Budgerigar
201017
226072228
2008-07-16T18:28:45Z
Kurt Shaped Box
129178
Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/71.137.239.93|71.137.239.93]] ([[User talk:71.137.239.93|talk]]) to last version by Bunnyhop11
{{Taxobox
| name = Budgerigar
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref =
<ref>{{IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=47988|title=Melopsittacus undulatus|downloaded=11 May 2006}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern </ref>
| image = Melopsittacus undulatus male.jpg
| image_caption = Male Budgerigar, nominate coloring
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Bird|Aves]]
| ordo = [[Psittaciformes]]
| familia = [[Psittacidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Psittacinae]]
| tribus = [[Platycercini]]
| genus = '''''Melopsittacus'''''
| genus_authority = [[John Gould|Gould]], 1840
| species = '''''M. undulatus'''''
| binomial = ''Melopsittacus undulatus''
| binomial_authority = ([[George Shaw|Shaw]], 1805)
| range_map = Budgerigar map.png
| range_map_width = 240px
| range_map_caption = The Budgerigar's natural habitat is colored in red
}}
The '''Budgerigar''' (''Melopsittacus undulatus'', nicknamed '''''budgie'''''), commonly called '''parakeet''', '''shell parakeet''', or '''common pet parakeet''' in [[American English|US English]], the only species in the [[Australia]]n genus '''''Melopsittacus''''', is a small [[parrot]] belonging to the [[tribe (biology)|tribe]] of the [[broad-tailed parrot]]s (Platycercini); these are sometimes considered a [[subfamily]] (Platycercinae). In the latter case, the Budgerigar is sometimes isolated in a [[tribe (biology)|tribe]] of its own, the '''Melopsittacini''', although it is probably quite closely related to ''[[Pezoporus]]'' and ''[[Neophema]]''.<ref>Mol. Biol. Evol. 15(5):544–551. (1998)</ref> Though Budgerigars are often called ''[[Parakeets]]'', especially in [[American English]], this term refers to any of a number of small Parrots with long flat tails. The Budgerigar is found throughout the drier parts of [[Australia]] and has survived in the inlands of that [[continent]].<ref>{{cite web
| title =Dr. Marshall's Philosophy on Breeding Exhibition Budgerigars
| publisher =Bird Health
| date =2004
| url =http://www.birdhealth.com.au/bird/budgie/article.html
| accessdate = 2007-01-19}}</ref>
==Etymology==
<!--DO NOT ADD INFORMATION ON ETYMOLOGY WITHOUT PROVIDING A RELIABLE SOURCE-->
Several possible origins for the English name ''Budgerigar'' have been proposed:
*A compound of ''budgery'', "good" and ''gar'' "[[Cockatoo]]".<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=budgerigar Online etymology dictionary]</ref> This is supported by the [[Oxford English Dictionary]]. The word ''budgery'' itself, also spelt ''boojery'', was formerly in use in [[Australian English]] slang meaning "good".
*An alteration of [[Gamilaraay language|Gamilaraay]] ''gidjirrigaa'' ({{IPA2|ɡiɟiriɡaː}}),<ref>[http://coombs.anu.edu.au/WWWVLPages/AborigPages/LANG/GAMDICT/GAMDICT.HTM A Reference Dictionary of Gamilaraay]</ref> possibly influenced by the [[slang]] word ''budgery'' mentioned above. This is supported by the [[American Heritage Dictionary]].
The genus name ''Melopsittacus'' comes from [[Ancient Greek language|Greek]] and means "melodious parrot".<ref name=Liddell1980>{{cite book | author = [[Henry George Liddell|Liddell, Henry George]] and [[Robert Scott (philologist)|Robert Scott]] | year = 1980 | title = [[A Greek-English Lexicon]] (Abridged Edition) | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | location = United Kingdom | isbn =0-19-910207-4}}</ref> The species name ''undulatus'' is [[Latin language|Latin]] for "undulated" or "wave-patterned".<ref>{{cite book | last = Simpson | first = D.P. | title = Cassell's Latin Dictionary | publisher = Cassell Ltd. | date = 1979 | edition = 5 | location = London | pages = 883 | id = ISBN 0-304-52257-0}}</ref>
===Taxonomy===
The Budgerigar was held by Forshaw to be a link between the genera ''[[Neophema]]'' and ''[[Peoporus]]'' based on the barred plumage.<ref name ="Forshaw266">Forshaw, p. 273</ref>
==Characteristics==
[[Image:ZebraHighRes labeled.png|250px|thumb|left|The anatomy of a male budgerigar]]
===Appearance===
Budgerigars are about {{convert|18|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long and weigh 30-40 [[gram]]s. Wild Budgerigars display a green body color (abdomen and rumps), while their mantle (back and wing coverts) is black edged in yellow. The forehead and face is yellow in adults, and barred black with yellow in young till they change into their adult [[plumage]] at 3-4 months of age. Each cheek has a small dark purple patch (cheek patches) and a series of 3 black spots across each sides of their throats (throat-spots) of which the outermost spots are situated at the base of each cheek-patches. The tail is cobalt (dark-blue); outside tail [[feathers]] display central yellow flashes. Their wings have greenish-black flight feathers and black coverts with yellow fringes along with central yellow flashes which only becomes visible in flight and/or when the wings are stretched. Bill olive grey and legs blueish-grey, with [[Dactyly#Zygodactyly|zygodactyl]] toes.<ref name=forshaw>{{cite book | first=Joseph Michael| last=Forshaw | authorlink= | coauthors= William T. Cooper| year= 1973 & 1981| title= Parrots of the World| edition= 1st and 2nd| publisher= | location= | id=ISBN 0-87666-959-3}}</ref> Wild budgerigars are noticeably smaller than those in [[Captivity (animal)|captivity]]. These parrots have been bred in many other colors in captivity, such as white, blue, and even purple, although they are mostly found in [[pet stores]] in blue, green, yellow and occasionally white. Budgerigar plumage is known to [[fluoresce]] under [[ultraviolet]] light, a phenomenon possibly related to [[courtship]] and mate selection.<ref name=UV>{{cite web | author=S M Pearn, A T Bennett, and I C Cuthill | year=2001 | url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1088876 | title=Ultraviolet vision, fluorescence and mate choice in a parrot, the budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus. | format= | work= | publisher= | accessdaymonth=7 May | accessyear=2007 }}</ref>
The colour of the [[cere]] (the area containing the nostrils) differs between the [[sex]]es; royal blue in males, pale-brown to white ([[non-breeding]]) or brown ([[Reproduction|breeding]]) in females and pink in immatures of both sexes (usually of a more even purplish-pink color in young males).Some female budgies develop brown cere only during breeding time and later disappears. Young females can often be identified by a subtle chalky whiteness that starts around the cere nostril holes. Males that are either [[albino]], lutino and/or [[recessive pied]] (aka Danishpied aka Harlequin) always retain the immature purplish-pink cere colour their entire life.<ref name=sex>{{cite web | author= | year= | url=http://www.birds-online.de/allgemein/geschlecht_en.htm | title=Birds Online - How to tell the sex of a budgie | format= | work= | publisher= | accessdaymonth=25 April | accessyear=2006 }}</ref><ref name=forshaw/>
<br clear = "left"/>
===Colour Mutations===
{{main|Budgerigar colour genetics}}
[[Image:Blue Parakeets.jpg|thumb|right|Adult females (left above) display beige to brown ceres while adult males (right above) typically have blue ceres or purplish-pink in Albinistic and recessive-pied varieties.]] Typical pet budgerigars have one of two base feather colors: white, or yellow. There are presently at least 32 primary [[mutation]]s in the Budgerigar, enabling hundreds of possible secondary mutations (stable combined primary mutations) & colour varieties (unstable combined mutations). Each of these primary mutations falls into one of four basic groups:
*[[Albinism]] : where [[eumelanin]] is either partially or completely reduced in all body tissues & structures.
*[[Dilution]] : where [[eumelanin]] is partially reduced in only feathering.
*[[Leucism]] : where [[eumelanin]] is completely reduced from total or localized feathering.
*[[Melanism]] : where [[eumelanin]] is increased in the feathering.
Each of these mutations is [[Heredity|inherited]] via one of the following [[dominance relationship]]s:
*Autosomal co-dominant
*Autosomal complete dominant
*Autosomal incomplete dominant
*Autosomal recessive
*Autosomal polygenic
*[[sex linkage|Sex-linked]] recessive
Because [[birds]] have a [[ZW sex-determination system]], sex-linked recessive traits are more common in females than in males, rather than the reverse as is found the more familiar [[XY sex-determination system|XY determination]] of humans and other mammals.
===Personality===
Care should be taken when placing several female budgies together, as they can do serious harm to one another if they do not get along. It is easier and often more convenient to keep either an even number of both males and females or to only keep male birds altogether as these generally get along with each other without any problem. They are relatively easily [[Domestication|tamed]].
Bird lovers often comment on the differences in personality in each individual bird. Budgerigars each have their own unique ideas about how much they like to be handled, which toys are their favourites, and even what music they like or are indifferent to.
===Vision===
Like many birds, budgerigars have [[tetrachromatic]] [[color vision]], but all four classes of [[cone cell]]s operating simultaneously require the full spectrum provided by [[sunlight]].<ref>Color Vision of the Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus): Hue Matches, Tetrachromacy, and Intensity Discrimination. Timothy H. Goldsmith and Byron K. Butler in Journal of Comparative Physiology A, Vol. 191, No. 10, pages 933–951; October 2005.</ref> Additionally, budgies have been known to see in the [[ultra-violet]] spectrum, which brightens up their feathers to attract mates.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} The throat markings in budgies have been most notable for reflecting UVs.{{Fact|date=April 2008}}
==Habitat and behavior==
Budgerigars are nomadic birds found in open habitats, primarily in Australian [[scrubland]], open [[woodland]] and [[grassland]]. The birds are normally found in small [[Herd|flocks]], but can form very large flocks under favourable conditions. The species is extremely nomadic and the movement of the flocks is tied to the availability of [[food]] and [[water]].<ref name=forshaw/> [[Drought]] can drive flocks into more wooded habitat or coastal areas. They feed on the [[seeds]] of [[spinifex]], [[grass]] [[weed]]s, and sometimes ripening [[wheat]].<ref name="wild budgie">{{cite web | author= | year= | url=http://freespace.virgin.net/cobber.budgies/wildphoto.html | title=The Wild Budgerigar | format=article | work= | publisher= | accessdaymonth=25 April | accessyear=2006 }}</ref><ref name=forshaw/>
The wild budgerigar has evolved alongside the [[Eucalyptus]] tree and over a million years has developed an intimate bond with the tree and its leaves. Wet eucalyptus leaves excite and invigorate both the wild and aviary budgerigar into a frenzy of joy. They love to bathe in the wet leaves and breeding hens destructively chew the bark. The eucalyptus oil from the leaves has medicinal properties that stimulate the immune system and promote a strong natural resistance to disease{3}.
[[Feral]] birds have been found since the 1940s in the [[St. Petersburg, Florida|St. Petersburg]], [[Florida]] area of the [[United States]], but are much less common than they were in the early 1980s. Increased competition from [[European Starling]]s and House Sparrows is thought to be primary cause of the population decline (Pranty 2001).
Budgerigars keep themselves clean by preening. They do it very often to remove dirt and dust from their feathers which are important for flight. Budgerigars show signs of affection to their friends by preening or feeding one another. They help clean each others hard-to-reach spots. Budgerigars feed one another by eating the seeds themselves, and then regurgitating it into their friend’s mouth.
When budgies sleep, they often fluff up their feathers, trapping in warm air, and making themselves cozy.
==Captivity==
[[Image:Budgie.two.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|Pet budgerigars.]]
The Budgerigar is one of the two [[Parrot]]s to be genuinely [[domestication|domesticated]] as a species along with the [[Peach-faced Lovebird]] (''Agapornis roseicollis''). It is widely acknowledged as the most common pet Parrot in the world and possibly the most common cage bird. The Budgerigar has been bred in captivity since the 1850s. Breeders have worked over the decades to produce a wide range of colour, pattern and feather mutations, such as blue, white, violet, olive, [[albino]] and lutino (yellow), pied, clearwing, spangled, and crested.
Modern ''show budgerigars'', also called ''English budgerigars'' and/or Standard-Type Budgerigars are larger than their wild-type (natural form) counterparts, with puffy head feathers, giving them an exaggerated look. The [[eyes]] and [[beak]] can be almost totally obscured by feathers. Most Budgerigars in the [[pet]] trade are not of the show variety (Standard-Type aka English Budgies) and are similar in size and body conformation to wild Budgerigars and thus aptly called wild-type Budgies.
Budgerigars are intelligent and social animals and enjoy the stimulation of [[toys]] and interaction with humans as well as with other Budgerigars. A common behaviour is the chewing of material such as [[wood]], especially for female Budgerigars.
[[Image:Budgerigar Norway -01.jpg|thumb|left|A budgerigar in captivity.]]
Tame budgerigars can be taught to [[speak]], [[Whistling|whistle]] tunes, and play with humans. Both males and females sing and can learn to mimic sounds & words and do simple tricks. Both singing and mimicry are more pronounced and much more perfected in males. As a whole, females rarely if ever learn to mimic more than a dozen words or so. Males can very easily acquire vocabularies ranging between a few dozen to a hundred words. Generally speaking, it mostly singly kept pet budgies which receive a lot of attention which talk the best and the most.
In captivity, Budgerigars live an average of five to eight years, but are reported to occasionally live to 15-20 if well cared for.<ref>{{cite web | author= | year= | url=http://www.birds-online.de/allgemein/alter_en.htm | title=Birds Online - Life span of a budgie | format= | work= | publisher= | accessdaymonth=26 December | accessyear= 2005}}</ref> The life span depends on the budgerigar's breed (show Budgerigars typically do not live as long as wild-type Budgerigars) and on the individual bird's health, which is highly influenced by [[exercise]] and [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]].
Budgerigars have been shown to cause "[[bird fancier's lung]] in sensitive people, a type of [[hypersensitivity pneumonitis]].<ref>PMID 566603.</ref> This is primarily an issue with people keeping large numbers of budgies within a bird room.
Female parakeets love to chew on anything they can find in their cage, which comes from their instinct to build nests for their eggs. [[Cuttlebone]] and soft wooden toys may be provided to help them satisfy their desire to chew and keep their beaks trimmed.
[[Image:Budgerigars eating tangerine.jpg|thumb|right|Pet Budgerigars eating fruit]]
Although wild Budgerigars eat [[grass]] [[seeds]] almost exclusively, they feed on both the dry seeds and on unripe green seeds. A diet of only dry seeds is inadequate for optimum health. Most [[avian veterinarian]]s recommend pet birds' diets be supplemented with foods such as fresh [[fruits]] and [[vegetables]], [[Sprouting|sprouted seeds]], [[pasta]], [[whole grain]] [[bread]] and other healthy human foods, as well as [[Compound feed|pellets]] formulated for small parrots. Adding these foods provides additional [[nutrients]] and can prevent [[obesity]] and [[lipoma]]s, as can substituting [[millet]], which is relatively low in [[fat]], for higher-fat seed mixes. Budgerigars do not always adapt readily to dietary additions, however. Some birds may be encouraged to try new foods by observing another bird eating the food, or by placing the new food on a mirror. [[Chocolate]], [[alcohol]], [[rhubarb]] leaves and [[avocado]] are recognized as potential [[toxins]].<ref>{{cite web | author=Margaret A. Wissman, D.V.M., D.A.B.V.P. | year= | url=http://www.exoticpetvet.net/avian/budgietiel.html | title=Medical Conditions and Diseases of the Budgerigar and Cockatiel | format=article | work= | publisher=ExoticPetVet.Net | accessdaymonth=26 April | accessyear= 2006}}</ref>
Budgies are small birds, but are very active. The ''minimum'' size cage for one or two tame pet budgies who are allowed out for several hours a day is 18 inches long by 18 inches wide. However, larger cages will be appreciated by these energetic little birds. An ideal cage would be at least 30 inches long. The cage should not have bar spacing greater than 1/2 inch. Budgies are not particularly destructive birds, and spacious cages, while not always easy to find, are usually not overly expensive.
==Reproduction==
[[Image:Melopsittacus undulatus flock.jpg|thumb|right|A flock of Budgerigars in an [[aviary]]]]
The male will stand on female's back while some beak contact is made between the mates. The male will then wrap his tail under the female's raised tail, place his [[cloaca]] against hers and rub it back and forth to stimulate [[ejaculation]]. The male may move away for a moment before returning for another session.
===Breeding===
{{Original research|section|date=September 2007}}
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:BudgieNestBox.jpg|thumb|left|175px|
Breeding takes place generally between June and September in the North and between August and January in the South but they are opportunistic breeders responding to the rains when grass seeds become most abundant.<ref name=forshaw/> Populations in some areas have increased as a result of increased water availability at [[farms]]. The [[nest]] is in a hole in a [[tree]], [[fence]] post or even a log laying on the ground; the 4-6 [[Egg (biology)|eggs]] are incubated for 18-21 days, with the young [[Fledge|fledging]] about 30 days after hatching.<ref name="wild budgie" /><ref name=forshaw/>
An ideal nest box for a budgie with a sliding door to see inside.]] -->
Budgerigars are easily [[Animal husbandry|bred]]. In the wild, virtually all parrot species require a hollow tree or a hollow log as a nest site. Because of this natural behavior, Budgerigars most easily breed in captivity when provided with a nest box. Female budgerigars can lay eggs without a male partner but these eggs are unfertilized and will not hatch. This is just like the eggs that chickens lay, which are later sold at supermarkets. A female budgie will lay her [[Egg (biology)|eggs]] on alternate days.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://talkbudgies.com/showthread.php?t=14758 |title=Talk Budgies - Breeding |accessdate=2008-05-01}}</ref> After the first one, there is usually a two-day gap until the next. She will usually lay between four to eight eggs, which she will incubate (usually starting after laying her 2nd or 3rd) for about 21 days each.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://talkbudgies.com/showthread.php?t=14758 |title=Talk Budgies - Breeding |accessdate=2008-05-01}}</ref> Budgerigar Parakeet hens only leave their nests for very quick defecations and stretches once they've begun incubating and are by then almost exclusively fed by their cocks (usually at the nest's entrance).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://talkbudgies.com/showthread.php?t=14758 |title=Talk Budgies - Breeding |accessdate=2008-05-01}}</ref> Depending on the clutch size and the beginning of incubation, the age difference between the first and last [[hatchling]] can be anwhere from 9 to 16 days.
===Breeding difficulties===
Often males will show courtship with males, and females will court females. It is usually easy to tell the sex of a bird over 6 months old; you can tell either by the cere (the fleshy skin around the nostrils) or by their behavior. Males' ceres are usually light to dark blue but can be purplish to pink in some color mutations. Females' ceres are usually pinkish to brownish and may turn a darker brown and develop a 'crusty' appearance in hens in breeding condition. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://talkbudgies.com/faq.php?faq=general_information#faq_gender |title=Talk Budgies FAQ |accessdate=2008-04-30}}</ref> Juveniles (under 3-6 months) of both sexes may have pink or purple ceres. Breeding difficulties arise for various reasons. Some chicks may [[death|die]] from [[diseases]] or attacks by their parents (virtually always hens). Other budgerigars (virtually always hens) may fight over the nest box, attacking the hen while she is laying her eggs. Sometimes parakeets are not interested in the opposite gender, and will not reproduce with them. Sometimes a flock setting - several pairs housed where they can see and hear each other - is necessary to stimulate breeding. Another problem may be the birds' beak being under lapped. This is where the lower mandible is above the upper mandible.
It is very important to realize that most health issues and physical abnormalities in budgies are genetic. Care should be taken that birds used for breeding are active, healthy, and unrelated. Budgies that are related or who have fatty tumors or other potentially genetic health problems should not be allowed to breed. Parasites (including mites) and pathogens (bacteria, fungi and viruses), are contagious and thus transmitted between individuals through either direct or indirect contact. Nestboxes should be cleaned between uses. Splay legs, a relatively common problem in baby budgies, results from a young budgie slipping repeatedly on the floor of a nestbox. It is easily avoided by placing a small quantity of a safe bedding or wood shavings in the bottom of the nestbox. Alternatively, several pieces of paper may be placed in the box for the hen to shred into bedding.
Budgerigars eggs are 1 to 2 centimeters long.
==Development==
The eggs will take about 18-20 days before they start hatching. When they start to hatch, the hatchlings are totally helpless and their mother feeds them around the clock day and night. Around 10 days of age, the chicks' eyes will open, and they will start to develop feather down, which typically indicates the best time for adding closed bands to the chicks (These rings should be about 4.0 to 4.2 mm.)
They develop feathers around 3 weeks of age. (One can often easily note the colour mutation of the individual birds at this point.) At this stage of the chicks' development, the cock usually has begun to enter the nest to help his hen in caring and feeding the chicks. Some Budgie hens, however, totally forbid their cocks from entering the nest and thus take the full responsibility of rearing the chick. Depending on the size of the clutch, it may then be wise to transfer a portion of the hatchlings (or best of the fertile eggs) to another pair. The foster pair must already be in breeding mode and thus either at the laying or incubating stages and/or rearing hatchlings. In about 4 weeks the birds are ready to survive on their own.
By the fifth week, the chicks are strong enough that both parents will be comfortable in staying more and more out of the nest. The youngsters will stretch their wings to gain strength before they attempt to [[flight|fly]]. They will also help defend the box from enemies mostly with their loud screeching. Young budgies typically fledge (leave the nest) around their fifth week of age and are usually completely weaned a week later. However, the age for fledging as well as weaning can vary slightly depending on whether it is the oldest, the youngest and/or the only surviving chick. Generally speaking, the oldest chick is the first to be weaned. But even though it is logically the last one to be weaned, the youngest chick is often weaned at a younger age than its older sibling(s). (This can be a result of mimicking the actions of older siblings.) Lone surviving chicks are often weaned at the youngest possible age as a result of having their parent's full attention and care.
Budgies that are handfed may take slightly longer to wean than parent-raised chicks. Hand feeding is not routinely done with budgies, due to their small size, and the fact that young parent raised birds can be readily tamed.
==Human speech==
Budgerigars are considered one of the top five talking champions amongst Parrot species, alongside ''Psittacus erithacus'' ssp. ([[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]]/[[Cameroon]]/[[Ghana]]/[[Princep]]'s &/or Timneh [[African Grey|African Grey Parrots]]), ''[[Amazona]]'' spp. ([[Amazon parrot|Amazon Parrot]] species), ''[[Eclectus]]'' ssp. (Eclectus sub-species), ''Psittacula'' spp. (Afro-Asian [[Ringnecked Parakeet]] species) and male specimens of ''Melopsittacus undulatus'' (Budgerigar Parakeet).
A budgerigar named Puck holds the world record for the largest vocabulary of any bird, at 1,728 words. Puck, a male budgie owned by American Camille Jordan, died in 1994, with the record first appearing in the 1995 edition of [[Guinness World Records]].<ref>{{cite book |editor= Claire Folkard (ed.) |title=Guinness World Records 2004 |publisher=Guinness World Records Limited |isbn=085112-180-2 |pages=p. 54}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://birdwithmostwords.com/ |title=The Bird with the Largest Vocabulary in the World |accessdate=2007-01-06}}</ref>
The budgerigar will typically speak words in the context to which he or she is accustomed to hearing them. For example, if the bird owner says "up" every time the bird is picked up, the bird may say "up" when it is picked up, or wants to be picked up.
Many budgerigars prefer non-verbal communication, such as stomping on their food dish and shrieking when they want fresh seed, rather than asking for it.
==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Budgie001.jpg|Male Budgerigar, nominate coloring
Image:zebrabudgie.jpg|Male Olive green Budgerigar placed outdoors
Image:Melopsittacus undulatus.jpg|Budgerigar hen of natural colouration
Image:Blue male budgie.jpg|SF Violet Blue cock Budgerigar
Image:Papuzki 011.jpg|Budgerigar hen
Image:Wellensittich.jpg|Suffused Blue (White) Budgerigar
Image:Wellensittich02.jpg|Young female Opaline-Cinnamon Olive Budgerigar
Image:Budgerigar baby02.jpg|Budgerigar chick at eleven days of age
Image:BlueandWhiteParakeet.jpg|Male YellowFaced type I Cobalt Australian (Banded) Pied Budgerigar
Image:Budgie-parakeet001.jpg|Male Light-Green Budgerigar
Image:Wellensittich01.jpg|A young sky-blue Budgerigar with a few remaining ''pin feathers''
Image:WetBudgie.jpg|Pet Continental Dutch Pied Yellowface type I Cobalt Budgie, wet from the rain and visible pin feathers
Image:ZebraHighRes.png|The full profile of a male budgerigar
</gallery>
==See also==
*[[Budgerigar colour genetics]]
*[[Budgerigar Society of Pakistan]]
==References==
===Inline===
{{reflist}}
===General===
*Pranty, B. 2001. The Budgerigar in Florida: Rise and fall of an exotic psittacid. North American Birds 55: 389-397.
*Forshaw, Joseph M. & Cooper, William T. (1978): ''Parrots of the World'' (2nd ed). Landsdowne Editions, Melbourne Australia ISBN 0-7018-0690-7
==External links==
{{Commons|Budgerigar}}
<!-- PLEASE DO NOT ADD LINKS without discussing on the talk page. -->
* [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://moilondulee.site.voila.fr/index.jhtml&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=1&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dmoilondulee%26num%3D100%26hl%3Den%26c2coff%3D1%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DG For a full information on budgerigars : Moi, l'Ondulée].
*[http://www.holisticbirds.com/pages/budgie0601.htm A True Ambassador: the Budgerigar] Referenced article on budgerigars
*[http://www.budgies.org/info/plants.html List of Plants & Branches Hazardous to Birds] Referenced list oriented toward pet birds
*[http://www.budgietalk.com/mutations.html Common Budgie Mutations] Illustrated list of common budgerigar mutations
[[Category:Birds of Australia]]
[[Category:Broad-tailed parrots]]
[[Category:Platycercini]]
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[[Category:Birds of South Australia]]
[[Category:Birds of Western Australia]]
[[Category:Birds kept as pets]]
[[Category:Talking birds]]
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