Brody
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2008-07-09T08:04:24Z
Djuneyt tr
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[[Image:Brody 075.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The tower of former district court building in Brody. Today it houses Pedagogical College.]]
'''Brody''' ({{lang-uk |Броди}}, {{lang-pl|Brody}}, {{lang-ru |Броды}}, [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]: בּראָד, translit. ''Brod'') is a [[city]] in the [[Lviv Oblast]] ([[Oblast|province]]) of western [[Ukraine]]. It is the [[Capital city|administrative center]] of the [[Brodivskyi Raion]] ([[Raion|district]]), and is located in the valley of the upper [[Styr|Styr River]], approximately 90 kilometres northeast of the oblast capital, [[Lviv]]. As of [[2004]], its population is 23,239.
Brody is the junction place of the ''[[Druzhba pipeline|Druzhba]]'' and ''[[Odessa-Brody]]'' oil [[Pipeline transport|pipeline]]s.
==History==
The first mention of a settlement on the site of Brody is dated [[1084]] ([[Instructions by Volodymyr Monomach]]). It is believed to have been destroyed by [[Batu Khan]] in [[1241]].
From [[1441]] Brody was property of different feudal families ([[Jan Sieniński]], from 1511 - Kamieniecki).
Brody was granted [[Magdeburg rights]] and city status in [[1546]]. At this time it was known under the name '''Lubicz''' (Любич, {{lang-pl|Lubicz}}) that gave name to the [[Lubicz Coat of Arms]] of the owner, [[Stanisław Żółkiewski]] (not to be confused with [[Lubech]], ''Lubecz'').
[[Image:Brody 095.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A church in Brody]]
From 1629, the city became the property of [[Stanisław Koniecpolski]], who transformed it into a fortress (1630-1635). In 1648, [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] was unable to capture it for about 8 weeks. The fortress was designed by the French military engineer [[Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan]].
Since the 17th century, the city was populated not only by [[Ukrainians]] and [[Poles]], but with a significant number of [[Jew]]s (70% of the town's population), [[Armenians]], [[Greeks]] .{{Fact|date=January 2008}}
In 1704 Brody was purchased by [[Potocki|Potocki family]]. In 1734 fortress was destroyed by Russian troops and rebuilt again by [[Stanisław Potocki]] in baroque style. In 1772 Brody became a part of [[Habsburg Empire]] (from 1804 - [[Austrian Empire]]). In 1812 [[Wincenty Potocki]] was forced by the Austrian government to remove the city's fortifications.
A crossroads and a [[Jew]]ish trade center in the nineteenth century, the city is considered to be one of the [[shtetl]]s. It was particularly famous for the ''Brodersänger'' or [[Broder singer]]s, who were among the first to publicly perform [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] songs outside of [[Purim]] plays and wedding parties.
<blockquote>The promulgation of the [[May Laws]], and the massive exodus of Russian Jews which was its result, took the leaders of Western Jewry completely by surprise. Throughout 1881, hundreds of immigrants… kept arriving in Brody daily. Their arrival placed Austrian and German coreligionists in a quandary… the comfortable middle-class Jewish community of Central and Western Europe looked instinctively to the [[Alliance Israelite Universelle]], the world's largest and most respected Jewish philanthropic agency, to bring order out of chaos, to cope with the huge influx of newcomers. (Howard M. Sachar)</blockquote>
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Brody}}
The town was the site of heavy destruction by both Polish and Russian forces in the [[Polish-Soviet War]] of [[1920]], and is described extensively in stories of the [[Red Cavalry]] by [[Isaac Babel]]. After the conflict, it became part of [[Second Polish Republic]] and was located in the [[Tarnopol Voivodeship]]. Brody was an important military base, with the [[Kresowa Cavalry Brigade]] headquarters established there.
In September [[1939]] after the Polish defeat in [[World War II]], Brody was occupied by the Red Army following the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]]. Between June 26 and June 30, [[1941]] a [[Battle of Brody (1941)|tank battle]] was fought nearby between the [[1st Panzer Army (Germany)|German 1st Panzer Army]] and 5 Soviet Mechanized Corps with heavy losses on both sides.
In December [[1942]] the German occupiers forced the Jewish population to resettle in a ghetto inside the town. Most of the prewar population of 9000 Jewish inhabitants died either in the concentration camps, through starvation, forced labour or were shot to death. During July-August [[1944]], Brody and the nearby areas saw the battles of the strategically important [[Lvov-Sandomierz Operation]] (a.k.a. ''Brodovkiy Kotel'') where the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] army successfully encircled and destroyed [[Germany|German]] forces.
During the [[Cold War]], [[Brody (air base)|Brody air base]] served Soviet Air Force regiments.
The [[Brody museum of history and district ethnography]] was founded in [[2001]].
==Famous Jews associated with Brody==
[[Image:Brody Jewish Cemetery (18).jpg|right|thumb|300px|Jewish tombstones at New Jewish Cemetery in Brody. The Cemetery numbers ca. 20.000 burials]]
[[Image:Brody 203.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The old synagogue (ruins) of Brody]]
*[[Adolph Baller]], pianist
*[[Iuliu Barasch]], physician
*[[Berl Broder]] (Berl Margulis), singer
*[[Oscar Chajes]], chess player
*[[Zvi Hirsch Chajes]], rabbi and talmudist
*[[Hans Kelsen]] (father was born there)
*[[Nachman Krochmal]], philosopher
*[[Max Margules]], meteorologist
*[[Jacques Mieses]] (parents from Brody; he was born in [[Leipzig]]
*[[Amalia Freud|Amalia Nathansohn-Freud]] (1835–1930), mother of [[Sigmund Freud]]
*[[Joseph Ludwig Raabe]], mathematician
*[[Jakob Rosanes]], mathematician
*[[Joseph Roth]] (1894-1939), writer
*[[Daniel Yanofsky|Daniel Abraham Yanofsky]], chess player. ''See [[:de:Daniel Abraham Yanofsky|German-language article]]''.
*[[Israel Zolli]], former [[Chief Rabbi of Rome]] who converted to [[Catholicism]]
==Nearby towns==
* [[Zolochiv]]
* [[Oles'ko]]
* [[Pidhirtsi]] (Szwaby, Schwabendorf), [[Germans|German]] settlement
* [[Bus'k]]
* [[Pidkamin']]
* [[Zboriv]]
==References==
* Howard M. Sachar, ''The Course of modern Jewish history''. Vintage Books (a division of Random House) Chapter 15
==External links==
{{commonscat|Brody}}
*[http://encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\B\R\Brody.htm Brody] in the [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com Encyclopedia of Ukraine]
* {{en icon}} [http://www.tour.brody.lviv.ua/sites/?en&sites=2&site=5 About Brody museum]
* {{uk icon}} [http://www.brody.lviv.ua/ Brody site]
* {{en icon}} [http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Brody/Brody.htm ShtetLinks Site for Brody]
* {{de icon}} [http://homepage.univie.ac.at/boerries.kuzmany/ Brody - Броди - בראד]
{{Lviv Oblast}}
{{coor title dms|50|05|00|N|25|09|0|E|type:city_region:UA}}
[[Category:Cities in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Galicia (Central Europe)]]
[[Category:Jewish Russian and Soviet history]]
[[Category:shtetls]]
[[Category:Lviv Oblast]]
[[bg:Броди]]
[[br:Brody]]
[[de:Brody (Ukraine)]]
[[es:Brody]]
[[eo:Brodi]]
[[it:Brody (Ucraina)]]
[[he:ברודי]]
[[nl:Brody (Oekraïne)]]
[[ja:ブロディ]]
[[pl:Brody (Ukraina)]]
[[ro:Brody]]
[[ru:Броды]]
[[uk:Броди]]