Brodmann area
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[[Image:Gray726-Brodman.png|thumb|right|350px|Lateral surface of the brain with Brodmann's areas numbered.]]
[[Image:Gray727-Brodman.png|thumb|right|350px|Medial surface of the brain with Brodmann's areas numbered.]]
A '''Brodmann area''' is a region of the [[cerebral cortex|cortex]] defined based on its [[cytoarchitecture]], or organization of cells.
Brodmann areas were originally defined and numbered by '''[[Korbinian Brodmann]]''' based on the organization of [[neuron]]s he observed in the cortex using the [[Franz Nissl|Nissl]] [[staining|stain]]. Brodmann published his maps of cortical areas in humans, monkeys, and other species in 1909, along with many other findings and observations regarding the general cell types and [[Cerebral cortex#Laminar pattern|laminar organization]] of the mammalian cortex. (The same Brodmann area number in different species does not necessarily indicate homologous areas.) Although the Brodmann areas have been discussed, debated, refined, and renamed exhaustively for nearly a century, they remain the most widely known and frequently cited cytoarchitectural organization of the human cortex. Many of the areas Brodmann defined based solely on their neuronal organization have since been correlated closely to diverse cortical functions. For example, Brodmann's areas 1, 2 and 3 are the [[primary somatosensory cortex]]; area 4 is the [[primary motor cortex]]; area 17 is the [[primary visual cortex]]; and areas 41 and 42 correspond closely to [[primary auditory cortex]]. Higher order functions of the [[Cerebral cortex#association areas|association cortical areas]] are also consistently localized to the same Brodmann areas by [[neurophysiology|neurophysiological]], [[Functional magnetic resonance imaging|functional imaging]], and other methods (e.g., the consistent localization of [[Broca's area|Broca's]] speech and language area to the left Brodmann areas 44 and 45).
Some of the original Brodmann areas have been subdivided further, e.g., "23a" and "23b".<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Brent A. Vogt]], [[Deepak N. Pandya]], Douglas L. Rosene
| title = Cingulate cortex of the rhesus monkey: I. Cytoarchitecture and thalamic afferents
| journal = [[The Journal of Comparative Neurology]]
| volume = 262
| issue = 2
| pages = 256–270
| month = August
| year = 1987
| doi = 10.1002/cne.902620207
}}</ref>
==Brodmann areas for human & non-human primates ==
* [[Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2|Areas 1, 2 & 3 - Primary Somatosensory Cortex]] (frequently referred to as Areas 3, 1, 2 by convention)
* [[Brodmann area 4|Area 4 - Primary Motor Cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 5|Area 5 - Somatosensory Association Cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 6|Area 6]] - Pre-Motor and Supplementary Motor Cortex (Secondary Motor Cortex)
* [[Brodmann area 7|Area 7 - Somatosensory Association Cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 8|Area 8]] - Includes [[Frontal eye fields]]
* [[Brodmann area 9|Area 9]] - [[Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 10|Area 10]] - [[Anterior prefrontal cortex]] (most rostral part of superior and middle frontal gyri)
* [[Brodmann area 11|Area 11]] - [[Orbitofrontal cortex|Orbitofrontal area]] (orbital and rectus gyri, plus part of the rostral part of the superior frontal gyrus)
* [[Brodmann area 12|Area 12]] - [[Orbitofrontal cortex|Orbitofrontal area]] (used to be part of BA11, refers to the area between the superior frontal gyrus and the inferior rostral sulcus)
* [[Brodmann area 13|Area 13]] and [[Brodmann area 14|Area 14]]<sup>*</sup> - [[Insular cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 15|Area 15]]<sup>*</sup> - Anterior Temporal Lobe
* [[Brodmann area 17|Area 17]] - [[Visual_cortex#V1|Primary visual cortex (V1)]]
* [[Brodmann area 18|Area 18]] - [[Visual_cortex#V2|Secondary visual cortex (V2)]]
* [[Brodmann area 19|Area 19]] - [[Visual_cortex#V3|Associative visual cortex (V3)]]
* [[Brodmann area 20|Area 20]] - [[Inferior temporal gyrus]]
* [[Brodmann area 21|Area 21]] - [[Middle temporal gyrus]]
* [[Brodmann area 22|Area 22]] - [[Superior temporal gyrus]], of which the caudal part participates to [[Wernicke's area]]
* [[Brodmann area 23|Area 23]] - Ventral [[Posterior cingulate cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 24|Area 24]] - Ventral [[Anterior cingulate cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 25|Area 25]] - [[Subgenual cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 26|Area 26]] - [[Ectosplenial area]]
* [[Brodmann area 27|Area 27]] - [[piriform area]]
* [[Brodmann area 28|Area 28]] - Posterior [[Entorhinal Cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 29|Area 29]] - Retrosplenial [[cingular cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 30|Area 30]] - Part of [[cingular cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 31|Area 31]] - Dorsal [[Posterior cingular cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 32|Area 32]] - Dorsal [[anterior cingulate cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 33|Area 33]] - Part of [[anterior cingulate cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 34|Area 34]] - Anterior [[Entorhinal Cortex]] (on the [[Parahippocampal gyrus]])
* [[Brodmann area 35|Area 35]] - [[Perirhinal cortex]] (on the [[Parahippocampal gyrus]])
* [[Brodmann area 36|Area 36]] - [[Parahippocampal cortex]] (on the [[Parahippocampal gyrus]])
* [[Brodmann area 37|Area 37]] - [[Fusiform gyrus]]
* [[Brodmann area 38|Area 38]] - Temporopolar area (most rostral part of the superior and middle temporal gyri)
* [[Brodmann area 39|Area 39]] - [[Angular gyrus]], part of [[Wernicke's area]]
* [[Brodmann area 40|Area 40]] - [[Inferior parietal cortex|Supramarginal gyrus]] part of [[Wernicke's area]]
* [[Brodmann area 41 & 42|Areas 41 & 42 - Primary and Auditory Association Cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 43|Area 43]] - Subcentral area (between insula and post/precentral gyrus)
* [[Brodmann area 44|Area 44]] - [[pars opercularis]], part of [[Broca's area]]
* [[Brodmann area 45|Area 45]] - [[pars triangularis]] [[Broca's area]]
* [[Brodmann area 46|Area 46]] - [[Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 47|Area 47]] - Inferior prefrontal gyrus
* [[Brodmann area 48|Area 48]] - Retrosubicular area (a small part of the medial surface of the temporal lobe)
* [[Brodmann area 52|Area 52]] - Parainsular area (at the junction of the temporal lobe and the [[insula]])
(*) Area only found in non-human [[primate]]s.
== Criticism ==
When von Bonin and Bailey were to construct a brain map for the [[macaque]] monkey they found the description of Brodmann inadequate and wrote:
: ''Brodmann (1907), it is true, prepared a map of the human brain which has been widely reproduced, but, unfortunately, the data on which it was based was never published''<ref>{{Cite book
| author = Gerhardt von Bonin & Percival Bailey
| title = The Neocortex of Macaca Mulatta
| publisher = [[The University of Illinois Press]]
| location = [[Urbana]], [[Illinois]]
| year = [[1925]]
}}</ref>
They instead used the cytoarchitechtonic scheme of [[Constantin von Economo]] and [[Georg N. Koskinas]] published in 1925<ref>{{Cite book
| author = [[Constantin von Economo]] & [[Georg N. Koskinas]]
| title = Die Cytoarchitektonik der Hirnrinde des erwachsenen Menschen
| publisher = [[Julius Springer]]
| year = 1925
| location = Vienna and Berlin
}}</ref>
which had the "only acceptable detailed description of the human cortex".
== See also ==
* [[Brain]]
* [[Cortical area]]
* [[List of regions in the human brain]]
== References ==
{{Refimprove|date=November 2007}}
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</div>
== External links ==
* [http://www.trincoll.edu/~dlloyd/brodmann.html brodmann x func] — Functional categorization of Brodmann areas.
* [http://spot.colorado.edu/~dubin/talks/brodmann/brodmann.html Brodmann], Mark Dubin pages on Brodmann areas.
* [http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/scripts/indexotheratlas.aspx?othersiteID= Brodmann areas of cortex involved in language]
{{Telencephalon}}
[[Category:Brodmann areas|*]]
[[Category:Cerebrum]]
[[Category:Neuroanatomy]]
[[Category:Cognitive neuroscience]]
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