Buddhist terms and concepts 191300 225207477 2008-07-12T13:38:19Z Eakka 3046744 /* A */ Several '''[[Buddhist]] terms and concepts''' lack direct translations into English that cover the breadth of the original term. Below are given a number of important Buddhist terms, short definitions, and the languages in which they appear. In this list, an attempt has been made to organize terms by their original form and give translations and synonyms in other languages along with the definition. Languages and traditions dealt with here: *[[English language|English]] (Eng.) *[[Pāli]]: [[Theravada|Theravāda]] Buddhism *[[Sanskrit]] (or [[Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit]]): primarily [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] Buddhism *[[Tibetan language|Tibetan]] (Tib): [[Tibetan Buddhism]] *[[Thai language|Thai]]: [[Theravada|Theravāda]] Buddhism *[[Burmese language|Burmese]] (Bur): [[Theravada Buddhism]] *[[CJKV]] languages **[[Chinese language|Chinese]] (Cn): [[Chinese Buddhism]] **[[Japanese language|Japanese]] (Jp): [[Buddhism in Japan|Japanese Buddhism]] **[[Korean language|Korean]] (Ko): [[Korean Buddhism]] **[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (Vi): [[Vietnamese Buddhism]] <div style="clear:right" /> {{compactTOC}} ==A== {| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" !bgcolor=#cccccc|Definition !bgcolor=#cccccc|Etymology !bgcolor=#cccccc|In other languages |- valign="top" style="width:450px" |'''[[abhidhamma]]''' A category of scriptures that attempts to use Buddhist teachings to create a systematic, abstract description of all worldly phenomena | style="width:150px" | * ''abhi'' is "above" or "about", ''dhamma'' is "teaching" * Pāli: ''abhidhamma'' * Sanskrit: ''abhidharma'' | style="width:200px" | * Tib: ''chos mngon pa'' * Thai: อภิธรรม ''a-pi-tam'' * 阿毘達磨 ** Cn: ''Āpídámó'' ** Jp: ''Abidatsuma'' ** Vi: ''a-tì-đạt-ma'' |- valign="top" |'''[[Abhidhamma|Abhidhamma Pitaka]]''' The third basket of the [[Tripitaka]] canon, the reorganization of all doctrines in a systematic way | * Pāli: ''{{Unicode|Abhidhamma-piṭaka}}'' * Sanskrit: ''{{Unicode|Abhidharma-piṭaka}}'' | * Thai: อภิธรรมปิฎก ''a-pi-tam-pi-dok'' * 論藏, 論蔵 ** Cn: ''Lùnzàng'' ** Jp: ''Ronzō'' ** Vi: ''Luận tạng'' |- valign="top" |'''[[acariya]]''', lit. "teacher", One of the two teachers of a novice monk - the other one is called ''upādhyāya'' | * Pāli: ''ācāriya'' * Sanskrit: ''ācārya'' | * Bur: {{my|ဆရာ}} ''saya'' * Thai: อาจารย์ ''[[ajahn]]'' * 阿闍梨 or 阿闍梨耶 ** Cn: ''āshélí'' or ''āshélíyē'' ** Jp: ''ajari'' or ''ajariya'' ** Vi: ''a-xà-lê'' or ''a-xà-lê-da'' |- valign="top" |'''[[adhitthana]]''' Determination, to pray, to wish | * Pāli: ''Adhiṭṭhāna'' * Sanskrit: '' '' | * Bur: {{my|ဆရာ}} '' '' * Thai: อธิษฐาน ''ah-tid-taan'' * 決心 ** Cn: '' '' ** Jp: ''kesshin'' ** Vi: '' '' |- valign="top" |'''addiction''', see [[tanha]] | | |- valign="top" |'''[[Nikaya|Agama]]''' The divisions of the [[Sutra Pitaka]] | * Sanskrit: ''Āgama'' | * Pāli: ''Āgama'' (but usually called ''Nikāya'') * 阿含 ** Cn: ''Āhán'' ** Jp: ''Agon'' ** Vi: ''A-hàm'' |- valign="top" |'''[[ahimsa]]''' The devotion to non-violence and respect for all forms of life. Practicers of ahimsa are often vegetarians or vegans | * Sanskrit: ''{{Unicode|ahiṃsā}}'' * Pāli: ''{{Unicode|ahiṃsā}}'' | * Thai: อหิงสา 'ah-hing-sa' * 不害 ** Cn: ''bù hài'' ** Jp: ''fugai'' ** Vi: ''bất hại'' |- valign="top" |'''alayavijnana''', see [[store consciousness]] | * Pāli, Sanskrit: ''ālayavijñāna'' | * Tib: ཀུན་གཞི་རྣམ་པར་ཤེས་པ་<br />''kun gzhi rnam par shes pa'' * 阿賴耶識, 阿頼耶識 ** Cn: ''ālàiyēshí'' ** Jp: ''araya-shiki'' ** Vi: ''a-lại-da thức'' |- valign="top" |'''[[Amitabha]]''' Lit. "The Buddha of Infinite Light". The main buddha of the [[Pure Land|Pure Land school]], but is popular in other [[Mahayana]] sects as well. | * Sanskrit: ''amitābha'' (lit. "limitless light") and ''amitāyus'' (lit. "limitless life") | * 阿彌陀 or 阿彌陀佛, 阿弥陀 or 阿弥陀仏 ** Cn: ''Ēmítuó'' or ''Ēmítuó fó'' ** Jp: ''Amida'' or ''Amida-butsu'' ** Vi: ''A-di-đà'' or ''Phật A-di-đà'' |- valign="top" |'''[[anagarika]]''' A white-robed student in the Theravada tradition who, for a few months, awaits being considered for Samaneras ordination | * Pāli: ''anāgarika'' | * Thai: อนาคาริก ''a-na-ka-rik'' |- valign="top" |'''[[anapanasati]]''' Mindfulness of the breath meditation | * Pāli: ''ānāpānasati'' | |- valign="top" |'''[[anatta]]''' The principle denial of the soul in any phenomena. See also [[negative theology]]. | * Pāli: ''anattā'' * Sanskrit: ''anātman'' | * 無我 ** Cn: ''wúwǒ'' ** Jp: ''muga'' ** Vi: ''vô ngã'' |- valign="top" |'''[[anicca]]''' Impermanence | * Pāli: ''anicca'' * Sanskrit: ''anitya'' | * 無常 ** Cn: ''wúcháng'' ** Jp: ''mujō'' ** Vi: ''vô thường'' |- valign="top" |'''[[anuttara]]''' Unsurpassing | * Pāli: ''anuttara'' * Sanskrit: ''anuttara'' | * 阿耨多羅/阿耨多罗 (無上/无上) ** Cn: ''Ānòuduōluó'' ("wǔshàng") ** Jp: ''?'' ** Vi: ''?'' ** Fi: Ylittämätön |- valign="top" |'''[[arhat]]''', lit. "the Worthy One", A living person who has reached Enlightenment | * Pāli: ''arahat'' or ''arahant'' * Sanskrit: ''arhat'' or ''arhant'' | * Tib: དགྲ་ཅོམ་པ་, ''dgra com pa'' * 阿羅漢 ** Cn: ''āluóhàn'' ** Jp: ''arakan'' ** Vi: ''a-la-hán'' |- valign="top" |'''[[arahato samasam buddhasa]]''', | * Pāli: '' '' '' '' * Sanskrit: '' '' '' '' | * Tib: , '' '' * Thai: อรหันต์ ''uh-ra-hann'' * 阿耨多罗三藐三菩提 ** Cn: '' '' ** Jp: '' '' ** Vi: '' '' |- valign="top" |'''[[Atman (Buddhism)|atman]]''' literally "self", sometimes "soul" or "ego". In Buddhism, the inappropriate belief in atman is the prime consequence of ignorance, the foundation of [[samsara]] | * Sanskrit: ''ātman'' | * Pāli: ''atta'' * 我 ** Cn: ''wǒ'' ** Jp: ''ga'' ** Vi: ''ngã'' |- valign="top" |'''[[Avalokitesvara]]''', lit. "One Who Hears the Suffering Cries of the World", The [[bodhisattva]] of compassion (see also [[Guan Yin]]) | * Sanskrit: ''Avalokiteśvara'' | * Tib: སྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས་ ''spyan ras gzigs'' * 觀世音 or 觀音 ** Cn: ''Guānshì Yīn'' or ''Guān Yīn'' ** Jp: ''Kanzeon'' or ''Kannon'' |- valign="top" |'''[[Avidya (Buddhism)|avidya]]''' "ignorance" or "delusion" | * Sanskrit: ''avidyā'' | * Pāli: ''avijjā'' * Thai: อวิชชา ''aa-wit-sha'' * Tib: མ་རིག་པ་ ''ma rig-pa'' * 無明 ** Cn: ''wúmíng'' ** Jp: ''mumyō'' ** Vi: ''vô minh'' |} {{compactTOC}} ==B== {| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" !bgcolor=#cccccc|Definition !bgcolor=#cccccc|Etymology !bgcolor=#cccccc|In other languages |- valign="top" style="width:450px" |'''[[bardo]]''', lit. "intermediate state" or "in-between state", According to Tibetan tradition, the state of existence intermediate between two lives | style="width:150px" | * Tib: བར་མ་དོའི་སྲིད་པ་ ''bar ma do'i srid pa'' | style="width:200px" | * Sanskrit: ''antarābhava'' * 中有,中陰身 ** Cn: ''zhongyǒu'' ** Jp: ''chūu'' ** Vi: ''trung hữu'' |- valign="top" |'''[[bhavacakra|bhavacakra|/bhavacakka]]''' A circular symbolic representation of [[samsara]], also known as Wheel of becoming | * Pāli: ''bhavacakka'' * Sanskrit: ''bhava-cakra'' | * 有輪 ** Cn: ''yǒulún'' ** Jp: ?? ** Vi: ''hữu luân'' |- valign="top" |'''bhante''' The polite particle used to refer to [[Buddhist]] [[bhikkhu|monks]] in the [[Theravada]] tradition. ''Bhante'' literally means "Venerable Sir." | * Pāli | |- valign="top" |'''[[bhava]]''' Becoming, being, existing; the 10th link of [[Pratitya-samutpada]] | * Pāli, Sanskrit: ''bhava'' | * Thai: ภาวะ ''pa-wah'' * 有(十二因緣) ** Cn: ''yǒu'' ** Jp: ''u'' ** Vi: ''hữu'' |- valign="top" |'''[[bhikkhu|bhikkhu/bhikshu]]''', lit. "beggar", A Buddhist monk | * Pāli: ''bhikkhu'' * Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|bhikṣu}}'' | * Tib: དགེ་སློང་ ''dge slong'' * Thai: ภิกขุ ''bhikku'' * 比丘 ** Cn: ''bǐ qiū'' ** Jp: ''biku'' ** Vi: ''tỉ-khâu'' or ''tỉ-khưu'' |- valign="top" |'''[[bhikkhuni|bhikkhuni/bhikshuni]]''' A Buddhist nun | * from [[bhikkhu]] * Pāli: ''bhikkhuni'' * Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|bhikṣuni}}'' | * Tib: དགེ་སློང་མ་ ''sde slong ma'' * Bur: {{my|ဘိက္ခုနီ}} ''bikuni'' * Thai: ภิกษุณี ''bhiksuni'' * 比丘尼 ** Cn: ''bǐqiūní" ** Jp: ''bikuni'' ** Vi: ''tỉ-khâu-ni'' or ''tỉ-khưu-ni'' |- valign="top" |'''[[bija]]''', lit. "seed", A metaphor for the origin or cause of things, used in the teachings of the [[Yogacara]] school | * Sanskrit: ''bīja'' | * 種子 ** Cn: ''zhŏngzi'' ** Jp: ''shuuji'' ** Vi: ''chủng tử'' |- valign="top" |'''[[bodhi]]''' Awakening or Enlightenment | * Pāli, Sanskrit: ''bodhi'' | * Thai: โพธิ์ ''poe'' * 菩提 ** Cn: ''pútí'' ** Jp: ''bodai'' ** Vi: ''bồ-đề'' |- valign="top" |'''[[Bodhi tree]]''' The [[Sacred Fig]] (''Ficus religiosa'') tree under which Gautama reached Enlightenment | * from [[bodhi]] above | * 菩提樹 ** Cn: ''Pútíshù'' ** Jp: ''Bodaiju'' ** Vi: ''Bồ-đề thụ'' |- valign="top" |'''[[bodhicitta]]''' The motivation of a [[bodhisattva]] | * Pāli, Sanskrit: ''bodhicitta'' | * Tib: བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་སེམས་ ''byang chub kyi sems'' * 菩提心 ** Cn: ''pútíxīn'' ** Jp: ''bodaishin'' ** Vi: ''bồ-đề tâm'' |- valign="top" |'''[[bodhisattva]]''' One with the intention to become a Buddha in order to liberate all other sentient beings from suffering | * Pāli: ''bodhisatta'' * Sanskrit: ''bodhisattva'' | * Bur: {{my|ဗောဓိသတ္}} ''bawditat'' * Thai: โพธิสัตว์ ''poe-ti-satt'' * 菩薩 ** Cn: ''púsà'' ** Jp: ''bosatsu'' ** Vi: ''bồ-tát'' |- valign="top" |'''[[Buddhahood|Buddha]]''' A Buddha; also, the Buddha Siddhārtha Gautama. | * from ''√budh'': to awaken * Pāli, Sanskrit: ''buddha'' | * Bur: {{my|ဗုဒ္ဓ}} ''boda'' * 佛, 仏 ** Cn: ''fó'' ** Jp: ''butsu'' or ''hotoke'' ** Vi: ''Phật'' or ''bụt'' |- valign="top" |'''[[buddha nature]]''' The uncreated and deathless Buddhic element or principle concealed within all sentient beings to achieve Awakening; the innate (latent) Buddha essence (esp. in the [[Tathagatagarbha]] sutras, [[Tendai]]/[[Tiantai]], [[Nichiren Buddhism|Nichiren]] thought) | * Sanskrit: ''buddha-dhatu'', ''buddha-svabhāva'', "tathagata-dhatu", or [[tathagatagarbha]]. | * 佛性, 仏性 ** Cn: ''fóxìng'' ** Jp: ''busshō'' ** Vi: ''phật tính'' |} {{compactTOC}} ==D== {| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" !bgcolor=#cccccc|Definition !bgcolor=#cccccc|Etymology !bgcolor=#cccccc|In other languages |- valign="top" style="width:450px" |'''[[dakini]]''' A supernatural female with volatile temperament who serves as a muse for spiritual practice. Dakinis are often depicted naked to represent the truth | style="width:150px" | * Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|ḍākinī}}'' | style="width:200px" | * Tib: མཁའ་འགྲོ་མ་ ''mkha` `gro ma'' * 空行女 ** Cn: ''khong xing mu'' ** Jp: ?? ** Vi: ''không hành nữ'' |- valign="top" |'''[[Dalai Lama]]''', lit. "the lama with wisdom like an ocean", secular and spiritual leader of [[Tibet]] as nominated by the Mongols | * Tibetan: ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ་ ''taa-la'i bla-ma'' | * 達賴喇嘛 ** Cn: ''Dálài Lǎma'' ** Jp: ''Darai Rama'' ** Vi: ''Đạt Lai Lạt Ma'' or ''Đạt-lại Lạt-ma'' |- valign="top" |'''[[dana (Buddhism)|dana]]''' Generosity or giving; in Buddhism, it also refers to the practice of cultivating generosity | * Pāli, Sanskrit: ''dāna'' | * Bur: {{my|ဒာန}} ''dana'' * Thai: ทาน ''taan'' * 布施 ** Cn: ''bùshī'' ** Jp: ''fuse'' ** Vi: ''bố thí'' |- valign="top" |'''[[dependent origination]]''', see [[Pratitya-Samutpada]] | * Pāli: ''{{IAST|paṭicca-samuppāda}}'' * Sanskrit: ''pratītya-samutpāda'' | * 因縁, also 緣起, 縁起 ** Cn: ''yīnyuan'', also ''yuánqǐ'' ** Jp: ''innen'', also ''engi'' ** Vi: ''duyên khởi'' |- valign="top" |'''[[dharma|dhamma/dharma]]''' Often refers to the doctrines and teachings of the faith, but it may have broader uses. Also, it is an important technical term meaning something like "[[phenomenology|phenomenological]] constituent." This leads to the potential for confusion, puns, and double entendres, as the latter meaning often has negative connotations | * from ''{{IAST|√dhṛ}}'': to hold * Pāli: ''dhamma'' * Sanskrit: ''dharma'' | * Bur: {{my|ဓမ္မာ}} ''dha ma'' * Thai: ธรรมะ ''tam-ma'' * 法 ** Cn: ''fă'' ** Jp: ''hō'' ** Vi: ''pháp'' |- valign="top" |'''dhammavinaya''' The [[dharma]] and [[vinaya]] (roughly "doctrine and discipline") considered together. This term essentially means the whole teachings of Buddhism as taught to monks | | |- valign="top" |'''[[dharmacakra|dhammacakka/dharmacakra]]''' A symbolic representation of the [[dharma]], also known as the Wheel of Dharma | * Sanskrit: ''dharmacakra'' * Pāli: ''dhammacakka'' | * 法輪 ** Cn: ''Fǎlún'' ** Jp: ''hōrin'' ** Vi: ''pháp luân'' |- valign="top" |'''[[dharmapala|dhammapala/dharmapala]]''' A fearsome deity, known as protector of the Dharma | * Sanskrit: ''dharmapāla'' * Pāli: ''dhammapāla'' | * 護法 ** Cn: ''hùfǎ'' ** Jp: ''gohou'' ** Vi: ''Hộ Pháp'' |- valign="top" |'''[[Dhyana]]''', see [[jhana]] | * Pāli: ''jhāna'' * Sanskrit: ''dhyāna'' | * 禪 or 禪那, 禅 or 禅那 ** Cn: ''Chán'' or ''Chánnà'' ** Jp: ''Zen'' or ''Zenna'' ** Vi: ''Thiền'' or ''Thiền-na'' |- valign="top" |'''doan''' In Zen, a term for person sounding the bell that marks the beginning and end of [[Zazen]] | * Japanese: ''堂行'' | |- valign="top" |'''dokusan''' A private interview between a Zen student and the master. It is an important element in the Zen training, as it provides an opportunity for the student to discuss problems in his or her practice and to demonstrate understanding | * Japanese: 独参 ''dokusan'' | * 獨參 ** Cn: ''dúcān'' ** Vi: ''độc tham'' |- valign="top" |'''[[dukkha]]''' Suffering, dissatisfaction, stress | * Pāli: ''dukkha'' * Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|duḥkha}}'' | * Bur: {{my|ဒုက္ခ}} ''doka'' * Thai: ทุกข์ ''took'' * 苦 ** Cn: ''kǔ'' ** Jp: ''ku'' ** Vi: ''khổ'' |- valign="top" |'''[[dzogchen]]''' The natural, intrinsic state of every sentient being | * Tibetan: རྫོགས་པ་ཆེན་པོ་ ''rdzogs pa chen po'' | * Sanskrit: ''atiyoga'' * 大究竟 ** Cn: ''dàjiūjìng'' ** Jp: ''daikukyou'' ** Vi: ''đại cứu cánh'' |} {{compactTOC}} ==F== {| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" !bgcolor=#cccccc|Definition !bgcolor=#cccccc|Etymology !bgcolor=#cccccc|In other languages |- valign=top style="width:450px" |'''Five Five-Hundred-Year Periods''' Five sub-divisions of the [[#T|three periods following the Buddha's passing]] (三時繫念 Cn: ''sānshí''; Jp: ''sanji''; Vi: ''tam thời''), significant for many Mahayana adherents: #Age of enlightenment (解脱堅固 Cn: ''jiětuō jiāngù''; Jp: ''gedatsu kengo'') #Age of meditation (禅定堅固 Cn: ''chándìng jiāngù''; Jp: ''zenjō kengo'')<br />These two ages comprise the Former Day of the Law (正法時期 Cn: ''zhèngfǎ''; Jp: ''shōbō'') #Age of reading, reciting, and listening (読誦多聞堅固 Cn: ''sòngduōwén jiāngù''; Jp: ''dokuju tamon kengo'') #Age of building temples and stupas (多造塔寺堅固 Cn: ''duōzào tǎsì jiāngù''; Jp: ''tazō tōji kengo'')<br />These two ages comprise the Middle Day of the Law (像法時期 Cn: ''xiàngfǎ''; Jp: ''zōhō'') #Age of conflict (闘諍堅固 Cn: ''zhēng jiāngù''; Jp: ''tōjō kengo''), an age characterized by unrest, strife, famine, and other natural and human-made disasters.<br />This age corresponds to the beginning of the Latter Day of the Law (末法時期 Cn: ''mòfǎ''; Jp: ''[[#M|mappō]]'') when the (historical) Buddha's teachings would lose all power of salvation and perish (白法隠没 Cn: ''báifǎméi''; Jp: ''byakuhō onmotsu'') and a new Buddha would appear to save the people. *The three periods and the five five-hundred year periods are described in the Sutra of the Great Assembly (大集 Cn: ''dàjí''; Jp: ''Daishutu-kyō'', ''Daijuku-kyō'', ''Daijikkyō'', or ''Daishukkyō''). | style="width:150px" | | style="width:200px" | *五箇五百歲, 五箇五百歳 ** Cn: 五箇五百歲 ''wǔ ge wǔbǎi suì'' ** Jp: 五箇の五百歳 ''go no gohyaku sai'' ** Vi: ?? |- valign=top |'''[[Four Noble Truths]]''' # Suffering: [[Dukkha]] (Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|duḥkhāryasatya}}''; Bur: {{my|ဒုက္ခ}} ''doka''; Thai: ทุกข์; 苦諦 Cn: ''kǔdì''; Jp: ''kutai''; Vi: ''khổ đế'') # Attachment (desire): Samudaya (Sanskrit: ''samudayāryasatya''; Thai: สมุทัย; 集諦 Cn: ''jídì''; Jp: ''jittai''; Vi: ''tập khổ đế'') # Elimination of attachment (desire): Nirodha (Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|duḥkhanirodhāryasatya}}''; Thai: นิโรธ; 滅諦 Cn: ''mièdì''; Jp: ''mettai''; Vi: ''diệt khổ đế'') # The path that leads out of suffering: Magga (Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|duḥkhanirodhagāminī pratipad}}''; Thai: มรรค; 道諦 Cn: ''dàodì''; Jp: ''dōtai''; Vi: ''đạo đế'') | | * Pāli: ''cattāri ariya-saccāni'' * Sanskrit: चत्वारि आर्यसत्यानि ''catvāry āryasatyāni'' * 四聖諦 ** Cn: ''Sìdì'' ** Jp: ''Shitai'' ** Vi: ''Tứ diệu đế'' |- valign=top |'''fukudo''' In Zen, term for person who strikes the [[#H|han]] | * Japanese: 副堂 | |} {{compactTOC}} ==G== {| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" !bgcolor=#cccccc|Definition !bgcolor=#cccccc|Etymology !bgcolor=#cccccc|In other languages |- valign=top style="width:450px" |'''gassho''' A position used for greeting, with the palms together and fingers pointing upwards in prayer position; used in various [[Buddhist]] traditions, but also used in numerous cultures throughout Asia. It expresses greeting, request, thankfulness, reverence and prayer. Also considered a ''mudra'' or ''inkei'' of Japanese Shingon. See also: [[Namaste]] | style="width:150px" | * Japanese: [[:ja:合掌|合掌]] ''gasshō'' | style="width:200px" | * Sanskrit: ''anjali'' * 合掌 ** Cn: ''hézhǎng'' (more common to say 合十 ''héshí'') ** Vi: ''hiệp chưởng'' |- valign=top |'''[[geshe]]''' A Tibetan Buddhist academic degree in the [[Gelug]] tradition, awarded at the conclusion of lengthy studies often lasting nine years or more | * Tibetan: དགེ་ཤེས་ | style="width:200px" | * 格西 |- valign=top |'''gongan''', lit. "public case", A meditative method developed in the [[Chán]]/[[Seon]]/[[Zen]] traditions, generally consisting of a problem that defies solution by means of rational thought; see [[koan]] | * Chinese 公案 ''gōng-àn'' | * 公案 ** Jp: ''kōan'' ** Ko: ''gong'an'' ** Vi: ''công án'' |- valign=top |'''[[Guan Yin]]''' The [[bodhisattva]] of compassion in East Asian Buddhism, with full name being Guan Shi Yin. Guan Yin is considered to be the female form of [[Avalokiteshvara]] but has been given many more distinctive characteristics. | * Chinese 觀音 ''Guān Yīn'' or 觀世音 ''Guān Shì Yīn'' | * 觀音 or 觀世音 ** Jp: ''Kannon'' or ''Kanzeon'' ** Ko: ''Gwaneum'' or ''Gwanse-eum'' ** Vi: ''Quan Âm'' or ''Quan Thế Âm'' |} {{compactTOC}} ==H== {| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" !bgcolor=#cccccc|Definition !bgcolor=#cccccc|Etymology !bgcolor=#cccccc|In other languages |- valign=top style="width:450px" |'''han''' In Zen monasteries, wooden board that is struck announcing sunrise, sunset and the end of the day | style="width:150px" | * Japanese: 板 | style="width:200px" | |- valign=top |'''[[Hinayana]]''', lit. "inferior vehicle", A coinage by the [[Mahayana]] for the Buddhist doctrines concerned with the achievement of [[Nirvana]] as a [[Shravakabuddha|Śrāvakabuddha]] or a [[Pratyekabuddha]], as opposed to a [[Buddhahood|Samyaksambuddha]] | * Sanskrit: ''hīnayāna'' | * 小乘 or 小乗, 二乘 ** Cn: ''Xiǎoshèng'' ** Jp: ''Shōjō'' ** Vi: ''Tiểu thừa'' |} {{compactTOC}} ==I== {| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" !bgcolor=#cccccc|Definition !bgcolor=#cccccc|Etymology !bgcolor=#cccccc|In other languages |- valign=top style="width:450px" |'''ino''', lit. "bringer of joy to the assembly", In Zen, one of the leaders of a sesshin; in Zen temples, the temple official in charge of maintaining the [[zendo]], or meditation hall | style="width:150px" | * Japanese: 維那 | style="width:200px" | |} {{compactTOC}} ==J== {| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" !bgcolor=#cccccc|Definition !bgcolor=#cccccc|Etymology !bgcolor=#cccccc|In other languages |- valign=top style="width:450px" |'''[[jhana]]''' Meditative contemplation; more often associated with ''śamatha'' practices than ''vipaśyana''. See also: [[shamata]], [[samadhi]], [[samapatti]] | style="width:150px" | * from ''√dhyā'': to think of, to contemplate, meditate on * Pāli: ''jhāna'' * Sanskrit: ''dhyāna'' | style="width:200px" | * Thai: ฌาน ''chaan'' * 禪 or 禪那, 禅 or 禅那 ** Cn: ''Chán'' or ''Chánnà'' ** Jp: ''Zen'' or ''Zenna'' ** Vi: ''Thiền'' or ''Thiền-na'' |- valign=top |'''[[jisha]]''' In Zen, a senior priest's attendant | * Japanese: 侍者 ''jisya'' | |- valign=top |'''[[jukai]]''' Zen public ordination ceremony wherein a lay student receives certain Buddhist precepts. | * Chinese: 受戒, shou jie | |} {{compactTOC}} ==K== {| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" !bgcolor=#cccccc|Definition !bgcolor=#cccccc|Etymology !bgcolor=#cccccc|In other languages |- valign=top style="width:450px" |'''[[Karma in Buddhism|karma]]''', lit. "action", The law of cause and effect in Buddhism | style="width:150px" | * from ''√kri'': to do * Sanskrit: ''karma'' * Pāli: ''kamma'' | style="width:200px" | * Thai: กรรม ''gum'' * 業¹, 因果² ** Cn: ¹''yè'', comm.: ²''yīnguǒ'' ** Jp: ''gō'', ''inga'' ** Vi: ''nghiệp'' |- valign=top |'''[[kensho]]''' In Zen, enlightenment; has the same meaning as ''satōri'', but is customary used for an initial awakening experience | * Japanese: 見性 ''kenshō'' | * 見性 ** Cn: ''jiànxìng'' ** Vi: ''kiến tính'' |- valign=top |'''[[khyenpo]]''', also ''khenpo'', An academic degree similar to a doctorate in theology, philosophy, and psychology | * Tibetan | |- valign=top |'''[[khanti]]''' patience | * Thai: ขันติ ''kanti'' * Japanese: '' '' | * Thai: ขันติ ''kanti'' * 耐心 ** Cn: '' '' ** Vi: |- valign=top |'''[[kinhin]]''' Zen walking meditation | * Japanese: 経行 ''kinhin'' or ''kyōgyō'' | * 經行 ** Cn: ''jīngxíng'' ** Vi: ?? |- valign=top |'''[[koan]]''' A story, question, problem or statement generally inaccessible to rational understanding, yet may be accessible to Intuition | * Japanese: 公案 ''kōan'' | * 公案 ** Cn: ''gōng-àn'' ** Ko: ''gong'an'' ** Vi: ''công án'' |- valign=top |'''[[ksanti]]''' The practice of exercising patience toward behaviour or situations that might not necessarily deserve it -- it is seen as a conscious choice to actively give patience as a gift, rather than being in a state of oppression in which one feels obligated to act in such a way. | * Sanskrit | |- valign=top |'''[[kyosaku]]''' In Zen, a flattened stick used to strike the shoulders during [[zazen]], to help overcome fatigue or reach [[satori]] | * Japanese: 警策 ''kyōsaku'', called ''keisaku'' in Rinzai | * 警策 ** Cn: ''jǐngcè'' ** Vi: ?? |} {{compactTOC}} ==L== {| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" !bgcolor=#cccccc|Definition !bgcolor=#cccccc|Etymology !bgcolor=#cccccc|In other languages |- valign=top style="width:450px" |'''[[lama]]''' A Tibetan teacher or master; equivalent to Sanskrit "[[guru]]" | style="width:150px" | * Tibetan: བླ་མ་ ''lama'' | style="width:200px" | * Sanskrit: ''guru'' * 喇嘛 ** Cn: ''lǎma'' ** Jp: ''rama'' ** Vi: ''lạt-ma'' |- valign=top |'''[[lineage (Buddhism)|lineage]]''' The official record of the historical descent of dharma teachings from one teacher to another; by extension, may refer to a tradition | | style="width:200px" | * 傳承 |} {{compactTOC}} ==M== {| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" !bgcolor=#cccccc|Definition !bgcolor=#cccccc|Etymology !bgcolor=#cccccc|In other languages |- valign=top style="width:450px" |'''[[Madhyamaka]]''' Buddhist philosophical school, founded by [[Nagarjuna]]. Members of this school are called Madhyamikas | style="width:150px" | * Sanskrit: ''mādhyamika'' | style="width:200px" | * Tib: དབུ་མ་པ་ ''dbu ma pa'' * 中觀宗 ** Cn: ''Zhōngguānzōng'' ** Jp: ?? ** Vi: ''Trung quán tông'' |- valign=top |'''[[mahamudra]]''' A method of direct introduction the understanding of [[sunyata]], of [[samsara]] and that the two are inseparable | * Sanskrit: ''mahāmudrā'' | *Tib: ཕྱག་རྒྱ་ཆེན་པོ་ ''chag-je chen-po'' * 大手印 ** Cn: ''dàshŏuyìn'' ** Jp: ''daisyuin'' ** Vi: ''đại thủ ấn'' |- valign=top |'''[[mahasiddha]]''' litt. great spiritual accomplishment. A yogi in [[Tantric Buddhism]], often associated with the highest levels of enlightenment | * Sanskrit: ''mahāsiddha'' | * Thai: มหายาน * 大成就 ** Cn: ''dàchéngjiù'' ** Jp: ''daijōjyu'' ** Vi: ''đại thành tựu'' |- valign=top |'''[[Mahayana]]''', lit. "great vehicle", A major branch of Buddhism practiced in China, Tibet, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and Taiwan. Main goal is to achieve buddhahood or [[samyaksambuddha]] | * Sanskrit: ''mahāyāna'' | * 大乘 or 大乗 ** Cn: ''Dàshèng'' ** Jp: ''Daijō'' ** Vi: ''Đại thừa'' |- valign=top |'''[[Maitreya]]''' The Buddha of the future epoch | * Pāli: ''Metteyya'' * Sanskrit: ''Maitreya'' | * 彌勒 or 彌勒佛, 弥勒 or 弥勒仏 ** Cn: ''Mílè'' or ''Mílè Fó'' ** Jp: ''Miroku'' or ''Miroku-butsu'' ** Vi: ''Di-lặc'' or ''Phật Di-lặc'' |- valign=top |'''[[makyo]]''' In Zen, unpleasant or distracting thoughts or illusions that occur during [[zazen]] | * Japanese: 魔境 ''makyō'' | |- valign=top |'''[[mantra]]''' Chant used primarily to aid concentration, to reach enlightenment. The best-known Buddhist mantra is possibly ''[[Om mani padme hum]]'' | * Sanskrit: ''mantra'' | * Thai: มนตร์ ''moan'' * 咒 ** Cn: ''zou'' ** Jp: ''shingon'' ** Vi: ''chân âm'' |- valign=top |'''Mappo''' The "degenerate" Latter Day of the Law. A time period supposed to begin 2,000 years after Sakyamuni Buddha's passing and last for "10,000 years"; follows the two 1,000-year periods of Former Day of the Law (正法 Cn: ''zhèngfǎ''; Jp: ''shōbō'') and of Middle Day of the Law (像法 Cn: ''xiàngfǎ''; Jp: ''zōhō''). During this degenerate age, chaos will prevail and the people will be unable to attain enlightenment through the word of Sakyamuni Buddha. See the [[#T|Three periods]] | * Japanese: 末法 ''mappō'' | * 末法 ** Cn: ''mòfǎ'' ** Vi: ?? |- valign=top |'''[[metta]]''' loving kindness | | * Pāli: '' '' * Sanskrit: '' '' * Thai: เมตตา ''metta'' * 慈 ** Ch: ''tse'' ** Jp: ''ji'' ** Vi: '' '' |- valign=top |'''[[Middle way]]''' The practice of avoidance of extreme views and lifestyle choices | | * Pāli: ''{{IAST|majjhimāpaṭipadā}}'' * Sanskrit: ''madhyamāpratipad'' * 中道 ** Ch: ''zhōngdào'' ** Jp: ''chūdō'' ** Vi: ''trung đạo'' |- valign=top |'''[[mindfulness]]''' The practice whereby a person is intentionally aware of his or her thoughts and actions in the present moment, non-judgmentally. The 7th step of the [[Noble Eightfold Path]] | | * Pāli: ''sammā-sati'' * Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|samyag-smṛti}}'' * Thai: สัมมาสติ ''samma-sati'' * 正念 ** Cn: ''zhèngniàn'' ** Jp: ''syōnen'' ** Vi: ''chính niệm'' |- valign=top |'''[[moksha]]''' Liberation | * Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|mokṣa}}'' | * Pāli: ''vimutti'' * 解脱 ** Cn: ''jiětuō'' ** Jp: ''gedatsu'' ** Vi: ''giải thoát'' |- valign=top |'''[[mokugyo]]''' A wooden drum carved from one piece, usually in the form of a fish | * Japanese: 木魚 ''mokugyo'' | * 木魚 ** Cn: ''mùyú'' ** Vi: ''mõ'' |- valign=top |'''[[mondo (scripture)|mondo]]''' In Zen, a short dialogue between teacher and student | * Japanese: 問答 ''mondō'' | * 問答 ** Cn: ''wèndǎ'' ** Vi: ?? |- valign=top |'''[[mudra]]''' lit. "seal", A gesture made with hands and fingers in meditation | * Sanskrit: ''mudrā'' | * Tib: ཕྱག་རྒྱ་ ''phyag rgya'' * 手印 ** Cn: ''sohyìn'' (commonly only ''yìn'') ** Jp: ''syuin'' ** Vi: ''ấn'' |} {{compactTOC}} ==N== {| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" !bgcolor=#cccccc|Definition !bgcolor=#cccccc|Etymology !bgcolor=#cccccc|In other languages |- valign=top style="width:450px" |'''namo''' An exclamation showing reverence; devotion. Often placed in front of the name of an object of veneration, e.g., a Buddha's name or a sutra ([[Nam Myoho Renge Kyo|Nam(u) Myōhō Renge Kyō]]), to express devotion to it. Defined in Sino-Japanese as 帰命 ''kimyō'': to base one's life upon, to devote (or submit) one's life to <u>Derivatives</u>: * Namo Amitabha | style="width:150px" | * Pāli: ''namo'' * Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|namaḥ}}'' or ''namas'' <u>Derivatives</u>: * Sanskrit: ''namas amitābha'' | style="width:200px" | * 南無 ** Cn: ''nánmó'' ** Jp: ''namu'' or ''nam'' ** Vi: ''nam-mô'' <u>Derivatives</u>:<br> * 南無阿弥陀佛 ** Cn: ''Nánmó Ēmítuó fó'' ** Jp: ''Namu Amida butsu'' ** Vi: ''Nam-mô A-di-đà Phật'' * 南無觀世音菩薩 ** Cn: '' Nánmó Guán Syr Yín Pū Sá ** Jp: '' Namu Kanzeon Butsu ** Vi: '' Nam-mô Quan Thế Âm Bồ Tát |- valign=top |'''[[nekkhamma]]''' renunciation | * Pāli: '' '' | * Sanskrit: '' '' * Thai: เนกขัมมะ ''nekkamma'' * 出世 ** Cn: '' '' ** Jp: ''syusse '' ** Vi: '' '' |- valign=top |'''[[Nirvana|Nibbana/Nirvana]]''' Extinction or extinguishing; ultimate enlightenment in the Buddhist tradition | * from ''{{IAST|niḥ-√vā}}'': to extinguish * Pāli: ''nibbāna'' * Sanskrit: ''nirvana'' | * Bur: {{my|နိဗ္ဗာန္‌}} ''neiban''/Burmese Pali: {{my|နီဗ္ဗာန}} ''nibbana'' * Thai: นิพพาน ''nípphaan'' * 涅槃 ** Cn: ''Nièpán'' ** Jp: ''Nehan'' ** Vi: ''Niết-bàn'' |- valign=top |'''[[Nikaya]]''', lit. "volume", The Buddhist texts in Pāli | * Pāli: ''nikāya'' | * Sanskrit: ''Āgama'' * 部經 ** Cn: ''Bùjīng'' ** Jp: ?? ** Vi: ''Bộ kinh'' |- valign=top |'''[[Noble Eightfold Path]]''' # Right View (Pāli: ''{{IAST|sammā-diṭṭhi}}''; Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|samyag-dṛṣṭi}}''; 正見 Cn: ''zhèngjiàn''; Vi: ''chính kiến'') # Right Thought (Pāli: ''{{IAST|sammā-saṅkappa}}''; Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|samyak-saṃkalpa}}''; 正思唯 Cn: ''zhèngsīwéi''; Vi: ''chính tư duy'')<br />These 2 constitute the path of Wisdom (Pāli: ''paññā''; Sanskrit: ''prajñā'') #Right Speech (Pāli: ''sammā-vācā''; Sanskrit: ''samyag-vāk''; 正語 Cn: ''zhèngyǔ''; Vi: ''chính ngữ'') #Right Action (Pāli: ''sammā-kammanta''; Sanskrit: ''samyak-karmānta''; 正業 Cn: ''zhèngyè''; Vi: ''chính nghiệp'') #Right Living (Pāli: ''sammā-ājīva''; Sanskrit: ''samyag-ājīva''; 正命 Cn: ''zhèngmìng''; Vi: ''chính mệnh'')<br />These 3 constitute the path of Virtue (Pāli: ''sīla''; Sanskrit: ''śīla'') #Right Effort (Pāli: ''sammā-vāyāma''; Sanskrit: ''samyag-vyāyāma''; 正精進 Cn: ''zhèngjīngjìn''; Vi: ''chính tinh tiến'') #Right Mindfulness (Pāli: ''sammā-sati''; Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|samyag-smṛti}}''; 正念 Cn: ''zhèngniàn''; Vi: ''chính niệm'') #Right Concentration (Pāli: ''sammā-samādhi''; Sanskrit: ''samyak-samādhi''; 正定 Cn: ''zhèngdìng''; Vi: ''chính định'')<br />The last 3 constitute the path of Concentration (Pāli, Sanskrit: ''samādhi'') | | * Pāli: ''{{IAST|aṭṭhāṅgika-magga}}'' * Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|aṣṭāṅgika-mārga}}'' * Thai: อริยมรรค ''ariya-mak'' * 八正道 ** Cn: ''Bāzhèngdào'' ** Jp: ''Hasshōdō'' ** Vi: ''Bát chính đạo'' |} {{compactTOC}} ==O== {| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" !bgcolor=#cccccc|Definition !bgcolor=#cccccc|Etymology !bgcolor=#cccccc|In other languages |- valign=top style="width:450px" |'''[[oryoki]]''' A set of bowls used in a Zen eating ceremony | style="width:150px" | * Japanese: 応量器 ''ōryōki'' | style="width:200px" | |- valign=top |'''osho''' A term used to address a monk of the [[zen|Zen Buddhist]] tradition. Originally reserved for high ranking monks, it has since been appropriated for everyday use when addressing any male member of the Zen clergy | * Japanese: 和尚 ''oshō'' | |} {{compactTOC}} ==P== {| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" !bgcolor=#cccccc|Definition !bgcolor=#cccccc|Etymology !bgcolor=#cccccc|In other languages |- valign=top style="width:450px" |'''[[Skandha|panca skandha]]''' The five constituent elements into which an individual is analyzed. They are: #"form": Pāli, Sanskrit: ''rūpa''; 色 Cn: ''sè''; Jp: ''shiki'' #"sensation": Pāli, Sanskrit: ''vedanā''; 受 Cn: ''shòu''; Jp: ''ju'' #"cognition": Pāli: ''saññā''; Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|saṃjñā}}''; 想 Cn: ''xiàng''; Jp: ''sō'' #"mental formations": Pāli: ''{{IAST|saṅkhāra}}''; Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|saṃskāra}}''; 行 Cn: ''xíng''; Jp: ''gyō'' #"[[higher consciousness|consciousness]]": Pāli: ''{{IAST|viññāṇa}}''; Sanskrit: ''vijñāna''; 識 Cn: ''shí''; Jp: ''shiki'' | style="width:150px" | * Sanskrit: ''pañca skandha'' * Pāli: ''pañca khandha'' | style="width:200px" | * 五蘊, 五陰, 五薀 ** Cn: ''wǔyùn'' ** Jp: ''go-on'', sometimes ''go-un'' ** Vi: ''ngũ uẩn'' |- valign=top |'''[[Panchen Lama]]''' The second highest ranking lama in the [[Gelugpa]] sect of Tibetan Buddhism. after the Dalai Lama | * Tibetan: པན་ཆེན་བླ་མ་ ''panchen blama'' | * Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|paṇḍitaguru}}'' * 班禪喇嘛 ** Cn: ''Bānchán Lǎma'' ** Jp: ?? ** Vi: ''Ban-thiền Lạt-ma'' |- valign=top |'''[[panna]]''', see [[prajna]] | * Tibetan: '' '' | * Sanskrit: '' '' * 智慧 or 知恵 or 般若 ** Cn: '' '' ** Jp: ''chie'',''hannya'' ** Vi: '' '' |- valign=top |'''[[paramartha]]''' Absolute, as opposed to merely conventional, truth or reality; see also [[#S|samvrti]] | * Sanskrit: ''paramārtha'' | * Thai: ปรมัตถ์ ''paramutt'' |- valign=top |'''[[paramita]]''', lit. "reaching the other shore," usually rendered in English as "perfection." The [[Mahayana]] practices for obtaining [[nirvana|enlightenment]]; giving, ethics, patience, effort, concentration and wisdom | * Pāli: ''parami'' * Sanskrit: ''pāramitā'' | * Thai: บารมี ''baramee'' * 波羅蜜 or 波羅蜜多 ** Cn: ''bōluómì'' or ''bōluómìduō'' ** Jp: ''haramitsu'' or ''haramita'' ** Vi: ''ba-la-mật'' or ''ba-la-mật-đa'' |- valign=top |'''[[parinibbana|parinibbana/parinirvana]]''' The final [[nirvana|nibbana/nirvana]] | * from [[nirvana|nibbana/nirvana]] above * Pāli: ''parinibbāna'' * Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|parinirvāṇa}}'' | * Thai: ปรินิพพาน ''pari-nippaan'' * 般涅槃 ** Cn: ''bōnièpán'' ** Jp: ''hatsunehan'' ** Vi: ''bát-niết-bàn'' |- valign=top |'''[[Perfection of Wisdom]]''' | * from [[paramita]] ("perfection") above and [[prajna|prajna/panna]] ("wisdom") below | * Sanskrit: ''prajñāpāramitā'' * Pāli: ''paññāparami'' * 般若波羅蜜 or 般若波羅蜜多 ** Cn: ''bōrě-bōluómì'' or ''bōrě-bōluómìduō'' ** Jp: ''hannya-haramitsu'' or ''hannya-haramita'' ** Vi: ''bát-nhã-ba-la-mật'' or ''bát-nhã-ba-la-mật-đa'' |- valign=top |'''Pointing-out instruction''' The direct introduction to the nature of mind in the lineages of Essence [[Mahamudra]] and [[Dzogchen]]. A root guru is the master who gives the 'pointing-out instruction' so that the disciple recognizes the nature of mind | * Tibetan: ངོ་སྤྲོད་ ''ngo sprod'' | |- valign=top |'''[[prajna|prajna/panna]]''' "wisdom", "insight" | * Pāli: ''paññā'' * Sanskrit: ''prajñā'' | *Bur: {{my|ပညာ}} ''pin nya'' * Thai: ปัญญา ''pun-ya'' * 般若 ** Cn: ''bōrě'' or ''bānruò'' ** Jp: ''hannya'' ** Vi: ''bát-nhã'' |- valign=top |'''[[pratitya-samutpada]]''' "Dependent origination," the view that no phenomenon exists (or comes about) without depending on other phenomena or conditions around it. In English also called "conditioned genesis," "dependent co-arising," "interdependent arising," etc. A famous application of ''dependent origination'' is the [[Twelve Nidanas|Twelve Nidana]], or 12 inter-dependences (Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|dvādaśāṅgapratītyasamutpāda}}''; 十二因緣, 十二因縁 Cn: ''shíàr yīnyuán''; Jp: ''jūni innen''; Vi: ''thập nhị nhân duyên''), which are: # [[Ignorance]] (Pāli: ''avijjā''; Sanskrit: ''avidyā''; 無明 Cn: ''wúmíng''; Jp: ''mumyō''; Vi: ''vô minh'') # Ignorance creates [[Mental Formation]] (Pāli: ''{{IAST|saṅkhāra}}''; Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|saṃskāra}}''; 行 Cn: ''xíng''; Jp: ''gyō''; Vi: ''hành'') # Mental Formation creates Consciousness (Pāli: ''{{IAST|viññāṇa}}''; Sanskrit: ''vijñāna''; 識 Cn: ''shí''; Jp: ''shiki''; Vi: ''thức'') # Consciousness creates [[Name & Form]] (Pāli, Sanskrit: ''nāmarūpa''; 名色 Cn: ''míngsè''; Jp: ''myōshiki''; Vi: ''danh sắc'') # Name & Form create [[Sense Gates]] (Pāli: ''{{IAST|saḷāyatana}}''; Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|ṣaḍāyatana}}''; 六入 or 六処 Cn: ''liùrù''; Jp: ''rokunyū'' or ''rokusho''; Vi: ''lục căn'') # Sense Gates create [[Contact]] (Pāli: ''phassa''; Sanskrit: ''sparśa''; 觸, 触 Cn: ''chù''; Jp: ''soku''; Vi: ''xúc'') # Contact creates [[Feeling]] (Pāli, Sanskrit: ''vedanā''; 受 Cn: ''shòu''; Jp: ''ju''; Vi: ''thụ'') # Feeling creates [[Craving]] (Pāli: ''{{IAST|taṇhā}}''; Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|tṛṣṇā}}''; 愛 Cn: ''ài''; Jp: ''ai''; Vi: ''ái'') # Craving creates [[Clinging]] (Pāli, Sanskrit: ''upādāna''; 取 Cn: ''qǔ''; Jp: ''shu''; Vi: ''thủ'') # Clinging creates [[Becoming]] (Pāli, Sanskrit: ''bhava''; 有 Cn: ''yǒu''; Jp: ''u''; Vi: ''hữu'') # Becoming creates [[Childbirth|Birth]] (Pāli, Sanskrit: ''jāti''; 生 Cn: ''shēng''; Jp: ''shō''; Vi: ''sinh'') # Birth leads to [[Aging & Death]] (Pāli, Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|jarāmaraṇa}}''; 老死 Cn: ''láosǐ''; Jp: ''rōshi''; Vi: ''lão tử'') | * Pāli: ''{{IAST|paṭicca-samuppāda}}'' * Sanskrit: ''pratitya-samutpāda'' | * Tib: རྟེན་ཅིང་འབྲེལ་བར་འབྱུང་བ་ ''rten cing `brel bar `byung ba'' * 緣起 (thought to be an abbreviation for 因'''緣'''生'''起'''), 縁起 ** Cn: ''yuánqǐ'' ** Jp: ''engi'' ** Vi: ''duyên khởi'' * Also called 因緣, 因縁 **Cn: ''yīnyuán'' **Jp: ''innen'' **Vi: ''nhân duyên'' |- valign=top |'''[[Pratyekabuddha|Pratyekabuddha/Paccekabuddha]]''', lit. "a buddha by his own", A buddha who reaches enlightenment on his own | * Pāli: ''paccekabuddha'' * Sanskrit: ''pratyekabuddha'' | * 辟支佛 ** Cn: ''Bìzhī Fó'' ** Jp: ''Hyakushibutsu'' ** Vi: ''Bích-chi Phật'' |- valign=top |'''[[Pure Land Buddhism]]''' A large branch of [[Mahayana]], dominantly in [[East Asia]]. The goal of Pure Land is to be reborn in the Western [[sukhavati]] of [[Amitabha]] | | * 净土宗 ** Cn: ''Jìngtǔ-zōng'' ** Jp: ''Jōdo-shū'' ** Ko: ''Jeongtojong'' ** Vi: ''Tịnh độ tông'' |- valign=top |'''[[purisa]]''' The practicing Buddhist community as a whole; [[sangha]] and laity | | |} {{compactTOC}} ==R== {| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" !bgcolor=#cccccc|Definition !bgcolor=#cccccc|Etymology !bgcolor=#cccccc|In other languages |- valign=top style="width:450px" |'''[[rebirth (Buddhism)|rebirth]]''' The process of continuity of life after death | style="width:150px" | | style="width:200px" | * Pāli: ''punabbhava'' * Sanskrit: ''punarbhava'' |- valign=top |'''[[Refuge (Buddhism)|refuge]]''' Usually in the form of "take refuge in the [[Three Jewels]]" | | * Pāli: ''{{IAST|saraṇa}}'' * Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|śaraṇa}}'' * Tib: ''skyabs'' * Thai: สรณะ ''sorana'' * 歸依 ** Cn: ''guīyī'' ** Jp: ''kie'' ** Vi: ''quy y'' |- valign=top |'''[[rinpoche]]''', lit. "precious one", An honorific title for a respected Tibetan lama, such as a ''[[tulku]]'' | * Tibetan: རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ | * 仁波切 ** Cn: ''rénbōqiē'' ** Jp: ?? ** Vi: ?? |- valign=top |'''[[Rinzai]]''' Zen sect emphasizing sudden enlightenment and koan study; named for master [[Linji]] | * Japanese: 臨済宗 ''Rinzai-shū'' | * 臨濟宗 ** Cn: ''Línjì-zōng'' ** Vi: ''Lâm Tế tông'' |- valign=top |'''[[Rohatsu]]''' A day traditionally honored as the day of the Buddha's enlightenment. While deep in meditation under a bodhi tree, he attained enlightenment upon seeing the morning star just at dawn; celebrated on the 8th day either of December or of the 12th month of the lunar calendar | * Japanese: 臘八 ''Rōhatsu'' or ''Rohachi'' | |- valign=top |'''[[roshi]]''', lit. "Master", An honorific given to Zen teachers that mastered koan. | * Japanese 老師 ''rōshi'' | * 老師 ** Cn: ''lǎo shī'' (lit., old master) ** Vi: ''lão sư'' |} {{compactTOC}} ==S== {| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" !bgcolor=#cccccc|Definition !bgcolor=#cccccc|Etymology !bgcolor=#cccccc|In other languages |- valign=top style="width:450px" |'''[[sacca]]''' truthfulness | style="width:150px" | * Sanskrit: '' '' | style="width:200px" | * Thai: สัจจะ ''sadja'' * 真 ** Cn: '' '' ** Jp: ''shin '' ** Vi: |- valign=top style="width:450px" |'''[[samanera]]/[[shramanera]]''' A male novice monk, who, after a year or until the ripe age of 20, will be considered for the higher [[Bhikkhu]] ordination | style="width:150px" | * Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|śrāmaṇera}}'' | style="width:200px" | * Thai: สามเณร ''sama-naen'' * 沙彌 ** Cn: ''shāmí'' ** Jp: ''shami'' ** Vi: ?? |- valign=top |'''[[samatha]]''' Mental stabilization; tranquility meditation. Distinguished from [[vipassana]] meditation | * Pāli: ''samatha'' * Sanskrit: ''śamatha'' | * Thai: สมถะ ''samatha'' * 舍摩他 ** Cn: ''shěmótā'' ** Jp: ?? ** Vi: ?? |- valign=top |'''[[Samsara (Buddhism)|samsara]]''' The cycle of birth and rebirth; the world as commonly experienced | * Pāli, Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|saṃsāra}}'' | * Thai: สังสารวัฏ ''sung-sara-wat'' * 輪迴, 輪廻 ** Cn: ''lúnhúi'' ** Jp: ''rinne'' ** Vi: ''luân hồi'' |- valign=top |'''samu''' Work, conceived as a part of [[Zen]] training.[http://www.mbzc.org/glossary#samu] | * Japanese: 作務 ''samu'' | * 作務 ** Cn: ''zuòwù'' ** Vi: ?? |- valign=top |'''[[samvrti]]''' Conventional, as opposed to absolute, truth or reality; see also [[#P|paramartha]] | * Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|saṃvrti}}'' | * Thai: สมมุติ ''sommoot'' |- valign=top |'''[[sangha]]''' The community of Buddhist monks and nuns. Teachers and practitioners. | * Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|saṅgha}}'' | * Bur: {{my|သံဃာ}} ''than ga'' * Thai: สงฆ์ ''song'' * 僧團 ** Cn: ''sēng tuan'' ** Jp: ''sō'', ''sōryō'' ** Vi: ''tăng già'' |- valign=top |'''[[Sanlun]]''' Buddhist philosophical school based on the [[Madhyamaka]] school | * Chinese: 三論 ''sānlùn'' | * 三論宗 ** Cn: ''Sānlùnzōng'' ** Jp: ''Sanron-shū'' ** Vi: ''Tam luận tông'' |- valign=top |'''[[sanzen]]''' A formal interview with a teacher in many traditions of [[Zen]]. Similar to [[#D|dokusan]] | * Japanese | |- valign=top |'''[[satori]]''' Awakening; understanding. A Japanese term for enlightenment | * Japanese: 悟り ''satori'' | * 悟 ** Cn: ''wú'' ** Vi: ''ngộ'' |- valign=top |'''[[sayadaw]]''' Burmese meditation master | | |- valign=top |'''[[seichu]]''' In the [[Zen]] [[Buddhist]] calendar, a period of intensive, formal monastic training. It is typically characterized by week-long [[sesshin|Daisesshins]] and periodic [[#S|sanzen]] | * Japanese: 制中 ''seichu'' | |- valign=top |'''[[sensei]]''' Teacher; Zen teacher | * Japanese: 先生 ''sensei'' | |- valign=top |'''[[sesshin]]''' A Zen retreat where practitioners meditate, eat and work together for several days | * Japanese: 接心, 摂心 | * 接心 ** Cn: ''jiēxīn'' ** Vi: ''tiếp tâm'' |- valign=top |'''[[shikantaza]]''' Soto Zen. "Only concentrated on doing sitting" is the main meditation-method of Soto school of Japanese Zen Buddhism | * Japanese: 只管打座 | |- valign=top |'''[[shunyata]]''' Emptiness; see also [[Nagarjuna]] | * Pāli: ''suññatā'' * Sanskrit: ''śūnyatā'' | * 空 ** Cn: ''kōng'' ** Jp: ''kū'' ** Vi: ''tính Không'' |- valign=top |'''[[sila]]''' "morals", "morality", "ethics": precepts | * Pāli: ''sīla'' * Sanskrit: ''śīla'' | * Bur: {{my|သီလ}} ''thi la'' * Thai: ศีล ''seen'' * 尸羅,戒 ** Cn: ''jiè'' ** Jp: ''kai'' ** Vi: ''giới'' |- valign=top |'''[[Soto]]''' Sect of Zen emphasizing [[shikantaza]] as the primary mode of practice; see also [[Dogen]] | * Japanese: 曹洞宗 ''Sōtō-shū'' | * 曹洞宗 ** Cn: ''Cáodòng-zōng'' ** Vi: ''Tào Ðộng tông'' |- valign=top |'''[[store consciousness]]''' The base consciousness ([[alayavijnana]]) taught in [[Yogacara]] Buddhism | * Pāli, Sanskrit: ''ālayavijñāna'' | * 阿頼耶識 ** Cn: ''āyēshí'' ** Jp: ''arayashiki'' ** Vi: ''a-lại-da thức'' |- valign=top |'''[[sutra]]''' Scripture; originally referred to short aphoristic sayings and collections thereof | * from √siv: to sew * Sanskrit: ''sutra'' * Pāli: ''sutta'' | * Thai: สูตร ''soothe'' * 經, 経 ** Cn: ''jīng'' ** Jp: ''kyō'' ** Vi: ''kinh'' |- valign=top |'''[[Sutra Pitaka]]''' The second basket of the [[Tripitaka]] canon, the collection of all Buddha's teachings | * Pāli: ''{{IAST|Sutta-piṭaka}}'' * Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|Sūtra-piṭaka}}'' | * 經藏, 経蔵 ** Cn: ''jīngcáng'' ** Jp: ''kyōzō'' ** Vi: ''Kinh tạng'' |} {{compactTOC}} ==T== {| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" !bgcolor=#cccccc|Definition !bgcolor=#cccccc|Etymology !bgcolor=#cccccc|In other languages |- valign=top |'''tangaryō''' A period of waiting for admission into a [[Zen]] [[monastery]] at the gate, lasting anywhere from one day to several weeks—depending on the quality of one's sitting. Refers to the room traveling monks stay in when visiting, or await admittance into the sōdō. | * Japanese: 旦過寮  | style="width:200px" | * |- valign=top style="width:450px" |'''[[tanha]]''' Craving or desire | style="width:150px" | * Pāli: ''{{IAST|taṇhā}}'' * Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|tṛṣṇā}}'' | style="width:200px" | * Thai: ตัณหา ''tunha'' * 愛 ** Cn: ''ài'' ** Jp: ''ai'' ** Vi: ''ái'' |- valign=top |'''tanto''' In Zen, one of the main leaders of a sesshin. In a Zen temple, the Tanto is the officer in charge of practice standards, i.e. teaching monks and lay practitioners how to sit, walk, bow, and chant in formal situations | * Japanese:単頭 | style="width:200px" | * |- valign=top |'''[[tantra]]''' Esoteric religious practices, including [[yoga]], [[mantra]]... | * Sanskrit: ''tantra'' | * 續部,怛特羅 ** Cn: ''dátèluó'' ** Jp: ?? ** Vi: ''đát-đặc-la'' |- valign=top |'''[[Tathagata]]''' The "Thus-Come One" or "Thus-Gone One"; one of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'s [[ten epithets]] | * Sanskrit: ''tathāgata'' | * Thai: ตถาคต ''tatha-kohd'' * 如来 ** Cn: ''rúlái'' ** Jp: ''nyorai'' ** Vi: ''như lai'' |- valign=top |'''[[tathagatagarbha]]''' Buddha-nature or the seed of enlightenment | * Sanskrit: ''tathāgatagarbha'' | * 佛性, 仏性 ** Cn: ''fóxìng'' ** Jp: ''busshō'' * Also 覚性 **Cn: ''juéxìng'' **Jp: ''kakushō'' ** Vi: ''giác tính'' * Also 如来藏, 如来蔵 **Cn: ''rúláizàng'' **Jp: ''nyuoraizō'' **Vi: ''như lai tạng'' |- valign=top |'''teisho''' A presentation by a Zen master during a sesshin. Rather than an explanation or exposition in the traditional sense, it is intended as a demonstration of Zen realisation | * Japanese: 提唱 ''teishō'' | |- valign=top |'''tenzo''' In Zen, the head cook for a sesshin. In Zen temples, the officer in charge of the kitchen | * Japanese: 典座 ''tenzo'' | * 典座 ** Cn: ''diǎnzuò'' ** Vi: ''điển toạ'' |- valign=top |'''[[Theravada]]''', lit. "words of the elders", The most orthodox branch of Buddhism | * Pāli: ''theravāda'' * Sanskrit: ''sthaviravāda'' | * Thai: เถรวาท ''tera-waad'' * 上座部 ** Cn: ''shàngzuòbù'' ** Jp: ''jōzabu'' ** Vi: ''Thượng toạ bộ'' |- valign=top |'''[[Three Jewels]]''' Three things that Buddhists take refuge in: the Buddha, his teachings ([[Dharma]]) and the community of realized practitioners ([[Sangha]]), and in return look toward for guidance (see also [[Refuge (Buddhism)]]) | | * Pāli: ''tiratana'' * Sanskrit: ''triratna'' * Thai: ไตรรัตน์ ''trai-rut'' * 三寶 ** Cn: ''sānbăo'' ** Jp: ''sanbō'' ** Vi: ''tam bảo'' |- valign=top |'''[[Three Ages of Buddhism|Three periods]]''' * Three divisions of the time following the historical Buddha's passing: the Former (or Early) Day of the Law (正法 Cn: ''zhèngfǎ''; Jp: ''shōbō''), the first thousand years; the Middle Day of the Law (像法 Cn: ''xiàngfǎ''; Jp: ''zōhō''), the second thousand years; and the Latter Day of the Law (末法 Cn: ''mòfǎ''; Jp: ''mappō''), which is to last for 10,000 years. * The three periods are significant to Mahayana adherents, particularly those who hold the [[Lotus Sutra]] in high regard; e.g., [[Tiantai]] ([[Tendai]]) and [[Nichiren Buddhism|Nichiren]] Buddhists, who believe that different Buddhist teachings are valid (i.e., able to lead practitioners to enlightenment) in each period due to the different ''capacity to accept a teaching'' (機根 Cn: ''jīgēn''; Jp: ''kikon'') of the people born in each respective period. * The three periods are further divided into [[#Five five-hundred year periods|five five-hundred year periods]] (五五百歳 Cn: ''wǔ wǔbǎi suì''; Jp: ''go no gohyaku sai''), the fifth and last of which was prophecized to be when the Buddhism of Sakyamuni would lose all power of salvation and a new Buddha would appear to save the people. This time period would be characterized by unrest, strife, famine, and other, natural disasters. * The three periods and the five five-hundred year periods are described in the Sutra of the Great Assembly (大集経 Cn: ''dàjí jīng''; Jp: ''Daishutu-kyō'', ''Daijuku-kyō'', ''Daijikkyō'', or ''Daishukkyō''). Descriptions of the three periods also appear in other sutras, some of which ascribe different lengths of time to them (although all agree that [[#Mappo|Mappō]] will last for 10,000 years). | | * 三時 ** Cn: ''Sānshí'' ** Jp: ''Sanji'' ** Vi: ''Tam thời'' |- valign=top |'''Three Poisons''' or '''Three Fires''' The three primary causes of unskillful action or creation of "negative" karma: #Greed or selfish desire (Pāli: ''{{IAST|taṇhā}}''; Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|tṛṣṇā}}''; Tib.: འདོད་ཆགས་ '''dod chags''; 貪 Cn: ''tān''; Jp: ''ton''; Vi: ''ái'') #Hatred or anger (Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|dveṣa}}''; Tib.: ཞེ་སྡང་ ''zhe sdang''; 瞋 Cn: ''chēn''; Jp: ''jin''; Vi: ''sân'') #Ignorance or delusion (Pāli: ''avijjā''; Sanskrit: ''avidyā''; Tib.: གཏི་མུག་ ''gti mug''; 癡 Cn: ''chī''; Jp: ''chi''; Vi: ''vô minh'') | *Pāli: ''[[Kilesa]]'' (Defilements) *Sanskrit: ''kleśa'' | * Tib: ''düsum'' ({{wylie|w=dug gsum}}) * 三毒 ** Cn: ''Sāndú'' ** Jp: ''Sandoku'' ** Vi: ''Tam độc'' |- valign=top | '''[[Tiantai]]/[[Tendai]]''' A Mahayana school of [[China]] that teaches the supremacy of the [[Lotus Sutra]] | * Chinese: 天台 ''tiāntái'' | * 天台宗 ** Cn: ''tiāntái zōng'' ** Jp: ''tendai-shū'' ** Vi: ''Thiên Thai tông'' |- valign=top |'''[[trailõkya]]''' The 3 "regions" of the world: # [[Kamaloka]] or Kamadhatu: world of desires (Sanskrit, Pāli: ''kāmaloka'', ''kāmadhātu''; Tibetan: འདོད་ཁམས་ ''`dod khams''; 欲界 Cn: ''yùjiè'', Vi: ''dục giới'') # [[Rupaloka]] or Rupadhatu: world of form (Sanskrit: ''rūpaloka'', ''rūpadhātu''; Tibetan: གཟུགས་ཁམས་ ''gzugs khams''; 色界 Cn: ''sèjiè''; Vi: ''sắc giới'') # [[Arupaloka]] or Arupadhatu: world without form or desire (Sanskrit: ''arūpaloka'', ''arūpadhātu''; Tibetan: གཟུགས་མེད་ཁམས་ ''gzugs med khams''; 無色界 Cn: ''wú sèjiè'', Vi: ''vô sắc giới'') | * Sanskrit: ''triloka'' | * Pāli: ''tisso dhātuyo'' * Tibetan: ཁམས་གསུམ་ ''khams gsum'' * 三界 ** Cn: ''sānjiè'' ** Jp: ?? ** Vi: ''tam giới'' |- valign=top |'''[[trikaya]]''' The 3 "bodies" of Buddha: * Dharma-kaya (Sanskrit: ''dharmakāya''; 法身 Cn: ''fǎshēn''; Jp: ''hosshin''; Vi: ''pháp thân'') * Sambhoga-kaya (Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|saṃbhogakāya}}''; 報身 Cn: ''bàoshēn''; Jp: ''hōshin''; Vi: ''báo thân'') * Nirmana-kaya (Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|nirmāṇakāya}}''; 應身,化身,応身 Cn: ''yìngshēn''; Jp: ''ōjin''; Vi: ''ứng thân'') | * Sanskrit: ''trikāya'' | * 三身 ** Cn: ''sānshēn'' ** Jp: ''sanjin'' ** Vi: ''tam thân'' |- valign=top |'''[[Tripitaka]]''' The "Three Baskets"; canon containing the sacred texts for Buddhism ([[Pāli]]) * [[Vinaya|Vinaya Pitaka]] (Pāli, Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|Vinaya-piṭaka}}''; Tib: འདུལ་བའི་སྡེ་སྣོད་ ''`dul ba`i sde snod''; 律藏, 律蔵 Cn: ''lǜzàng''; Jp: ''Ritsuzō''; Vi: ''Luật tạng'') * [[Sutra Pitaka]] (Pāli: ''{{IAST|Sutta-piṭaka}}''; Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|Sūtra-piṭaka}}''; Tib: མདོ་སྡེའི་སྡེ་སྣོད་ ''mdo sde`i sde snod''; 經藏, 経蔵 Cn: ''jīngzàng''; Jp: ''Kyōzō''; Vi: ''Kinh tạng'') * [[Abhidhamma|Abhidhamma Pitaka]] (Pāli: ''{{IAST|Abhidhamma-piṭaka}}''; Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|Abhidharma-piṭaka}}''; Tib: མངོན་པའི་སྡེ་སྣོད་ ''mngon pa`i sde snod''; 論藏, 論蔵 Cn: ''lùnzàng''; Jp: ''Ronzō''; Vi: ''Luận tạng'') | * Pāli: ''{{IAST|Tipiṭaka}}'' * Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|Tripiṭaka}}'' | * Burmese: {{my|တိပိဋက}} ''Tipitaka'' (IPA: {{IPA|tḭpḭtəka̰}}) * Thai: ไตรปิฎก ''Traipidok'' * 三藏, 三蔵 ** Cn: ''Sānzàng'' ** Jp: ''Sanzō'' ** Ko: ''Samjang'' ** Vi: ''Tam tạng'' |- valign=top | '''[[Three Jewels|Triratna/Tiratana]]''', see Three Jewels above | * Pāli: ''tiratana'' * Sanskrit: ''triratna'' | |- valign=top |'''[[trsna]]''', see [[tanha]] above | | |- valign=top |'''[[tulku]]''' A re-incarnated Tibetan teacher | * Tibetan: སྤྲུལ་སྐུ་ ''tulku'' | * 再來人 (轉世再來的藏系師長) ** Jp: ''keshin'' ** Vi: ''hoá thân'' |} {{compactTOC}} ==U== {| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" !bgcolor=#cccccc|Definition !bgcolor=#cccccc|Etymology !bgcolor=#cccccc|In other languages |- valign=top style="width:450px" |'''[[upadana]]''' Clinging; the 9th link of [[Pratitya-Samutpada]]; the Ninth [[Twelve Nidanas]] | style="width:150px" | * Pāli, Sanskrit: ''upādāna'' | style="width:200px" | * Thai: อุปาทาน ''u-pa-taan'' * 取(十二因緣第九支) ** Cn: ''qǔ'' ** Jp: ''shu'' ** Vi: ''thủ'' |- valign=top |'''[[upasaka]]''' A lay follower of Buddhism | * Sanskrit: ''upāsaka'' | * Thai: อุบาสก ''u-ba-sok'' * 近事男,優婆塞 ** Cn: ''jìnshìnán'' ** Jp: ?? ** Vi: ''cận sự nam'' |- valign=top |'''upasika''' A female lay follower | * from [[upasaka]] above * Sanskrit: ''upāsika'' | * Thai: อุบาสิกา ''u-ba-sika'' * 近事女,優婆夷 ** Cn: ''jìnshìnǚ'' ** Jp: ?? ** Vi: ''cận sự nữ'' |- valign=top |'''[[upaya]]''' Expedient though not necessarily ultimately true. Originally used as a polemical device against other schools - calling them "merely" expedient, lacking in ultimate truth, later used against ones own school to prevent students form forming attachments to doctrines In Mahayana, exemplified by the [[Lotus Sutra]], upaya are the useful means that Buddhas (and Buddhist teachers) use to free beings into enlightenment | * Sanskrit: ''upāya'' | * 方便 ** Cn: ''fāngbiàn'' ** Jp: ''hōben'' ** Vi: ''phương tiện'' |- valign=top |'''[[upekkha]]''' equanimity | * Sanskrit: '' '' | * Thai: อุเบกขา ''u-bek-kha'' * 镇定,沉着 |- valign=top |'''[[urna]]''' A concave circular dot on the forehead between the eyebrows | * Sanskrit: ''urna'' | |} {{compactTOC}} ==V== {| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" !bgcolor=#cccccc|Definition !bgcolor=#cccccc|Etymology !bgcolor=#cccccc|In other languages |- valign=top style="width:450px" |'''[[Vajrayana]]''', lit. "diamond vehicle", The third major branch, alongside Hinayana and Mahayana | style="width:150px" | * Sanskrit: ''vajrayāna'' | style="width:200px" | * Thai: วชิรญาณ ''wachira-yaan'' * 金剛乘 ** Cn: ''Jīngāng shèng'' ** Jp: ?? ** Vi: ''Kim cương thừa'' |- valign=top |'''[[Vinaya|Vinaya Pitaka]]''', lit. "discipline basket", The first basket of the [[Tripitaka]] canon, which deals with the rules of monastic life | * Pāli, Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|vinaya-piṭaka}}'' | * Thai: วินัย ''wi-nai'' * 律藏 ** Cn: ''Lǜzàng'' ** Jp: ''Ritsuzō'' ** Vi: ''Luật tạng'' |- valign=top |'''[[vipassana]]''' Usually translated as "Insight" meditation, most associated with the Theravada tradition, but present throughout Buddhism as an evolved tradition. Distinguished from [[samatha]] meditation | * from ''{{IAST|vi-√dṛś}}'': to see apart * Pāli: ''vipassanā'' * Sanskrit: ''vipaśyanā'', ''vidarśanā'' | * Thai: วิปัสสนา ''wipadsana'' * 觀,観 ** Cn: ''guān'' ** Jp: ''kan'' ** Vi: ''quán'' |- valign=top |'''[[viriya]]''' energy | * from '' '' * Pāli: '' '' * Sanskrit: '' '', '' '' | * 能量 * Thai: วิริยะ ''wiriya'' ** Cn: ''néngliàng '' ** Jp: '' '' ** Vi: '' '' |} {{compactTOC}} ==Z== {| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" !bgcolor=#cccccc|Definition !bgcolor=#cccccc|Etymology !bgcolor=#cccccc|In other languages |- valign=top style="width:450px" |'''[[zazen]]''' Sitting meditation as practiced in the [[Zen|Zen School]] of [[Buddhism]] | style="width:150px" | * Japanese: 坐禅 | style="width:200px" | * 坐禪 ** Cn: ''zuòchán'' ** Vi: ''toạ thiền'' |- valign=top |'''[[Zen|Zen School]]''' A Japanese branch of [[Mahayana]] that emphasizes meditation in the pursuing of enlightenment | * Japanese: 禅宗 ''Zen-shu'' | * 禪宗 ** Cn: ''Chánzōng'' ** Vi: ''Thiền tông'' |- valign=top |'''[[zendo]]''' In Zen, a hall where Zen (usually meaning zazen) is practiced (see Dojo) | * Japanese: 禅堂 | * 禪堂 ** Cn: ''chántáng'' ** Vi: ''thiền đường'' |} {{compactTOC}} ==See also== * [[Buddhism]] * [[Buddhist texts]] ==External links== * [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/Pali/ Pali Text Society Dictionary] (Be sure to check the "Unicode font" option, and to have one; also, if looking for a word, choose "words that match") * [http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/indologie/tamil/mwd_search.html Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary] * [http://www.buddhism-dict.net/ddb Digital Dictionary of Buddhism] (Login with userid "guest") * [http://kadampa.org/en/reference/glossary-of-buddhist-terms/ Kadampa Glossary of Buddhist Terms] {{buddhism2}} {{Buddhism topics}} [[Category:Buddhism|Terms and concepts]] [[Category:Buddhist terms| ]] [[Category:Glossaries]] [[Category:Zen terms| Buddhist terms]] [[et:Budistlik terminoloogia]] [[fr:Vocabulaire et concepts du bouddhisme]] [[nl:Boeddhistische termen (pali en sanskriet)]] [[ja:仏教用語一覧]] [[sr:Будистичка терминологија]] [[vi:Các thuật ngữ và khái niệm Phật giáo]] [[zh:佛教相关主题列表]]