Bubble fusion
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221702941
2008-06-25T18:25:23Z
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'''Bubble fusion''', also known as '''sonofusion''', is the non-technical name for a [[nuclear fusion]] reaction hypothesized to occur during [[sonoluminescence]], an extreme form of [[Sonic cavitation|acoustic cavitation]]. Officially, this reaction is termed '''acoustic [[inertial confinement fusion]] (AICF)''' since the [[inertia]] of the collapsing bubble wall confines the energy, causing an extreme rise in temperature. The high temperatures sonoluminescence can produce raises the possibility that it might be a means to achieve thermonuclear fusion.<ref name="Chang-practical">{{cite news
|first = Kenneth
|last = Chang
|authorlink =
|quote = Dr. Putterman's approach is to use sound waves, called sonofusion or bubble fusion, to expand and collapse tiny bubbles, generating ultrahot temperatures. At temperatures hot enough, atoms can literally fuse and release even more energy than when they split in nuclear fission, now used in nuclear power plants and weapons. Furthermore, fusion is clean in that it does not produce long-lived nuclear waste.
|title = Practical Fusion, or Just a Bubble?
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/27/science/27fusion.html?8dpc
|work =
|publisher = [[New York Times]]
|date = [[February 27]], [[2007]]
|accessdate = 2007-02-27
}}</ref>
[[Image:Sonoluminescence.png|center|600px|thumb|Left to right: apparition of bubble; slow expansion; quick and sudden contraction; ''possible'' fusion event.]]
{{expand-section|date=March 2008}}
== Original experiments ==
[http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4333796.html US patent 4,333,796]<ref>{{Ref patent|country= US|number= 4333796|title= Method of generating energy by acoustically induced cavitation fusion and reactor therefor|gdate = 1982-06-08|fdate= 1978-05-19|invent1= Flynn, Hugh G.}}</ref>, filed by Hugh Flynn in 1978, appears to be the earliest documented reference to a sonofusion-type reaction.
In the [[March 8]], [[2002]] issue of the peer-reviewed journal ''[[Science magazine|Science]]'', [[Rusi Taleyarkhan|Rusi P. Taleyarkhan]] and colleagues at the [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory|Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)]] reported that acoustic cavitation experiments conducted with [[Deuterium|deuterated]] [[acetone]] ({{carbon|3}}{{deuterium|6}}{{oxygen}}) showed measurements of [[tritium]] and [[neutron]] output that were consistent with the occurrence of fusion. The neutron emission was also reported to be coincident with the sonoluminescence pulse, a key indicator that its source was fusion caused by the sonoluminescence.<ref name="Taleyarkhan-2002-03-08">{{cite journal
|last = Taleyarkhan
|first = R. P.
|authorlink = Rusi Taleyarkhan
|coauthors = C. D. West, J. S. Cho, R. T. Lahey, Jr. R. Nigmatulin, and R. C. Block
|date = 2002-03-08
|title = Evidence for Nuclear Emissions During Acoustic Cavitation
|journal = Science
|volume = 295
|issue = 1868
|id = ISSN 0036-8075
|url = http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/hottopics/bubble/index.shtml
|accessdate = 2007-05-13
}}</ref>
Shock wave simulations seem to indicate that the temperatures inside the collapsing bubbles may reach up to 10 [[Kelvin|megakelvins]], i.e. as hot as the center of the Sun.<ref name="Shapira-2002-03-01">{{cite web
|last = Shapira
|first = D.
|coauthors = M. J. Saltmarsh
|date = 2002-03-01
|url = http://fire.pppl.gov/sono_saltmarsh_expts.pdf
|title = "Comments on Reported Nuclear Emissions during Acoustic Cavitation"
|format = [[PDF]]
|publisher = [[Fusion Ignition Research Experiment]] (FIRE) Program
|accessdate = 2007-05-13
}}</ref><ref name="Taleyarkhan-2002-03-02">{{cite journal
|last = Taleyarkhan
|first = R. P.
|authorlink = Rusi Taleyarkhan
|coauthors = R. C. Block, C. D. West and R. T. Lahey Jr.
|date = 2002-03-02
|url = http://www.rpi.edu/%7Elaheyr/SciencePaper.pdf
|title = Comments on the Shapira and Saltmarsh Report
|format = [[PDF]]
|work = Dr. Richard T. Lahey, Jr. website
|publisher = [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]]
|accessdate = 2007-05-13
}}</ref><ref name="Becchetti">{{cite journal
|last = Becchetti
|first = F.
|date = 2002-03-08
|title = Evidence for Nuclear Reactions in Imploding Bubbles
|journal = Science
|volume = 295
|issue = 1850
|doi = 10.1126
|id = ISSN 0036-8075
|doi_brokendate = 2008-06-25
}}</ref><ref name="Kennedy">{{cite journal
|last = Kennedy
|first = D.
|date = 2002-03-08
|title = To Publish or Not to Publish
|journal = Science
|volume = 295
|issue = 1793
|id = ISSN 0036-8075
|doi = 10.1126/science.295.5561.1793
|accessdate = 2007-05-13
|pages = 1793
|pmid = 11884720
}}</ref> Although the apparatus operates in a room temperature environment, this is ''not'' [[cold fusion]] (as commonly termed in the popular press) because the nuclear reactions would be occurring at the very high temperatures in the core of the imploding bubbles.
The researchers used a pulse of neutrons in order to nucleate ("seed") the tiny bubbles, whereas most previous experiments started with small air bubbles already in the liquid. Using this new method, the team was able to produce stable bubbles that could expand to nearly a millimeter in radius before collapsing. In this way, the researchers stated, they were able to create the conditions necessary to produce very high pressures and temperatures. The sensitivity of the fusion rate to temperature, which is in turn a function of how small the bubbles get when they collapse, in combination with the likely sensitivity of the latter to fine experimental details, may account for the fact that some research workers have reported to see an effect, while others have not.
Taleyarkhan ''et al'' also prepared identical experiments in non-deuterated (normal) acetone and failed to observe neutron emission or tritium production. Taleyarkhan claims his interest in bubble fusion began following a post-dinner chat with a friend, Dr. Mark Embrechts, in 1995.
== Oak Ridge failed replication ==
These experiments were repeated at Oak Ridge National Laboratory by [[D. Shapira]] and [[M. J. Saltmarsh]] but using more sophisticated [[neutron detection]] equipment. They reported that the neutron release was consistent with random coincidence.<ref name="Shapira-2002-08-19">{{cite journal
|last = Shapira
|first = D.
|authorlink = Dan Shapira
|coauthors = [[Michael Saltmarsh|M. J. Saltmarsh]]
|date = [[19 August]] [[2002]]
|title = Nuclear Fusion in Collapsing Bubbles — Is it There? An Attempt to Repeat the Observation of Nuclear Emissions from Sonoluminescence
|journal = [[Physical Review Letters]]
|volume = v. 89
|issue = letter 104302
|id = ISSN 1079-7114 (online)
|url = http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v89/i10/e104302
|accessdate = 2007-05-13
}}</ref> A rebuttal by Taleyarkhan and the other authors of the original report said that the Shapira and Saltmarsh report failed to account for significant differences in experimental setup, including over an inch of shielding between the neutron detector and the sonoluminescing acetone. Taleyarkhan ''et al'' report that when these differences are properly considered, the Shapira and Saltmarsh results are consistent with fusion.{{Fact|date=May 2007}}
In addition, Galonsky has shown that by Taleyarkhan's own detector calibration the observed neutrons are too high in energy to be from a [[deuterium]]-deuterium (d-d) fusion reaction. In a rebuttal comment, Taleyarkhan says the energy is "reasonably close" to that which is expected.<ref name="Galonsky-2002-09-06">{{cite journal
|last = Galonsky
|first = A.
|authorlink =
|coauthors =
|date = [[6 September]] [[2002]]
|title = Tabletop Fusion Revisited
|journal = Science
|volume = 297
|issue = 1645
|doi = 10.1126
|id = ISSN 0036-8075
|doi_brokendate = 2008-06-25
}}</ref>
In February 2005, the [[BBC]] documentary series ''[[Horizon (BBC TV series)|Horizon]]'' commissioned a collaboration between two leading sonoluminescence researchers, Seth Putterman and Ken Suslick, to reproduce Taleyarkhan's work. Using similar acoustic parameters, deuterated acetone, similar bubble nucleation, and a much more sophisticated neutron detection device, the researchers could find no evidence of a fusion reaction. This work was reviewed by a team of four scientists, including an expert in sonoluminescence and an expert in neutron detection, who also concluded that no evidence of fusion could be observed.<ref name="BBC-2005-02-17">{{cite news
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4270297.stm
|title = Nuclear fusion 'put to the test'
|work = BBC News
|date = [[17 February]] [[2005]]
|accessdate = 2007-05-13
}}</ref><ref name="Horizon-transcript">{{cite web
|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/experiment_trans.shtml
|title = "An Experiment to Save the World"
|format = programme transcript
|work = ''[[Horizon (BBC TV series)|Horizon]]''
|publisher = BBC News
|accessdate = 2007-05-13
}}</ref>
== Subsequent reports of replication ==
In [[2004]], new reports of bubble fusion were published by the Taleyarkhan group, saying that the results of previous experiments have been replicated under more stringent experimental conditions.<ref>{{cite news
|first = Theresa
|last = Bourgeois
|title = Researchers Report Bubble Fusion Results Replicated: ''Physical Review E'' publishes paper on fusion experiment conducted with upgraded measurement system
|url = http://news.rpi.edu/update.do?artcenterkey=65&setappvar=page(1)
|publisher = [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute|RPI]] News & Information
|date = [[2 March]] [[2004]]
|accessdate = 2007-05-13
}}</ref><ref name="Taleyarkhan-2004-03-22">{{cite journal
|last = Taleyarkhan
|first = R. P.
|authorlink = Rusi Taleyarkhan
|coauthors = J. S. Cho, C. D. West, R. T. Lahey, R. I. Nigmatulin, and R. C. Block
|date = [[22 March]] [[2004]]
|title = Additional Evidence of Nuclear Emissions During Acoustic Cavitation
|journal = Physical Review E
|volume = 69
|issue = letter 036109
|doi = 10.1103
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhRvE..69c6109T
|accessdate = 2007-05-13
|doi_brokendate = 2008-06-25
}}</ref> These results differed from the original results in that fusion was occurring for a much longer time frame than previously reported. The original report only showed neutron emission from the initial bubble collapse following bubble nucleation, whereas this report showed neutron emission many acoustic cycles later. The data, however, was less than stringent insofar as too large a window of measurement was used to determine a coincidence between neutron emission and sonoluminescent [[light emission]]. Furthermore, the energy of the detected neutrons was not consistent with neutrons produced from a fusion reaction.
In July [[2005]], two of Taleyarkhan's students at [[Purdue University]] published evidence confirming the previous result. They used the same acoustic chamber, the same deuterated acetone fluid and a similar bubble nucleation system. In this report, no neutron-sonoluminescence coincidence was attempted. Once again, the neutron energies measured were not consistent with those of neutrons produced by a d-d fusion reaction.<ref>{{cite news
|first = Emil
|last = Venere
|title = Purdue findings support earlier nuclear fusion experiments
|url = http://news.uns.purdue.edu/html4ever/2005/050712.Xu.fusion.html
|work = Purdue News
|publisher = [[Purdue University]]
|date = [[12 July]] [[2005]]
|accessdate = 2007-05-13
}}</ref><ref name="Xu">{{cite journal
|last = Xu
|first = Y.
|authorlink = Yiban Xu
|coauthors = [[Adam Butt|A. Butt]]
|date = [[3 May]] [[2005]]
|title = Confirmatory Experiments for Nuclear Emissions During Acoustic Cavitation
|journal = [[Nuclear Engineering and Design]]
|volume = 235
|issue = 1317
|pages = pp.1317–1324
|doi = 10.1016
|id = ISSN 0167-899X
|doi_brokendate = 2008-06-25
}}</ref>
A paper published in the journal ''[[Physical Review Letters]]'' by researchers from [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] reports statistically significant evidence of fusion:<ref name="Peplow">{{cite journal
|last = Peplow
|first = Mark
|date = [[10 January]] [[2006]]
|title = Desktop fusion is back on the table
|journal = Nature.com
|doi = 10.1038/news060109-5
|id = ISSN 1744-7933
|url = http://www.nature.com/news/2006/060109/full/060109-5.html
|accessdate = 2007-05-13
|format = {{dead link|date=June 2008}} – <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=author%3APeplow+intitle%3ADesktop+fusion+is+back+on+the+table&as_publication=Nature.com&as_ylo=2006&as_yhi=2006&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>
}}</ref><ref name="Taleyarkhan-2006-01">{{cite journal
|last = Taleyarkhan
|first = R. P.
|authorlink = Rusi Taleyarkhan
|coauthors = C. D. West, R. T. Lahey, R. I. Nigmatulin, J. S. Cho, R. C. Block, and Y. Xu
|date = January 2006
|title = Nuclear Emissions During Self-Nucleated Acoustic Cavitation
|journal = [[Physical Review Letters]]
|volume = 96
|issue = letter 034301
|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.034301
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhRvL..96c4301T
|accessdate = 2007-05-13
| pages = 034301
}} "...Statistically significant nuclear emissions were observed for deuterated benzene and acetone mixtures but not for [[heavy water]]. The measured neutron energy was <=2.45 MeV, which is indicative of deuterium-deuterium (D-D) fusion. Neutron emission rates were in the range ~5×10³ n/s to ~10<sup>4</sup> n/s and followed the inverse law dependence with distance..."
</ref><ref name="SciDaily">{{cite news
|url = http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060130155542.htm
|title = Using Sound Waves To Induce Nuclear Fusion With No External Neutron Source
|work = Science Daily
|publisher = [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]]
|date = [[31 January]] [[2006]]
|accessdate = 2007-05-13
}} "...The experiment was specifically designed to address a fundamental research question, not to make a device that would be capable of producing [[energy]], Block says...To verify the presence of fusion, the researchers used three independent [[neutron]] detectors and one gamma ray detector. All four detectors produced the same results: a statistically significant increase in the amount of nuclear emissions due to sonofusion when compared to background levels..."
</ref> The initial news report, however, shows that the reaction does not always work correctly and it is not known what parameters change to cause the reaction to function properly or not function at all.{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
In November 2006, in the midst of charges leveled at Taleyarkhan as regards his research standards, Dr. Edward R. Forringer and undergraduates David Robbins and Jonathan Martin of [[LeTourneau University]] presented two papers at the [[American Nuclear Society]] Winter Meeting that reported replication of neutron emission during a visit to the meta-stable fluids research lab at Purdue University. Their experimental setup was similar to the preceding experiments in that it used a mixture of deuterated acetone, [[deuterated benzene]], [[tetrachloroethylene]] and [[uranyl nitrate]]. Notably, however, it operated without an external neutron source and used two types of [[Neutron detection|neutron detectors]]. They claimed a liquid [[scintillation]] detector measured neutron levels at 8 [[standard deviation]]s above the background level, while plastic detectors measured levels at 3.8 standard deviations above the background. These measurements were within one standard deviation for the same experiment with a non-deuterated [[Experimental control|control]] liquid, indicating that the neutron production had only occurred during cavitation of the deuterated liquid.<ref name="LeTourneau-2006-11-17">"Bubble Fusion Confirmed by LETU Research" LeTourneau University News (www.letu.edu/opencms/opencms/events/Bubble_Fusion_Confirmed_by_LETU_Research.html) link inactive as of 2008-05-10</ref><ref name="ANS-pgm">{{cite web
|url = http://www.ans.org/meetings/docs/2006/wm2006-official.pdf
|title = "Technical Sessions by Day (Wednesday)"
|work = ANS 2006 Winter Meeting & Nuclear Technology Expo Official Program
|format = [[PDF]]
|page = 24
|date = November 12-16, 2006
|accessdate = 2006-12-06
}} (confirmation of presentation)
</ref><ref name="Transactions-ANS=2006">{{cite journal
|last = Forringer
|first = Edward R.
|authorlink = Edward Forringer
|coauthors = David Robbins, Jonathan Martin
|date = [[12 November]] [[2006]]
|title = Confirmation of Neutron Production During Self-Nucleated Acoustic Cavitation
|journal = Transactions of the [[American Nuclear Society]]
|volume = v.95
|pages = p.736
|id = ISSN 0003-018X
}}</ref>
== Doubts prompt investigation ==
Reports as spectacular as the above arouse a lot of doubt. In March 2006, ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' published a "special report" "silencing the hype" that called into question the validity of the results of the Purdue experiments.<ref>{{cite journal
|date = [[8 March]] [[2006]]
|title = Bubble fusion: silencing the hype
|journal = Nature.com
|doi = 10.1038/news060306-1
|id = ISSN 1744-7933
|url = http://www.nature.com/news/2006/060306/full/060306-1.html
|accessdate = 2007-05-13
|format = {{dead link|date=June 2008}} – <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3ABubble+fusion%3A+silencing+the+hype&as_publication=Nature.com&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>
|doi_brokendate = 2008-06-25
}}</ref> The report quotes Brian Naranjo of the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] to the effect that spectrum measured in these sonofusion experiments is consistent with radioactive decay of the lab equipment and hence does not reliably demonstrate the presence of nuclear reactions.<ref name="Naranjo">{{cite journal
|last = Naranjo
|first = Brian
|date = [[3 October]] [[2006]]
|title = Comment on 'Nuclear Emissions During Self-Nucleated Acoustic Cavitation'
|journal = [[Physical Review Letters]]
|volume = 97
|issue = letter 149403
|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.149403
| pages = 149403
}}</ref> The response of Taleyarkhan ''et al'', published in ''Physical Review Letters'', attempts to refute Naranjo's hypothesis as to the cause of the neutrons detected.<ref name="Taleyarkhan-2006-10-03">{{cite journal
|last = Taleyarkhan
|first = R. P.
|coauthors = R. C. Block, R. T. Lahey, Jr., R. I. Nigmatulin, and Y. Xu
|date = [[3 October]] [[2006]]
|title = Taleyarkhan et al. Reply:
|journal = [[Physical Review Letters]]
|volume = 97
|issue = letter 149404
|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.149404
| pages = 149404
}}</ref>
Doubts at Purdue University's Nuclear Engineering faculty over whether or not the positive results reported from sonofusion experiments conducted there were truthful prompted the university to initiate a review of the research, conducted by Purdue's Office of the Vice President for Research. In a [[March 9]], [[2006]] article entitled "Evidence for bubble fusion called into question", ''Nature'' interviewed several of Taleyarkhan's colleagues who suspected something was amiss.<ref name="Reich-2006-03-09">{{cite journal
|last = Reich
|first = Eugenie Samuel
|date = [[9 March]] [[2006]]
|title = Evidence for bubble fusion called into question
|journal = Nature
|volume = 440
|issue = 132
|doi = 10.1038/440132b
| pages = 132
}}</ref>
In his piece "On Science, Journalism, and ''Nature''", ''New Energy Times'' writer Steven Krivit poses some questions about ''Nature's'' coverage of the affair.<ref name="Krivit-on-science">{{cite web
|last = Krivit
|first = Steven B.
|date = [[10 March]] [[2006]]
|url = http://newenergytimes.com/news/2006/NET15.htm#bubbletrouble
|title = "On Science, Journalism, and Nature"
|work = New Energy Times, Issue 15
|accessdate = 2007-05-13
}}</ref>
On [[February 7]], [[2007]], the Purdue University administration determined that "the evidence does not support the allegations of research misconduct and that no further investigation of the allegations is warranted". Their report also stated that "vigorous, open debate of the scientific merits of this new technology is the most appropriate focus going forward."<ref name="Purdue-2007-02-07">{{cite news
|url = http://news.uns.purdue.edu/x/2007a/070207BennettTaleyarkhan.html
|title = Purdue integrity panel completes research inquiry
|work = Purdue News
|publisher = [[Purdue University]]
|date = [[7 February]] [[2007]]
|accessdate = 2007-05-13
}}</ref><ref name="Chang-murky">{{cite news
|first = Kenneth
|last = Chang
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/13/science/13purd.html
|title = Researcher Cleared of Misconduct, but Case Is Still Murky
|work = [[New York Times]]
|edition = Late Edition (Final)
|page = F-4
|date = [[February 13]], [[2007]]
|accessdate = 2007-05-13
}}</ref> In order to verify that the investigation was properly conducted, [[United States House of Representatives|House Representative]] [[Brad Miller (congressman)|Brad Miller]] requested full copies of its documents and reports by [[March 30]], [[2007]].<ref name="HCST-2007-03-22">{{cite web
|title = Miller Seeks Data on Purdue Investigation Into Scientific Misconduct
|url = http://science.house.gov/press/PRArticle.aspx?NewsID=1734
|publisher = House Committee on Science and Technology
|date = [[22 March]] [[2007]]
|accessdate = 2007-05-13
}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[List of energy topics]]
* ''[[Chain Reaction (film)|Chain Reaction]]'', a movie portraying the discovery and attempted cover-up of a practical acoustic fusion reactor.
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [http://newenergytimes.com/BubbleTrouble/BFControversy.htm The bubble fusion controversy] on [http://newenergytimes.com/ New Energy Times]
===News===
* [http://newenergytimes.com/BubbleTrouble/NETBubbleFusionSpecialReport.pdf The New Energy Times Special Report on Bubble Fusion/Sonofusion]
* [http://www.plotkin.com/blog-archives/2007/02/the_strange_cas.html The Strange Case of Dr. Rusi Taleyarkhan by Hal Plotkin] What I Really Want to Say.com 2 February 2007
* [http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/may05/1119 "Bubble Power"], Richard T. Lahey Jr., Rusi P. Taleyarkhan & Robert I. Nigmatulin, [[IEEE Spectrum]] Magazine, May 2005 — Readable, quantitative, illustrated article
**[http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/may06/3428 "Bubble Fusion Research Under Scrutiny"], [[IEEE Spectrum]], May 2006, follow-up on May 2005 article
* R. T. Lahey Jr, R. P. Taleyarkhan, and R. I. Nigmatulin, [http://www.rpi.edu/~laheyr/Sonofusion%20Paper-pdf_Lahey_NURETH-11.pdf Sonofusion — Fact or Fiction?] (PDF format)
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20050204055257/www.rpi.edu/web/News/press_releases/2002/bubblefusion.html "Possible Sound-Induced Nuclear Fusion Posited"] Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Press Release, [[March 5]], [[2002]]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1855000/1855672.stm "Fusion controversy rekindled"] BBC News, [[March 5]], [[2002]]
** [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/2151215.stm "Fusion experiment disappoints"] BBC News, [[July 2]], [[2002]]
* [http://news.uns.purdue.edu/html4ever/2004/0400302.Taleyarkhan.fusion.html "Evidence bubbles over to support tabletop nuclear fusion device"] [[March 2]], [[2004]]
* [http://physicsweb.org/article/news/6/2/3 "Sound waves size up sonoluminescence"]. PhysicsWeb. [[February 5]], [[2002]]
* [http://news.rpi.edu/update.do?artcenterkey=65&setappvar=page(1) "Researchers Report Bubble Fusion Results Replicated"] Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Press Release, [[March 2]], [[2004]]
* [http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18524831.100 Harnessing bubbles to trigger nuclear fusion] — [[22 January]] [[2005]], Justin Mullins, New Scientist Magazine Issue 2483 (subscription required)
* [http://news.uns.purdue.edu/UNS/html4ever/2005/050712.Xu.fusion.html Purdue findings support earlier nuclear fusion experiments] — New positive bubble/sonofusion findings were detailed in a peer-reviewed paper appearing in the May issue of the journal Nuclear Engineering and Design. ([[July 12]] [[2005]])
* [http://www.heise.de/tp/r4/artikel/20/20542/1.html Bubble Fusion takes next hurdle] — The potential for cavitation to induce nuclear fusion lets physicists think in new directions of energy production. ([[July 18]] [[2005]])
* [http://www.nature.com/news/2006/060109/full/060109-5.html "Desktop fusion is back on the table; Physicist claims to have definitive data, but can they be replicated?"], news@nature.com, [[January 10]] [[2006]] (subscription required)
* [http://physorg.com/news10336.html "Sonofusion Experiment Produces Results Without External Neutron Source"] ''[[PhysOrg.com]]'' [[January 27]], [[2006]]
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060130155542.htm "Using Sound Waves To Induce Nuclear Fusion With No External Neutron Source"] (sciencedaily.com, [[January 31]] [[2006]])
* [http://www.nature.com/news/2006/060306/full/060306-1.html "Bubble fusion: silencing the hype"], ''Nature'' online, [[March 8]], [[2006]] — Nature reveals serious doubts over reports of fusion in collapsing bubbles (subscription required)
* [http://bobpark.physics.umd.edu/WN06/wn031006.html What's New, March 10, 2006 - failed replications]
* [http://www.nature.com/news/2006/060508/full/060508-8.html "Bubble-fusion group suffer setback; Team admits a mix-up with one of their neutron detectors"], [[May 10]], [[2006]], news@nature.com (subscription required)
* [http://www.photonics.com/content/news/2006/June/21/83135.aspx "Purdue Bubble Wraps Sonofusion Inquiry Results"], [[June 21]], [[2006]] Photonics.com
* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0115857/ "Chain Reaction"] Movie, August 1996
* [http://www.sonofusionjets.com/ "Introduction to Sonofusion"] Roger Stringham, October 2006
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/27/science/27fusion.html?_r=1&oref=slogin "Practical Fusion, or Just a Bubble?"], Kenneth Chang, [[The New York Times]], [[February 27]], [[2007]]
{{Fusion methods}}
[[Category:Nuclear fusion]]
[[Category:Fusion power]]
[[da:Sonofusion]]
[[de:Bläschenfusion]]
[[ru:Ультразвуковой термояд]]