenon Marbles (or Elgin Marbles) Restoration to Athens, Greece - Articles and Research<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*[[Benin Bronzes]] - claimed by [[Nigeria]], 30 pieces sold already by The British Museum privately in the 1960s.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,675202,00.html British Museum sold precious bronzes | The Guardian | Guardian Unlimited<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* Ethiopian [[Tabot]]s - claimed by [[Ethiopia]].<ref>[http://feeds.bignewsnetwork.com/?sid=50968 Brits negotiate future of sacred tablets<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* 4 stolen drawings ([[Nazi plunder]]) - ''Compensation'' paid to Uri Peled in the amount of £175,000 by the British Museum.<ref>[http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/arts_entertainment/art/getting+the+nazi+stolen+art+back/339147 Channel 4 - News - Getting the Nazi stolen art back<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Achaemenid]] empire gold and silver artefacts from the [[Oxus Treasure]] - claimed by [[Tajikistan]].<ref>[http://arts.guardian.co.uk/art/news/story/0,,2053344,00.html Tajik president calls for return of treasure from British Museum | Art & Architecture | Guardian Unlimited Arts<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Tasmanian Aborigines|Aboriginal]] human remains - returned to [[Tasmania]] by the British museum.<ref name = "ktixsj"/>
* [[Mold cape|Mold's Golden Cape]] - claimed by [[Wales]]<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/576945.stm BBC News | WALES | Hopes for priceless relic's return<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Rosetta Stone]] - claimed by [[Egypt]]<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/3084215.stm BBC NEWS | Entertainment | Arts | Egypt calls for return of Rosetta Stone<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
==Galleries==
;''Building''
<gallery>
Image:BM, Main Floor Main Entrance Hall ~ South Stairs.6.JPG|Main Staircase, [[Discobolus|Discobolus of Myron]] (the Discus-Thrower)
Image:BM; 'MF' RM1 - The King's Library, Enlightenment 1 'Discovering the world in the 18th century ~ View South.jpg| Room 1 - The [[King's Library]], [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] Permanent Exhibition
</gallery>
;''Floor Plans''
<gallery>
Image:2.Upper Floors (Rooms 36-73, 90-94).JPG| Upper Floors (Rooms 36-73, 90-94)
</gallery>
;''Museum Galleries''
''Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan''
<gallery>
Image:BM, AES Egyptian Sculpture (Room 4), View South + Towards Assyrian Sculpture Gallery (Room 6).JPG|Room 4 - Egyptian Sculpture, view towards the Assyrian Transcept
Image:Egyptian Gallery.JPG| Room 4 - Egyptian Sculpture
Image:England; London - The British Museum, Egypt Egyptian Sculpture (Room 4).4.JPG| Room 4 - Egyptian Sculpture
Image:BM, AES Egyptian Sculpture (Room 4), View North.3.JPG| Room 4 - Egyptian Sculpture
</gallery>
''Department of the Ancient Near East''
<gallery>
Image:BM; RM10 - ANE, Khorsabad Palace Reliefs and Assyrian Art ~ Lamassu's.JPG| Room 10 - [[Khorsabad]] Palace Reliefs
Image:BM; RM7 - ANE, Nineveh Palace Reliefs Southwest Palace of Sennacherib (701-681 B.C) ~ Full Elevation + Viewing South.4.JPG| Room 9 - [[Nineveh]] Palace Reliefs
Image:BM;_ANE_-_Nineveh,_The_Royal_Lion_Hunt_(Room_10).JPG| Room 10 - Nineveh, The Royal Lion Hunt
Image:BM; ANE - RM 89, Assyrian Reliefs ~ Nineveh.JPG| Room 89 - [[Nimrud]] & Nineveh Palace Reliefs
</gallery>
''Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities''
<gallery>
Image:Elgin Marbles British Museum.jpg| Room 18 - [[Parthenon]] Freize
Image:Parthenon Frieze.JPG| Room 18 - Ancient Greece
Image:Townley Sculptures.JPG| Room 84 - [[Charles Towneley|Towneley]] Sculptures
Image: BM,GNR; The Acropolis & The late 5th C BC ~ Erechtheum Caryatid + Ionic Column (Room 19).jpg| Room 19 - [[History of Athens|Athens]], [[Erechtheion]] Sculptures from the [[Acropolis of Athens|Acropolis]]
</gallery>
;''Exhibitions''
''Forgotten Empire Exhibition (October 2005 - January 2006)''
<gallery>
Image:Forgotten Empire Exhibition, (Room 5).1.JPG | Room 5 - Exhibitions Panorama
Image:Persepolis.JPG| Room 5 - The [[Persepolis]] Casts
Image:BM; ANE - Forgotten Empire Exhibition, (Room 5).3.JPG | Room 5 - Exhibitions Relics
Image:BM; ANE - Forgotten Empire Exhibition, The Cyrus Cylinder (Room 5).JPG| Room 5 - The [[Cyrus Cylinder]]
</gallery>
==See also==
*[[:Category:Employees of the British Museum|Employees of the British Museum]]
*[[:Category:People associated with the British Museum|People associated with the British Museum]]
==Notes==
<div class="references-small">
'''a.''' {{Note_label|A|a|none}} Sculptures and applied art are in the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], the British Museum houses earlier art, non-Western art, prints and drawings, and art of a later date is at [[Tate Modern]]. The National Gallery, holds the National Collection of Western European Art, with [[Tate Britain]] deposited with British Art from 1500.
'''b.''' {{Note_label|B|b|none}} By the Act of Parliament it received a name - the British Museum. The origin of the name is not known; the word 'British' had some resonance nationally at this period, so soon after the Jacobite rebellion of 1745; it must be assumed that the Museum was christened in this light.<ref> The question of the use of the term 'British' at this period has recently received some attention, e.g. Colley (1992), 85ff. There never has been a serious attempt to change the Museum's name.</ref>
'''c.''' {{Note_label|C|c|none}} The estimated footage of the various libraries as reported to the Trustees has been summarised by Harris (1998), 3,6: Sloane 4,600, Harley 1,700, Cotton 384, Edwards 576, The Royal Library 1,890.
'''d.''' {{Note_label|D|d|none}} This was perhaps rather unfortunate as the title to the house was complicated by the fact that part of the building had been erected on leasehold property (the Crown lease of which ran out in 1771); perhaps that is why [[George III]] paid such a modest price (nominally £28,000) for what was to become [[Buckingham Palace]]. See Colvin ''et'' al. (1976), 134.
'''e.''' {{Note_label|E|e|none}} Understanding of the foundation of the [[National Gallery, London|National Gallery]] is complicated by the fact that there is no documented history of the institution. At first the National Gallery functioned effectively as part of the British Museum, to which the [[Trustees]] transferred most of their most important pictures (ex. portraits). Full control was handed over to the National Gallery in 1868, after the [[List of Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom Parliament, 1840-1859|Act of Parliament of 1856]] established the Gallery as an independent body.
'''f.''' {{Note_label|F|f|none}} Ashmole, the Keeper of the Greek and Roman Antiquities appreciated the original top-lighting of these galleries and removed the Victorian colour scheme, commenting:
<blockquote>The old Elgin Gallery was painted a deep terracotta red, which, though in some ways satisfactory, diminished its apparent size, and was apt to produce a depressing effect on the visitor. It was decided to experiment with lighter colours, and the walls of the large room were painted with what was, at its first application, a pure cold white, but which after a year's exposure had unfortunately yellowed. The small Elgin Room was painted with pure white tinted with prussian blue, and the Room of the metopes was painted with pure white tinted with cobalt blue and black; it was necessary, or practical reasons, to colour all the dadoes a darker colour<ref>Quoted Ashmole (1994), 125</ref></blockquote>
'''g.''' {{Note_label|G|g|none}} Ashmole had never liked the Duveen Gallery:
<blockquote>It is, I suppose, not positively bad, but it could have been infinitely better. It is pretentious, in that it uses the ancient Marbles to decorate itself. This is a long outmoded idea, and the exact opposite of what a sculpture gallery should do. And, although it incorporates them, it is out of scale, and tends to dwarf them with its bogus Doric features, including those columns, supporting almost nothing which would have made an ancient Greek artist architect whince. The source of daylight is too high above the sculptures, a fault that is only concealed by the amount of reflection from the pinkish marble walls. These are too similar in colour to the marbles...These half-dozen elementary errors were pointed out by everyone in the Museum, and by many scholars outside, when the building was projected.<ref>Ashmole (1994), 126</ref></blockquote>
It was not until the 1980s that the installation, of a lighting scheme removed his greatest criticism of the building.
'''h.''' {{Note_label|H|h|none}} The Cairo Museum has 150,000 artefacts, with leading collections reposited at the Musee du Louvre (60,000), Petrie Museum (80,000), The Metropolitan Museum of art (36,000), University of Pennsylvania (42,000), Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (40,000), Museo Egizio, Turin (32,500 objects).
</div>
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
<div class="references-small">
* Anderson, Robert (2005). ''The Great Court and The British Museum''. London: The British Museum Press
* Caygill, Marjorie (2006). ''The British Museum: 250 Years''. London: The British Museum Press
* Caygill, Marjorie (2002). ''The Story of the British Museum''. London: The British Museum Press
* Cook, B.F. (2005). ''The Elgin Marbles''. London: The British Museum Press
* Jenkins, Ian (2006). ''Greek Architecture and its Sculpture in The British Museum''. London: The British Museum Press
* Moser, Stephanie (2006). ''Wondrous Curiosities: Ancient Egypt at The British Museum''. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press
* Reade, Julian (2004). ''Assyrian Sculpture''. London: The British Museum Press
* Reeve, John (2003). ''The British Museum: Visitor's Guide''. London: The British Museum Press
* Wilson, David, M. (2002). ''The British Museum: A History''. London: The British Museum Press
</div>
==External links==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-british_museum.ogg|2006-01-14}}
{{Commons|British Museum}}
* [http://www.britishmuseum.org Official website of the '''British Museum''']
* [http://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/history/general_history.aspx A list of important dates in the British Museum's history from the official website]
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