Buffalo, New York
3985
226089472
2008-07-16T19:52:05Z
DragonFire1024
821136
/* Geography and climate */ credit for image
{{Infobox Settlement
<!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage-->
<!-- Basic info ---------------->
|official_name = City of Buffalo
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|nickname = The City of Good Neighbors, The Queen City, The Nickel City, Queen City of the Lakes, City of Light
<!-- images and maps ----------->
|image_skyline = Downtown Buffalo05.JPG
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag = BuffaloNYFlag.jpg
|image_seal = BuffaloSeal.PNG
|image_map = NewYorkMapwithBuffalo.jpg
|mapsize = 250x200px
|map_caption = Location of Buffalo in New York State
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
<!-- Location ------------------>
|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[New York]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in New York|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Erie County, New York|Erie]]
<!-- Politics ----------------->
|government_type =
|leader_title = [[List of mayors of Buffalo, New York|Mayor]]
|leader_name = [[Byron Brown]] ([[United States Democratic Party|D]])
|established_title = First Settled
|established_date = 1789
|established_title2 = Founded
|established_date2 = 1801
|established_title3 = Incorporated (City)
|established_date3 = 1832
<!-- Area --------------------->
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnote =
|area_magnitude = 1 E9
|area_total_km2 = 136.0
|area_land_km2 = 105.2
|area_water_km2 = 30.8
|area_total_sq_mi = 52.5
|area_land_sq_mi = 40.6
|area_water_sq_mi = 11.9
|elevation_m = 183
|elevation_ft = 600
|latd = 42 |latm = 54 |lats = 17 |latNS = N
|longd = 78 |longm = 50 |longs = 58 |longEW = W
<!-- Population ----------------------->
|population_as_of = 2008
|population_note =
|population_total = 292,648
|population_metro = 1254066
|population_density_km2 = 2782.4
<!-- General information --------------->
|timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone (North America)|EST]]
|utc_offset = −5
|timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
|utc_offset_DST = −4
| latitude = 42°54'17" N
| longitude = 78°50'58" W
<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->
|website = [http://www.city-buffalo.com/ Buffalo, NY]
|postal_code_type =
|postal_code =
|area_code = [[Area code 716|716]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 36-11000
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 0973345
|footnotes = <ref name="established1">[http://www.buffalonian.com/history/articles/%3C1800/whitebjoe.html First White Settlement and Black Joe - Buffalo, NY]. ''The Buffalonian'', accessed April 15, 2008.</ref><ref name="established2">[http://www.buffalonian.com/history/articles/1801-50/1801.html The Village of Buffalo 1801 to 1832]. ''The Buffalonian'', accessed April 15, 2008.</ref><ref name="demographia">[http://www.demographia.com/db-metrocore2005.htm Metropolitan & Central City Population: 2000-2005]. ''Demographia.com'', accessed September 3, 2006.</ref>
}}
'''Buffalo''' ({{pronEng|ˈbʌfəloʊ}}<ref>The city's name is pronounced {{IPA|/ˈbʌfloʊ/}} by a minority of local residents</ref>), is the second largest city in [[New York State]]. Located in [[Western New York]] on the eastern shores of [[Lake Erie]] and at the head of the [[Niagara River]], Buffalo is the principal city of the [[Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area]] and the [[county seat|seat]] of [[Erie County, New York|Erie County]].<ref name="erie county">[http://www.erie.gov/overview/ Erie County Government: Overview]. ''Erie County (New York) Government Home Page'', accessed April 16, 2008.</ref> The city itself has a population of 292,648 (2000 Census)<ref name="population">[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county=Buffalo&_cityTown=Buffalo&_state=04000US36&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010 Buffalo city, New York - Fact Sheet]. ''U.S. Census Bureau'', accessed April 16, 2008.</ref>, and the metropolitan area 1,170,111 (2000 Census)<ref name="metropolitan population">[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_lang=en&-redoLog=true&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTP5_US10&-format=US-10%7CUS-10S&-CONTEXT=gct United States and Puerto Rico by Metropolitan Area]. ''U.S. Census Bureau'', accessed April 16, 2008.</ref>, the [[Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas|46th largest in the United States]].
Originating around 1789 as a small trading community near the eponymous Buffalo Creek,<ref name="origins">[http://www.buffalonian.com/history/articles/%3C1800/whitebjoe.html First White Settlement and Black Joe - Buffalo, NY]. ''The Buffalonian'', accessed April 15, 2008.</ref> Buffalo grew quickly after the opening of the [[Erie Canal]] in 1825, with the city as its terminus. By 1900, Buffalo was the 8th largest city in the country, <ref name="population rank 1900">[http://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twps0027/tab01.txt Table 1. Rank by Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places, Listed Alphabetically by State: 1790-1990]. ''U.S. Census Bureau'', accessed April 16, 2008.</ref> and went on to become a major railroad hub,<ref name="railroad">[http://www.buffalonian.com/history/industry/railways/EarlyRailroads1.html Early Railways in Buffalo]. ''The Buffalonian'', accessed April 16, 2008.</ref> the largest grain-milling center in the country, <ref name="milling">"Buffalo as a Flour Milling Center" by Laura O'Day. ''Economic Geography'', Vol. 8, No. 1 (Jan., 1932), pp. 81-93. Published by: Clark University.</ref> and the home of the largest steel-making operation in the world. <ref name="largest steel">[http://www.buffaloah.com/h/1945.html#1939 The History of Buffalo: A Chronology
Buffalo, New York 1929-1945]. ''Buffalo Architecture and History'', accessed April 16, 2008.</ref> The latter part of the 20th Century saw a reversal of fortunes: by the year 2000 the city had fallen back below its 1900 population levels. The rerouting of Great Lakes shipping by the opening of the [[St. Lawrence Seaway]] was a factor in the decline of the city. The closing or relocating of many of the [[steel mill]]s and other heavy industries in the area also contributed to the decline.
== History ==
[[Image:Buffalo Panorama 1911.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Buffalo Panorama 1911]]
[[Image:Passenger boats buffalo new york 1909.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Passenger boats at Buffalo 1909]]
[[Image:Pan-American Exposition - Ethnology Building at Night.jpg|thumb|right|175px|Pan-American Exposition - Ethnology Building at Night]]
{{main|History of Buffalo, New York}}
The City of Buffalo received its name from the [[Buffalo River (New York)|creek]] that flows through it, and likely dates from the mid-18th century, when the area was first settled by Europeans. The area was originally settled by a [[Neutral Nation]] tribe, the Ongiara. Later, the Senecas of the [[Iroquois]] Confederacy won control over this land from the Neutrals. In 1804, Joseph Ellicott, a principal agent of the [[Holland Land Company]], designed a radial street and grid system that branches out from downtown like bicycle spokes<ref> {{cite web |last = Priebe Jr.|first = J. Henry |title = Beginnings - The Village of Buffalo - 1801 to 1832 |url = http://history.buffalonet.org/1801.html |accessdate = 2007-09-07}} </ref>, and is one of only three radial street patterns in the US.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} During the [[War of 1812]], on [[December 30]], [[1813]], the village of Buffalo was burned by British forces. On [[November 4]], [[1825]] the [[Erie Canal]] was completed with Buffalo being at the western end of the system. The population at the time was about 2,400. The Erie Canal brought a surge in population and commerce which led Buffalo to incorporate as a city in 1832 with a population of about 10,000 people.
The City of Buffalo has been a long time home to the African-American community. An example is the 1828 village directory which listed 59 "Names of Coloured" heads of families.<ref> {{cite web |last = Fordham |first = Monroe |title = Michigan Street Church |work = African American history of Western New York |date = April 1996 |url = http://www.math.buffalo.edu/~sww/0history/hwny-michigan.st.church.html |accessdate = 2007-09-08}} </ref> In 1845, construction was begun on the Macedonia Baptist Church (commonly called the ''Michigan Street Baptist Church''). This African-American church was an important meeting place for the abolitionist movement. On February 12, 1974 the church was added to the [[List of Registered Historic Places in Erie County, New York|National Register of Historic Places]]. Abolitionist leaders like [[William Wells Brown]] also made their home in Buffalo.<ref> {{cite web |title= African American history of Western New York |url= http://www.math.buffalo.edu/~sww/0history/wwb0.html |accessdate = 2007-09-08}} </ref> Buffalo was also a terminus point of the [[Underground Railroad]] with many fugitives crossing the [[Niagara River]] from Buffalo to [[Fort Erie, Ontario]] and freedom.
During the 1840s, Buffalo continued its growth as a port city. Both passenger and commercial traffic expanded with some 93,000 passengers heading west from the port of Buffalo.<ref Name= "The City of Buffalo 1840-1850" > {{cite web |last = Priebe Jr. |first = J. Henry |title= The City of Buffalo 1840-1850 |url = http://history.buffalonet.org/1840-50.html |accessdate = 2007-09-09}} </ref> Grain and commercial goods shipments led to repeated expansion of the harbor. The one of the first steam powered [[grain elevators]] was constructed which led to faster unloading of [[lake freighter]]s.<ref name = "The City of Buffalo 1840-1850"/>
Abraham Lincoln visited Buffalo on February 16, 1861, on his way to accept the presidency of the United States. He stayed at the American Hotel on Main Street between Eagle Street and Court Street.<ref name = "The History of Buffalo: A Chronology Buffalo, New York 1841-1865"> {{cite web |last =LaChiusa |first = Chuck |title = The History of Buffalo: A Chronology Buffalo, New York 1841-1865 |url = http://freenet.buffalo.edu/bah/h/1865.html#1859 |accessdate = 2007-09-08}} </ref> The Civil War years saw a great increase in the population of Buffalo it increased from 81,029 to 94,210 in 1865. The Niagara Steam Forge Works manufactured turret parts for the [[ironclad]] ship [[USS Monitor|USS ''Monitor'']].<ref name = "The History of Buffalo: A Chronology Buffalo, New York 1841-1865" />
At the start of the 20th Century, immigrants from Europe came in to work in the local mills which used [[hydroelectric power]] generated from the river. The city got the nickname ''City of Light'' at this time due to the widespread electric lighting used.<ref name="cityjournal">[http://www.city-journal.org/html/17_4_buffalo_ny.html Can Buffalo Ever Come Back?] from ''[[City Journal]]''</ref> In 1881, Buffalo had deployed the first electric street lights in the United States. It was also part of the [[automobile]] revolution, hosting the [[brass era]] car builder [[Seven Little Buffaloes (automobile company)|Seven Little Buffaloes]] early in the century.<ref>Believe it, or not. Clymer, Floyd. ''Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877-1925'' (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p.178.</ref>
President [[William McKinley]] was [[William McKinley assassination|shot and mortally wounded]] at the [[Pan-American Exposition]] in Buffalo on Sept. 6, 1901. He died in the city eight days later and [[Theodore Roosevelt]] was sworn in as the 26th President of the United States.
The link to [[Fort Erie]], known as the [[Peace Bridge]], was opened in 1927.
With the opening of the [[St. Lawrence Seaway]] in 1957, which cut the city off from the normal trade routes, loss of manufacturing jobs, and the nation-wide trend of [[suburbanization]], the city's economy and capital began to slide like much of the [[Rust Belt]]. The city, which peaked at more than half a million people in the 1950s, has seen its population decline by almost 50 percent as industries shut down and people either left for the suburbs or to other cities.
Like many cities across the country, Buffalo is experiencing new development in the 2000s. Economic development in the city was marked at $4 billion in 2007 compared to a $50 million average for the previous ten years.<ref> {{cite web |title= current city development projects 2007|url= http://www.ci.buffalo.ny.us/files/1_2_1/splanning/listofprojects/ListBuffDev101007.pdf |accessdate = 2007-11-04}} </ref> New proposals and renovations were numerous, especially in the downtown area. Buffalo ranked 83rd on the [[Forbes]] best cities for jobs list, an increase from the previous year and a higher ranking than [[New York City]].{{Fact|date=June 2008}} With the approval of the [[Buffalo City Tower]] at {{convert|600|ft|m|-1}}, the city will also have a new tallest building in 2010.
==Geography and climate==
[[Image:BuffInBloom.jpg|thumb|right|175px|Buffalo in Bloom. Credit: [http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/User:DragonFire1024 Jason Safoutin]]]
[[Image:Blizzard of 1977.jpg|thumb|right|175px|Blizzard of 1977]]
[[Image:BuffaloAvgTemps.png|left|thumb|175px|Buffalo Avg. Temperatures]]
Buffalo is located on the eastern end of [[Lake Erie]], opposite [[Fort Erie, Ontario]] in Canada, and at the beginning of the [[Niagara River]], which flows northward over [[Niagara Falls]] and into [[Lake Ontario]].
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 52.5 square miles (136.0 km²). 105.2 km² (40.6 sq mi) of it is land and 30.8 km² (11.9 sq mi) of it is water. The total area is 22.66% water.
Buffalo has the sunniest and driest summers of any major city in the [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]], but still has enough rain to keep [[vegetation]] green and lush.<ref>[http://www.erh.noaa.gov/buf/bufclifo.htm Buffalo's Climate]. ''National Weather Service''. Accessed July 5, 2006.</ref> Summers are marked by plentiful sunshine and moderate [[humidity]] and temperature. It receives, on average, over 65% of possible sunshine in June, July and August. Obscured by the notoriety of Buffalo's winter snow is the fact that Buffalo benefits from other lake effects such as the cooling southwest breezes off [[Lake Erie]] in summer that gently temper the warmest days. As a result, the Buffalo station of the National Weather Service has never recorded an official temperature greater than 99 degrees F.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} Rainfall is moderate but typically occurs at night. The stabilizing effect of [[Lake Erie]] continues to inhibit [[thunderstorms]] and enhance sunshine in the immediate Buffalo area through most of July. August usually has more showers and is hotter and more humid as the warmer lake loses its temperature-stabilizing influence.
Buffalo has a reputation for snowy winters. The region experiences a fairly humid, [[continental climate|continental-type]] climate, but with a definite [[maritime climate|maritime]] flavor due to strong modification from the [[Great Lakes]]. The transitional seasons are very brief in Buffalo and Western New York.
Winters in Western New York are generally cold and [[snowstorm|snowy]], but are changeable and include frequent thaws and [[rain]] as well. Winters can also be quite long in Western New York, usually spanning from mid-November to early April. [[Snow]] covers the ground more often than not from late December into early March, but periods of bare ground are not uncommon. Over half of the annual snowfall comes from the [[lake effect snow|lake effect]] process and is very localized. Lake effect snow occurs when cold air crosses the relatively warm lake waters and becomes saturated, creating [[cloud]]s and [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] downwind. Due to the prevailing [[winds]], areas south of Buffalo receive much more lake effect snow than locations to the north. The lake snow machine starts as early as mid-October, peaks in December, then virtually shuts down after [[Lake Erie]] freezes in mid to late January. The most well-known snow storm in Buffalo's history, the [[Great Lakes Blizzard of 1977]], resulted from a combination of lake effect snow and high winds. Snow does not typically impair the city's operation, but did cause significant damage as with the [[Lake Storm "Aphid"|October 2006 storm]].
==Demographics==
{{USCensusPop
| 1830=8668
| 1840=18213
| 1850=42261
| 1860=81129
| 1870=117714
| 1880=155134
| 1890=255664
| 1900=352387
| 1910=423715
| 1920=506775
| 1930=573076
| 1940=575901
| 1950=580132
| 1960=532759
| 1970=462768
| 1980=357870
| 1990=328123
| 2000=292648
| estimate= 276059
| estyear=2006
| estref=
| footnote=Historical Population Figures<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027.html| title=Population Of The 100 Largest Cities And Other Urban Places In The United States: 1790 To 1990| first=Campbell| last=Gibson| publisher=Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census| year=June 1998| accessdate=2006-05-02}}</ref>
}}
===City proper===
Like most formerly industrial cities of the Great Lakes region, Buffalo has suffered through several decades of population decline brought about by the loss of its industrial base. The city's population peaked in 1950, when it was the 15th largest city in the United States. Its population has declined in every year since, particularly during the late 1970s and early 1980s, when the city lost nearly one-third of its population in only five years. The demographic change and the impact of such change on the industrial cities of the region, including Buffalo, is significant; based on the 2006 US Census estimate, Buffalo's current population is equivalent to its population in the year 1890, reversing nearly 120 years of demographic change.
[[Image:Buffalo NY historical population.png|left|thumb|240px|Buffalo NY, Historical Populations (1830-2006)]]
At that time of the 2000 census there were 292,648 people, 122,720 [[households]], and 67,005 [[family|families]] residing in the city. The [[population density]] is 7,205.8 people per square mile (2,782.4/km²). There are 145,574 [[house|housing]] units at an average density of 3,584.4/sq mi (1,384.1/km²). The [[Race (U.S. Census)|racial]] makeup of the city is 54.43% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 37.23% [[African American]], 0.77% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 1.40% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.04% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 3.68% from other races, and 2.45% from two or more races. 7.54% of the population are [[Hispanics in the United States|Hispanic]] or [[Latino]] of any race. The top 5 largest ancestries include [[German American|German]] (13.6%), [[Irish American|Irish]] (12.2%), [[Italian American|Italian]] (11.7%), [[Polish American|Polish]] (11.7%), and [[English American|English]] (4.0%).<ref>http://www.city-data.com/city/Buffalo-New-York.html</ref>
There were 122,720 households out of which 28.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 27.6% are [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 22.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 45.4% are non-families. 37.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 12.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.29 and the average family size is 3.07.
In the city the population included 26.3% under the age of 18, 11.3% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females there are 88.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 83.5 males.
The [[median household income|median income]] for a household in the city is $24,536, and the median income for a family is $30,614. Males have a median income of $30,938 versus $23,982 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city is $14,991. 26.6% of the population and 23.0% of families are below the [[poverty line]]. Out of the total population, 38.4% of those under the age of 18 and 14.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
Buffalo has very sizable populations of [[Irish American|Irish]], [[Italian American|Italian]], [[Polish American|Polish]], [[German American|German]], [[Jewish American|Jewish]], [[Greek American|Greek]], Arab American and [[African American|African]] descent. Major ethnic neighborhoods still exist but they changed significantly in the second half of the twentieth century. Traditionally, [[Polish-Americans]] were the predominant occupants of the [[East Side]], while [[Italian-Americans]] composed a close-knit neighborhood in the west side. The [[East Side]] is now a predominantly African American neighborhood, while the [[West Side]] has become a [[melting pot]] of many ethnicities, with [[Latino]] culture being the strongest influence. Throughout the history of Buffalo, the neighborhoods collectively called the [[First Ward]], as well as much of [[South Buffalo]], have been comprised almost entirely of people of [[Irish descent]]. Recently, there has been an influx of inhabitants that are of Arab descent, mainly from Yemen. Since the 1950s and 1960s, the greater portion of the Jewish population has moved to the [[suburban]] areas outside of the city.
===Metropolitan area===
As of 2006, [[Erie County, New York|Erie]] and [[Niagara County|Niagara]] Counties had a combined estimated population of 1,154,378.<ref name="suny_rkn">{{cite web|url=http://rkn.buffalo.edu/data/topicdata.cfm?Topic=100&Region=777|title=SUNY Buffalo Regional Knowledge Network}}</ref> The racial makeup of the area is 82.2% [[White]], 13% [[African American]], 0.6% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]], 1.32% [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Asian]], 3.3% [[Hispanic]], and 1.4% of all [[other races]]. In the metropolitan area, 39.68% of people are under the age of 18 or over the age of 64, and the median age is 38. Of the total population, 82.88% have a [[high school diploma]] and 23.2% have obtained a [[Bachelor's degree]]. The median income for a household is $48,400 and the per capita income for the area is just under $39,000. Approximately 8% of the population is below the poverty line.
==Education==
[[Image:PostcardLHS.png|thumb|200px|right|Lafayette High School]]
[[Image:City Honors frontview.JPG|thumb|right|200px|City Honors School]]
Like the rest of [[New York]], Buffalo is subject to the state’s benchmark evaluation system. The [[Buffalo Public Schools]] curriculum is aligned to state standards set by the [[New York State Education Department|Education Department]]. At the [[high school]] level, students are required to pass [[Regents Examinations]] for each course upon its completion. Currently, there are 78 [[public schools]] in the city including a growing number of [[charter schools]]. As of 2006, the total enrollment was 41,089 students with a [[student-teacher ratio]] of 13.5 to 1. The dropout rate is just 5.3%, and 83% of students who graduate go on to college. More than 27% of teachers have a [[Master's degree]] or higher and the median amount of experience in the field is 15 years. When considering the entire metropolitan area, there are a total of 292 schools educating 172,854 students.<ref name="suny_rkn" /> Buffalo is noted {{Fact|date=February 2007}} for its model [[magnet school]] system attracting students with special interests, which include [[science]], [[bilingual]] studies, and [[Native American studies]]. Specialized facilities include the Buffalo Elementary School of Technology; the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Multicultural Institute; the [[International School]]; the Dr. Charles R. Drew Science Magnet School; Build Academy; Leonardo da Vinci High School Buffalo; the Buffalo Academy for the Visual and Performing Arts, BAVPA; the Riverside Institute of Technology; [[Lafayette High School (Buffalo)|Lafayette High School/Buffalo Academy of Finance]]; [[Hutchinson Central Technical High School]]; South Park High School and the Emerson School of Hospitality. The [[City Honors School]] was recently ranked #8 in the nation by ''[[Newsweek]]'' magazine.
Buffalo is currently in the process of a $1 billion city school rebuilding plan.
The city is home to 47 [[private schools]] while the metropolitan region has 150 institutions. Most private schools have a [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] affiliation including [http://www.smhlancers.org.com St. Mary's High School], [[Bishop Timon - St. Jude High School]], [[St. Francis High School]], [[Canisius High School]] , [[Nardin Academy]],[[St. Joseph's Collegiate Institute]], and [http://www.cardinalohara.com Cardinal O'Hara High School]. However, there are schools affiliated with other religions such as [[Islam]] and [[Judaism]]. There are also many [[nonsectarian]] options including [[The Park School of Buffalo]], [[The Buffalo Seminary]] (the only private, nonsectarian, all-girls school in WNY)<ref>http://buffaloseminary.org/</ref> , and The [[Nichols School]].
Complementing its standard function, the Buffalo Public Schools Adult and Continuing Education Division provides education and services to adults throughout the community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upskill.org/|title=Buffalo Public Schools Adult and Continuing Education Division}}</ref> In addition, the Career and Technical Education Department offers more than 20 academic programs, and is attended by about 6,000 students each year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buffaloschools.org/cte/|title=Career and Technical Education department}}</ref>
Buffalo is home to four [[State University of New York]] (SUNY) institutions. [[Buffalo State College]], a comprehensive college, and the [[University at Buffalo]], one of the four University Centers in the SUNY system. Each is the largest institution of its type in the system. Combined, they account for roughly 40,000 students in the area. Two smaller SUNY institutions are [[Niagara County Community College]], and [[Erie Community College]], both of which share the #1 and #2 transfer rate of students moving on to larger schools.
Other academic institutions in Buffalo or its suburbs include: [[Bryant & Stratton College]], [[Canisius College]], [[D'Youville College]], [[Daemen College]], [[Empire State College]], [[Hilbert College]], [[Houghton College]], [[Medaille College]], [[Trocaire College]], [[Villa Maria College]], [[Niagara University]]
The Buffalo area is also home to the [[The Gow School]]<ref>http://www.gow.org/</ref>,The Gow School is a college prep boarding school for young men, grades 7 to 12, with dyslexia and similar language-based learning disabilities including: central auditory processing disorder, dyscalculia and LD written expression
==Economy==
Buffalo and the surrounding area were long involved in railroad commerce, [[steel]] manufacture, [[automobile]] production, Great Lakes shipping and grain storage. Most of these industries have left the city through the years. Major steel production no longer exists in the area, although several smaller steel mills remain in operation. For example, Gibraltar Industries, a leading manufacturer, processor, and distributor of steel products for the building, industrial, and vehicular markets is headquartered in Buffalo. The loss in industries is in line with other [[Rust Belt]] cities such as [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]], [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]], [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]], and [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]] that have had to adjust to changing economic conditions. While some cities such as Pittsburgh have made adjustments with mixed results, Buffalo is more in line with Cleveland and is faced with continual economic problems and declining populations.
In addition, [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] maintains operation of its Buffalo Stamping Plant south of the city, and [[Chevrolet]] has two plants, a production plant in [[Tonawanda (Town), New York|Tonawanda]] near the city line, and a tool and [[Die (manufacturing)|die]] plant in the city. The [[windshield wiper]] was invented in Buffalo, and the [[Trico]] company still operates some facilities there. For many years, Buffalo was the nation's second largest [[rail transport|rail]] center, with [[Chicago]] being the first.
The traditional reputation of Buffalo as "blue collar" industrial town really no longer applies however, as much of this industry has left the area. The regional economy can now best be described as a mix of industrial, light manufacturing, high technology and service-oriented private sector companies. Instead of relying on a single industry or sector for its economic future, the region has taken a diversified approach that has created opportunities for growth and expansion in the 21st century.
Overall, employment in Buffalo has shifted as its population has declined and manufacturing has left. Buffalo's 2005 unemployment rate of 6.6% was 32% higher than New York State's 5.0% rate.<ref>[http://www.labor.state.ny.us/workforceindustrydata/wny/WesternSlideShows.asp See Erie County.ppt www.labor.state.ny.us]</ref> And from the fourth quarter of 2005 to the fourth quarter of 2006, Erie County had no net job growth, ranking it 271st among the 326 largest counties in the country.<ref>[http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cewqtr.t01.htm BLS, Table 1. Covered establishments, employment, and wages in the 326 largest counties, fourth quarter 2006]</ref> Yet the area has recently seen an upswing in job growth as unemployment has dropped to only 4.9% in July 2007 from 5.2% in 2006 and 6.6% in 2005.<ref>[http://www.labor.state.ny.us/workforceindustrydata/PressReleases/prtbur.txt ''www.labor.state.ny.us'']</ref> The area's manufacturing jobs have continued to show the largest losses in jobs with over 17,000 fewer than at the start of 2006. Yet other sectors of the economy have outdistanced manufacturing and are seeing large increases. Educational and health services added over 30,400 jobs in 2006 and over 20,500 jobs have been added in the professional and business (mostly finance) arena.<ref>[http://www.bizjournals.com/albany/ ''bizjournals.com'']</ref>
According to the New York State Department of Labor:<ref>[http://www.labor.state.ny.us/workforceindustrydata/index.asp?reg=wny NY State Dept. of Labor - Western New York Workforce and Industry data]</ref><blockquote>
Private sector employment in the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metro area increased by 1,700, or 0.4 percent, to 447,800, over the 12 months ending April 2008. Job gains were centered in professional and business services (+2,000), leisure and hospitality (+1,300), financial activities (+1,100), and trade, transportation and utilities (+700). Losses occurred in natural resources, mining and construction (-1,800) and manufacturing (-1,700).
</blockquote>
Buffalo has also increasingly become a center for [[bioinformatics]] and [[human genome]] research, including work by researchers at the [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York|University at Buffalo]] and the [[Roswell Park Cancer Institute]]. This consortium is known as the [[Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus]]. It also includes: Buffalo Hearing & Speech Center, Buffalo Medical Group Foundation, [[Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute]], Kaleida Health, Olmsted Center for the Visually Impaired, Cleveland BioLabs and Upstate New York Transplant Services.
Entrepreneurial resources and life science business consultants accelerate the growth and development of emerging companies found within the [[Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus]] and Upstate New York Region. For example, Buffalo BioSciences is a technology commercialization partner to the New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences and contributed to the launch and early success of Empire Genomics –- a firm based on research conducted at Roswell Park Cancer Institute by Dr. Norma Nowak enabling the delivery of personalized medicine.
Buffalo is the headquarters of [[M&T Bank]], a [[Fortune 500]] company with assets over $65B as of December 31, 2007. [[HSBC Bank USA]] also has major operations in Buffalo (The sports arena, which hosts the [[Buffalo Sabres]] [[NHL]] franchise, is named [[HSBC Arena]]). Other banks, such as [[Bank of America]] and [[KeyBank]], have corporate operations in Buffalo, and [[Citigroup]] has recently announced {{when}} it will soon follow in [[Amherst, New York|Amherst]], Buffalo's largest suburb.
[[Geico]] also has a regional office in [[Amherst, New York|Amherst]].
Another successful industry in Buffalo is debt collection. There are six major firms located in Buffalo and the surrounding area. [[New Era Cap Company]], the largest sports-licensed headwear company in the United States, is based in Buffalo. They opened new headquarters in 2007 in the former [[Federal Reserve]] Building in downtown Buffalo.
When it comes to food and beverage industry, Buffalo is home to both [[Rich Products]], one of the world's largest family-owned food manufacturers, and the American headquarters of [[InBev]], the world's largest producer of beer. [[Labatt]] moved its US headquarters to Buffalo in May 2007. This is in large part due to Buffalo's location directly in the middle of the Northeastern Trade Corridor. The city is the heart of the Canadian-American corridor. Over 80% of all U.S.-Canada trade occurs via border crossings in the eastern United States and with five bridges to Canada, the Buffalo area is one of the key eastern border crossing locations.
{| class="WNY Largest Private Sector Employers"
===Largest Private Sector Employers===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Top 10 Private Sector Employers in Western New York - 2008'''<ref>[http://www.buffaloniagara.org/files/pdf/Private_Sector_Employers_2008_BOL.pdf Buffalo Niagara Enterprise - Business First 2008 Book of Lists]</ref>
|-
! Company
! Industry
! Fulltime Employees
|-
| Kaleida Health || Health Care || 10,000
|-
| [[HSBC Bank USA N.A.]] || Commercial Bank || 5,848
|-
| Catholic Health System || Health Care || 4,949
|-
| Employer Services Corp. || Employment-related services || 4,880
|-
| [[M&T Bank]] || Commercial Bank || 4,820
|-
| [[Tops Markets LLC]] || Supermarket Retailer || 4,673
|-
| Seneca Gaming Corp. || Entertainment || 4,020
|-
| Catholic Diocese of Buffalo || Parishes, schools, and institutions || 3,700
|-
| [[Wegmans Food Markets]] Inc. || Supermarket Retailer || 3,288
|-
| [[Roswell Park Cancer Institute]] || Hospital || 2,699
|}
<small>Note: Delphi is no longer included in the list as it employs 2,600 as of June, 2008</small> [http://www.bizjournals.com/buffalo/stories/2008/06/02/daily47.html?page=2 Buffalo Business First]
==Government==
[[Image:Buffalo City Hall - 001.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Buffalo City Hall]] - an [[Art Deco]] masterpiece]]
{{main|Politics and Government of Buffalo, New York}}
{{main|List of mayors of Buffalo, New York}}
At the [[Administrative divisions of New York#City|municipal]] level, the City of Buffalo has a council made up of the [[mayor]] and nine [[city council|councilmen]]. Buffalo also serves as the seat of [[Erie County, New York|Erie County]] with 27 county representatives. At the state level, there are three state [[New York State Assembly|assemblymen]] and two state [[New York State Senate|senators]] in the Buffalo area. At the federal level, Buffalo is represented by three members of the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]].
In a trend common to Northern [[Rust Belt|"Rust Belt"]] regions, political activities in Buffalo have been dominated by The [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] for the last half-century, though its longest serving mayor of the past half-century, [[James Griffin]], switched political affiliations several times and most frequently attained electoral victory from socially conservative platforms. In 2005, Kevin Helfer, the city's first major conservative mayoral candidate in over 40 years, defeated [[Byron Brown]] by a 2-1 margin in the [[Conservative Party of New York|Conservative Party]] primary. Despite this, voters ultimately chose Brown, making him the city's first African-American mayor. [[Trade union|Union]] support bolstered Brown's campaign, ultimately providing a substantial fundraising and volunteer effort.
==Cityscape==
[[Image:Buffalo, New York from I-190 North entering downtown.jpg|thumb|center|600px|Buffalo, New York from [[Interstate 190 (New York)|I-190]] North entering downtown.]]
[[Image:Buffalo skyline edit1.jpg|thumb|center|600px|Buffalo, New York's skyline]]
====Neighborhoods====
Buffalo consists of 32 different neighborhoods: ([http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/asl/maps/buf/mapkey.html A map of the neighborhoods]) [[Allentown, Buffalo, New York|Allentown]], Bailey-Lovejoy, [[Black Rock, Buffalo, New York|Black Rock]], Central Park, Cold Springs, Delaware District, [http://www.buffaloplace.com/ Downtown], East Side, [http://www.foreverelmwood.org/ Elmwood Village], Fillmore-Leroy, First Ward, Fruit Belt, Hamlin Park, Hospital Hill, Humboldt Park, Kaisertown, Kensington, Kensington Heights, Lower West Side, Masten Park, [[North Buffalo, Buffalo, New York|North Buffalo]], North Park, [http://www.parksidebuffalo.org/ Parkside], [http://www.broadwayfillmorealive.org/ Polonia/Broadway Fillmore], [[Riverside, Buffalo, New York|Riverside]], Schiller Park, [[South Buffalo, Buffalo, New York|South Buffalo]], University District, [[University Heights, Buffalo, New York|University Heights]], Vernon Triangle, [[Upper West Side, Buffalo, New York|Upper West Side]], and Willert Park.
According to the [[American Planning Association]] the [http://www.foreverelmwood.org/ Elmwood Village] neighborhood in Buffalo is ranked the third best neighborhood in America.<ref>[http://www.planning.org/greatplaces/neighborhoods/elmwoodvillage.htm]."American Planning Association". Accessed October 4, 2007</ref> Elmwood Village<ref>[http://www.foreverelmwood.org/ Forever Elmwood - The Elmwood Village Association<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> is a mixed use neighborhood with hundreds of small, home grown stores and restaurants.
===Parks===
{{main|Buffalo, New York parks system}}
[[Image:Buffalo Botanical Gardens.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The [[Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens]] at Buffalo, New York]]
One of Buffalo's many monikers is the ''City of Trees'', which describes the abundance of green in the city. In fact, Buffalo has more than 20 parks with multiple ones being accessible from any part of the city.
The [[Olmsted Park]] and Parkway System is the hallmark of Buffalo’s many green spaces. Three-fourths of city park land is part of the system, which comprises six major parks, eight connecting parkways, nine circles and seven smaller spaces. Begun in 1868 by [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] and his partner [[Calvert Vaux]], the system was integrated into the city and marks the first attempt in America to lay out a coordinated system of public parks and parkways. The Olmsted designed portions of the Buffalo park system are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] and are maintained by the [http://www.buffaloolmstedparks.org/ Buffalo Olmsted Parks Conservancy].
===Waterfront===
[[Image:Buffalo New York aerial view.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Aerial view of the waterfront at Buffalo, New York. The city is to the north. The highway below is NY5]]
Situated at the confluence of [[Lake Erie]] and the [[Buffalo River (New York)|Buffalo]] and [[Niagara River]]s, Buffalo is a [[waterfront]] city. The city’s rise to economic power came through its waterways in the form of [[transshipment]], [[manufacturing]], and an endless source of energy. Buffalo’s waterfront is still a hub of commerce, trade, and industry that is essential to its economic prosperity{{Fact|date=September 2007}}.
Buffalo's waterfront is being transformed from its industrial past into a focal point for social and recreational activity. A literal focal point, viewed from above, is a marina taking the shape of a buffalo (located near the junction of the [[Buffalo Skyway]] [[NY 5]] and the [[New York State Thruway]] [[Interstate 190 (New York)|I-190]].
===Standard of living===
The loss of traditional jobs in manufacturing, rapid suburbanization and high costs of labor have led to economic decline, making Buffalo one of the poorest amongst U.S. cities with populations of more than 250,000 people. An estimated 30% of Buffalo residents live below the poverty line, second only to [[Detroit]].<ref>[http://publicbroadcasting.net/wned/news.newsmain?action=article&ARTICLE_ID=1139020§ionID=1 Buffalo is Nation's Second Poorest City]. ''WNED-AM 970 NEWS''. Accessed March 11, 2008.</ref> Buffalo's median household income of $27,850 is third-lowest among large cities, behind only Miami and Cleveland; however the median household income for the metropolitan area is $57,000.<ref>[http://www.buffalonews.com/home/story/151336.html?imw=Y Buffalo falls to second-poorest big city in U.S., with a poverty rate of nearly 30 percent]. ''Buffalo News''. Accessed September 2, 2007.</ref>
This, in part, has led to the [[Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area]] having the most affordable housing market in the U.S. today. The quarterly NAHB/Wells Fargo Housing Opportunity Index (HOI) noted that nearly 90% of the new and existing homes sold in the metropolitan area during the second quarter were affordable to families making the area's median income of $57,000. The area median price of homes was $75,000.{{Fact|date=September 2007}} This high affordability within the housing market combined with the metropolitan area's short commute time and cultural offerings such as the [[Albright-Knox Art Gallery]], [[Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra]] or professional sports teams such as the [[Buffalo Sabres]] or [[Buffalo Bills]] offer area residents a good quality of life.
Buffalo faces issues with vacant and abandoned houses, as the city ranks second only to [[St. Louis]] on the list of American cities with the most vacant properties per capita. Since 2000, the city has torn down 2,000 vacant homes but as many as 10,000 still remain. Mayor Byron W. Brown recently unveiled a $100 million, five-year plan to rip down 5,000 more houses.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/nyregion/13vacant.html?_r=1&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/B/Belson,%20Ken&oref=slogin Vacant Houses, Scourge of a Beaten-down Buffalo]. ''New York Times''. Accessed September 14, 2007.</ref> However an overwhelming majority of these houses are in Buffalo's east side, a predominately African American community. The city's move away from hard industry and toward a service and bioinformatics industry has led to an improving environment which has allowed area residents to further enjoy the area's natural offerings that include two Great Lakes, the Niagara River, and Alleghany Mountains. In July 2005, ''[[Reader's Digest]]'' ranked Buffalo as the third cleanest large city in the nation.<ref name="ReadersDigest">Derek Burnett,[http://www.rd.com/content/openContent.do?contentId=15223&pageIndex=3 America's Top Five Cleanest Cities]. ''Reader's Digest''. Accessed January 4, 2007.</ref>
==Culture==
===Nicknames===
The most common of its monikers ''[[Queen City|The Queen City]]'' first appeared in print in the 1840s, referring to the city being the second largest city in New York State behind New York City. [[Queen City|The Queen City]] had also been used during the 1800s to describe Buffalo as the second largest American city on the [[Great Lakes]] after [[Chicago]]. Buffalo has also been called ''The Nickel City'' due to the appearance of a bison on the back of [[Nickel (U.S. coin)|Indian Head nickel]] in the early part of the 20th century. ''The City of Good Neighbors'' refers to the helpful, friendly spirit of its inhabitants. Buffalo was also known in the 1980s as ''The City of No Illusions,'' due in part to a t-shirt campaign by local stores.<ref>[http://www.buffaloniagaracvb.org/media_kit_5.html], accessed 7 August 2007</ref><ref>[http://nycbbb.com/features/buffaloenglish.htm The Guide to Buffalo English], accessed 7 August 2007</ref> In the early 20th century, the city began calling itself the ''City of Light'' because of the plentiful hydroelectric power made possible by nearby [[Niagara Falls]].<ref name="cityjournal"/>
=== People ===
Buffalo was first settled by [[New England]]ers and a small but influential number of [[African American]]s. The first wave of European immigrants was a large influx of [[German American|Germans]]. The city was further populated by [[Irish American|Irish]] immigrants escaping [[Irish Potato Famine (1845–1849)|famine]], and infused by [[Polish American|Polish]], [[Italian American|Italian and Sicilian]], [[Jewish American|Jewish]], and more recently [[Latino]] populations, all of which have made it a [[melting pot]] of ethnic cultures. The newest immigrants are from [[Somalia]], [[Asian American|Asia]], and the [[Arab American|Arab]] world.
The old First Ward in [[South Buffalo, Buffalo, New York|South Buffalo]] retains a strong Irish identity, and Kaisertown reflects a German heritage. The city's East Side was once home of Buffalo's [[Polonia]] centered around the [http://www.broadwaymarket.com/ Broadway Market], a microcosm of Polish/Slavic traditions and food delicacies. The East Side is now home to African Americans who came north during the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]]. The [[Juneteenth]] Festival of Buffalo, NY is an important component for Black-Americans of summertime events in the Buffalo-Niagara region.<ref>[http://www.juneteenthofbuffalo.com/ Juneteenth Festival of Buffalo, NY], accessed 7 July 2007</ref>
The West Side is home to the city's [[Hispanic]] community, predominantly of Puerto Rican descent. The West Side was once home to Buffalo's "Little Italy," but in the 1980s much of Buffalo's Italian American heritage shifted to North Buffalo. There is also a small Italian-American enclave in the East Side neighborhood of Lovejoy. The Sicilian custom of preparing [[St. Joseph's Day]] ([[March 19]]) tables, at which various meatless [[Lent]]en courses are laid out for the poor, continues in many Buffalo households as well as in some churches and restaurants.
Buffalo is also home to a sizable [[American Jews|Jewish]] community. [[History of the Jews in Germany|German Jews]] immigrants originally settled on Buffalo's West Side in the mid-1800s. Less well-off [[History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union|Russian Jews]] and [[History of the Jews in Poland|Polish Jews]] immigrating to the [[Niagara Frontier]] in the early 1900s initially settled on the lower East Side, near [[William Street]] and [[Jefferson Avenue]]. The community migrated to the Masten Park neighborhood on the East Side, and then to [[North Buffalo]] between the 1940s and the 1960s. Although many still live in the city, particularly in [[North Buffalo]] and the Delaware District on the city's West Side, the majority of the Buffalo area's approximately 26,400 Jews{{Fact|date=April 2007}} now live in the northeastern suburbs of [[Amherst, New York|Amherst]] and [[Williamsville, New York|Williamsville]] where the two Jewish Day Schools are located, Kadima Hebrew Day School and Jewish Heritage/Torah U'Masorah Day School. Buffalo's [[Jewish Community Center|Jewish Community centers]] are located in the Delaware District and Amherst.
Distancing itself from its industrial past, Buffalo is redefining itself as a cultural, banking, [[education]]al, and [[medicine|medical]] center and the city was named by ''[[Reader's Digest]]'' as the third cleanest city (environmentally) in the [[United States]] in 2005.<ref name="ReadersDigest" /> In 2001 [[USA Today]] named Buffalo the winner of its "City with a Heart" contest,<ref>{{cite web
| last = Grossman
| first = Cathy Lynn
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Lots and lots of heart in Buffalo
| work =
| publisher = USA Today
| date = 2001-02-12
| url = http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~rapaport/Buffalo/buffalo.ustoday.html
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-03-23 }}</ref> proclaiming it the nation's "friendliest city." Also, n 1996 and 2002, Buffalo won the [[All-America City Award]].<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = All-America City: Past Winners
| work =
| publisher = National Civic League
| date =
| url = http://www.ncl.org/aac/past_winners/past_winners.html
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-03-23 }}</ref>
=== Food ===
[[Image:Bobby2.JPG|thumb|right|120px|Rib dinner]]
[[Image:Homemade buffalo wings.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Bowl of [[chicken wings|"Wings"]] ]]
[[Image:small - Beef on Weck.jpg|thumb|right|120px|[[Beef on Weck]] sandwich]]
As a melting pot of cultures, [[cuisine]] in the Buffalo area reflects a variety of cultures. These include [[Italian cuisine|Italian]], [[Jewish cuisine|Jewish]], [[German cuisine|German]], [[Polish cuisine|Polish]], [[soul food|African American]], [[Greek cuisine|Greek]] and [[Cuisine of the United States|American]] influences. [[Kummelweck|Beef on Weck]], Wardynski's [[kielbasa]], Sahlen's [[hot dogs]], [[sponge candy]], [[pierogi]], and haddock [[Fish and chips|fish fries]] are among the local favorites, as is a [[loganberry]]-flavored beverage that remains relatively obscure outside of the Western [[New York]] and Southern [[Ontario]] area. Weber's mustard is a well known local producer of horseradish mustard which is popular in the Western NY area. [[Teressa Bellissimo]], the chef/owner of the city's [[Anchor Bar]], first prepared the now-widespread [[Buffalo wings|chicken wings]] here on October 3, 1964. Local or regional chains with a significant presence in the Buffalo area include Louies Hot Dogs(two separate companies with the same name), [[Ted's Hot Dogs]], Anderson's Frozen Custard, Duff's Famous Wings, John & Mary's, Jim's SteakOut, Just Pizza, SPoT Coffee, [[Tim Hortons]], [[Mighty Taco]], Bocce Club and LaNova Pizzeria. Buffalo's pizza is also unique, perhaps because Buffalo is geographically located halfway between [[New York City]] and [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]], the pizza made is likewise about halfway between thin-crust [[New York-style pizza]] and deep-dish [[Chicago-style pizza]]. The city is also home to the Pearl Street Brewery and [[Flying Bison Brewing Company]], who continue Buffalo's [[brewery|brewing]] traditions. Labatt USA, the US operation for [[Labatt|Labatt Beer]], a [[Toronto]]-based brewer, is also headquartered in Buffalo. Twice a summer thousands of Western New Yorkers descend into the city for two food festivals, the Taste of Buffalo and the [[National Buffalo Wing Festival]].<ref>[http://www.tasteofbuffalo.com/ Taste of Buffalo], accessed 7 July 2007</ref>
Buffalo also has several specialty import/grocery stores in old ethnic neighborhoods, and is home to an eclectic collection of cafes and restaurants that serve adventurous, cosmopolitan fare. Locally-owned restaurants offer [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]], [[German cuisine|German]], [[Japanese cuisine|Japanese]], [[Vietnamese cuisine|Vietnamese]], [[Thai cuisine|Thai]], [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]], [[Italian cuisine|Italian]], [[Greek cuisine|Greek]], [[Arab cuisine|Arab]], [[Indian cuisine|Indian]], [[Caribbean cuisine|Caribbean]], [[Soul Food]], and [[French cuisine|French]].
Several well-known food companies are based in Buffalo. Non-dairy whipped topping, later imitated by [[Cool Whip]], was invented in Buffalo in 1945 by Robert E. Rich, Sr. His company, [[Rich Products]], is one of the city's largest private employers. [[General Mills]] was organized in Buffalo, and Gold Medal brand flour, [[Wheaties]], [[Cheerios]] and other General Mills brand cereals are manufactured here. One of the country's largest cheese manufacturers, [[Sorrento Lactalis|Sorrento]], has been here since 1947. [[Archer Daniels Midland]] also operates its largest flour mill in the city.
Buffalo is also home to one of the largest privately held food companies in the world, [[Delaware North Companies]], which operates concessions in sports arenas, stadiums, resorts, and many state & federal parks.
=== Art ===
[[Image:Albright-Knox Art Gallery 2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Albright-Knox Art Gallery]]
Buffalo is home to over 50 private and public [[art gallery|art galleries]]<ref> [http://www.city-buffalo.com/files/1_2_1/Public%20Art%20Website/Web%20Pages/Public%20Art%20Main%20Page.html City of Buffalo Public Art Collection]</ref>
, most notably the [[Albright-Knox Art Gallery]], home to a world-class collection of [[Modern art|modern]] and [[contemporary art]]. The local art scene is also enhanced by the [[Burchfield-Penney Art Center]], Hallwalls Contemporary Arts Center, [[CEPA]], and many small galleries and studios.<ref>[http://www.hallwalls.org/ Hallwalls Contemporary Arts Center], accessed 7 July 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.cepagallery.org/ CEPA Gallery], access 7 July 2007</ref> ''AmericanStyle'' ranked Buffalo fourth in its list of America's top art destinations.
Two street festivals - the [[Allentown Art Festival]] and the [http://www.elmwoodartfest.org Elmwood Festival of the Arts] - bring thousands of people to the city to browse and purchase original crafts. The [[Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra]], which performs at [[Kleinhans Music Hall]], is one of the city's most prominent performing arts institutions. [[Shea's Performing Arts Center]], long known as Shea's Buffalo, is an old-style large theatre that continues to show productions and concerts.
=== Architecture ===
[[Image:Darwin D. Martin House.jpg|thumb|right|125px|[[Darwin D. Martin House]] Buffalo, New York]]
[[Image:Kleinhans Music Hall.jpg|thumb|right|125px|Kleinhans Music Hall]]
[[Image:Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society]]
[[Image:Erie County Courthouse.jpg|thumb|right|125px|Erie County Hall]]
[[Image:Asbury Delaware Church, Buffalo 1.jpg|thumb|right|125px|Asbury Delaware Church]]
[[Image:Buffalo Central Terminal 2.jpg|thumb|right|125px|Buffalo Central Terminal]]
Many architectural treasures exist in Buffalo, including:
The country's largest intact parks system designed by [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] and [[Calvert Vaux]], including [[Delaware Park]]. Buffalo was the first city for which Olmsted designed (in 1869) an interconnected park and parkway system rather than stand-alone parks.
The [[Guaranty Building]], by [[Louis Sullivan]], was one of the first steel-supported, curtain-walled buildings in the world, and its thirteen stories made it, at the time it was built, the tallest building in Buffalo and one of the world's first true skyscrapers.<ref>[http://ah.bfn.org/a/church/28/tc.html Louis Sullivan - Guaranty / Prudential Building], accessed 7 July 2007</ref>
The Hotel Buffalo was the first hotel in the world to feature a private bath in each room.
The [[H. H. Richardson Complex]], originally the State Asylum for the Insane, is [[Richardsonian Romanesque]] in style and was the largest commission designed by prominent architect [[Henry Hobson Richardson]]. The grounds of this hospital were also designed by Olmsted. Though currently in a state of disrepair, New York State has allocated funds to restore this treasure.
There are several buildings by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], including the [[Martin House|Darwin Martin House]], [[Barton House|George Barton House]], William Heath House, The Graycliff Estate, as well as the now demolished [[Larkin Administration Building]].<ref>[http://ah.bfn.org/a/soldiers/76/ William Heath House], accessed 7 July 2007</ref><ref>[http://graycliff.bfn.org/ The Graycliff Estate], accessed 7 July 2007</ref> Currently under construction is the never built boathouse designed by Wright, on Buffalo's Black Rock Canal. Buffalo has more [[Frank Lloyd Wright]] buildings than any other city except [[Chicago]].
Other notable buildings:
* [[Buffalo Central Terminal]], the massive [[Art Deco]] railroad station designed by Alfred T. Fellheimer and Steward Wagner.
*[[Lafayette High School (Buffalo)|Lafayette High School]], a stone, brick and terra-cotta structure in the French Renaissance Revival style by architects August Eisenwein and [[James A. Johnson]], is the oldest public school in Buffalo that remains in its original building, and is on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].
* [[St. Adalbert's Basilica]], is a large, basilica-like structure on the city's east side. Built by Huber and Company in 1890-1891, it was built by [[Poland|Polish]] immigrants. The building itself is brick, its dimensions are {{convert|240|ft|m|0}} high, {{convert|118|ft|m|0}} wide, nave {{convert|70|ft|m|0}} high, the two towers are {{convert|150|ft|m|0}} high with a dome {{convert|40|ft|m|0}} wide and soaring {{convert|125|ft|m|0}} above the main nave. At that time it was the largest church in Western New York and cost $63,000 without the furnishings.
* [[Albright-Knox Art Gallery]], a world-renowned repository of art, was designed by [[Gordon Bunshaft]], a native [[Buffalonian]] and graduate of the above-noted [[Lafayette High School (Buffalo)|Lafayette High School]].
* [[Richard Upjohn]] designed St. Paul's [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopal]] Cathedral
* [[Eliel Saarinen]] and [[Eero Saarinen]] designed [[Kleinhans Music Hall]]
* [[Max Abramovitz]] designed Temple Beth Zion<ref>[http://www.tbz.org/ Temple Beth Zion], accessed 7 July 2007</ref>
* [[Alexander Phimister Proctor]] designed the ''Lions'' for the [[McKinley Monument]]
* [[Grain elevator]]s were invented here in 1842. Buffalo's collection is the largest in the world.
=== Nightlife ===
{{Original research|date=June 2008}}{{Unreferenced|date=June 2008}}[[Last call (bar term)|Last call]] is at 4 a.m. in Buffalo, rather than 2 a.m. as in most other areas of the U.S. This is often attributed to the historically high density of industrial facilities and the demand of second and third [[shift work|shift]] patrons. It is also because [[New York]] law allows bars to be open until 4 a.m. (However, local municipalities can override it to an earlier time.) This law was actually designed to accommodate the thriving late nightlife of [[New York City]], but the state's "Second City" has adopted it as well.
Several distinct and thriving [[Nightlife (activity)|nightlife]] districts have grown around clusters of bars and nightclubs in the city. The most visible nightlife district is West Chippewa Street<ref>[http://www.westchippewa.com/ Buffalo Bills, Buffalo Sabres, Buffalo NightLife, chippewa street, west chippewa street, Chippewa Street, West Chippewa Street<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, located between Main Street and South Elmwood Avenue. The area is home to high-energy dance clubs, crowded bars, trendy coffeehouses, and restaurants. [[Allentown, Buffalo, New York|Allentown]], where bars are as numerous but the atmosphere is a bit more relaxed, is a several minute walk north to Allen Street. Allen Street near Main Street houses several gay bars, while Allen near Elmwood has many bars that feature live music. Continuing up Elmwood Avenue from Allentown is the Elmwood Strip, which runs about two miles to [[Buffalo State College]]. This strip has numerous small boutiques and restaurants, with few large corporate establishments. Crowds on this strip include everyone from college students to families to the elderly.
The city and surrounding Niagara Region also have an active summer concert schedule, a large portion of which are free and easy to access. The events are well planned and are spaced out through the week. Artpark on Tuesday nights, Buffalo Place on Thursdays, The Canal Concert series is on Saturday nights in Lockport and new for 2008 is a Friday night series on the Erie canal in North Tonawanda.
=== Other points of interest ===
[[Image:U.S.S. Little Rock 6.1.jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park]].]]
* [[Edward M. Cotter (fireboat)|Edward M. Cotter fireboat]] Considered to be the world's oldest active [[fireboat]] and is a United States [[National Historic Landmark]]
* [[Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens]]
* Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society<ref>[http://www.bechs.org/ The Buffalo & Erie County Historical Society Buffalo New York<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* Buffalo Museum of Science<ref>[http://www.sciencebuff.org/ Buffalo Museum of Science - Home<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Buffalo Zoo]] - Third oldest zoo in the United States, established in 1875.
* [[Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo)|Forest Lawn Cemetery]]
* Mark Twain Room<ref>[http://www.buffalolib.org/libraries/collections/index.asp?sec=twain B&ECPL :: Collections of Special Interest<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, with original manuscript of ''[[Huckleberry Finn]]''
* [[USS Little Rock|USS Little Rock (CG-4)]] in [[Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park]]
* The [[Anchor Bar]], the birthplace of the [[Chicken Wings|Buffalo Wing]], or simply, the chicken wing, as it is commonly called in the region.
* Our Lady of Victory Basilica<ref>[http://www.ourladyofvictory.org/Basilica/Welcome.html The Basilica of Our Lady of Victory</ref>
* [[Lafayette Square, Buffalo|Lafayette Square]]
==Transportation==
===Airport===
Buffalo is served by the [[Buffalo Niagara International Airport]], located in [[Cheektowaga]]. The airport, recently re-constructed, serves over 5 million passengers a year and is still growing. [[Buffalo Niagara International Airport]] ranks among the five cheapest airports from which to fly in the country, according to the U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. The average round trip flight cost $295.58.<ref> {{cite news|title=Area flies high on low fares|author=Sharon Linstedt|work=www.buffalonews.com/103/story/63037.html|date=[[2007-04-24]]}} </ref> As of 2006, plans are in the works by U.S. Senator [[Charles Schumer]] to make the under-used [[Niagara Falls International Airport]] into an international cargo hub for New York and [[Toronto]], as well as [[Canada]] as a whole.<ref> {{cite news|title=Niagara airport pushed as trade hub; Schumer joins effort to bring global cargo|author=Bill Michelmore|work=Buffalo News|page=B1|date=[[2006-06-26]]}} </ref>
===Public transit===
The [[Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority]] (NFTA) operates [[Buffalo Niagara International Airport]] and [[Niagara Falls International Airport]], and the [[public transport|public transit]] system throughout the Buffalo area. The [[NFTA]] operates bus lines throughout the city and suburbs, as well as the [[Buffalo Metro Rail|Metro Rail]] transit system in the city.
The [[Buffalo Metro Rail|Metro Rail]] is a 6.4 mile (10.3 km) long, single line rail that extends from downtown Buffalo to the [[University Heights, Buffalo, New York|University Heights]] district in north Buffalo. The downtown section of the line is operated above ground and is free of charge to passengers. Outside the downtown area the line transitions to an underground system until it reaches the end of the line at University Heights. Passengers must pay a fee to ride this section of the rail.
===Intercity rail===
Two train stations, [[Buffalo-Depew (Amtrak station)|Buffalo-Depew]] and [[Buffalo-Exchange Street Station|Buffalo-Exchange Street]] serve the city and are operated by [[Amtrak]]. [[VIA Rail]] also serves these stations for travel into Canada.
Freight service for Buffalo is served by [[CSX Transportation]] and [[Norfolk Southern]] (NS), as well as [[Canadian National]] (CN) and [[Canadian Pacific]] (CP) railroads from across the Border. The area has 4 large rail yards: Frontier (CSX), Bison (NS), SK (NS / CP) and Buffalo Creek (NS / CSX). A large amount of hazardous cargo also crosses through the Buffalo area, such as liquid [[propane]] and [[anhydrous ammonia]].
===Waterways===
Buffalo is at the eastern end of [[Lake Erie]], one of the [[Great Lakes]], which boasts the greatest variety of freshwater sportfish in the country. The Lake serves as a playground for numerous personal yachts, sailboats, power boats and watercraft, and provides a short water route to excellent sand beaches on the nearby [[Ontario, Canada|Ontario]] (Canada) shore. The city has an extensive [[breakwall]] system protecting its inner and outer Lake Erie [[harbor]]s, which are maintained at commercial navigation depths for [[Great Lakes]] freighters.
A Lake Erie tributary that flows through south Buffalo is the [[Buffalo River]], for which the city is named. Buffalo is historically linked to the fabled [[Erie Canal]], which ends where the [[Black Rock Channel]] enters [[Lake Erie]]. When the Canal was dedicated, New York State governor [[DeWitt Clinton]] poured waters from the Atlantic ocean into the Lake at Buffalo's western terminus of the Canal. Once a major route for passengers and cargo, the Canal is now used primarily for pleasure craft and some light local freight, and in Buffalo it bypasses the swift upper reach of the [[Niagara River]]. A tributary of the Niagara River is [[Scajaquada Creek]], which flows though Buffalo, via the [[Frederick Law Olmsted]]-designed Delaware Lake and Park.
=== National and state highway access ===
[http://www.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=buffalo,+ny&ie=UTF8&ll=42.88538,-78.87839&spn=0.537331,0.969543&t=p&z=10| See Google Map of Buffalo, NY road system.]
*[[Image:I-90.svg|20px]] [[Image:NYS Thruway Sign.png|20px]] [[Interstate 90]] ([[New York State Thruway]])
*[[Image:I-290.svg|22px]] [[Interstate 290 (New York)|Interstate 290]] ([[Youngmann Expressway]]), travels from I-90 to I-190 northeast of Buffalo.
*[[Image:I-990.svg|22px]] [[Interstate 990 (New York)|Interstate 990]] ([[Lockport Expressway]]), is a short Interstate Highway located northeast of Buffalo, entirely within the Town of [[Amherst, New York|Amherst]], the largest suburb of Buffalo.
*[[Image:US 20.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 20 in New York|U.S. Route 20]]
*[[Image:US 20A.svg|22px]] [[U.S. Route 20A (New York)|U.S. Route 20A]]
*[[Image:US 62.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 62#New York|U.S. Route 62]]
*[[Image:US 219.svg|22px]] [[U.S. Route 219 in New York|U.S. Route 219]] (Southern Expressway)
==Federal offices==
===US Army Corps of Engineers===
The offices of the Buffalo District, [[US Army Corps of Engineers]] are located adjacent to the Black Rock Lock in the Black Rock channel of the [[Erie Canal]]. In addition to maintaining and operating the lock, the District is responsible for planning, design, construction and maintenance of water resources projects in an area extending from [[Toledo, Ohio]] to [[Massena, New York]]. These include the [[Mount Morris Dam|flood-control dam]] at [[Mount Morris, New York]], oversight of the lower [[Great Lakes]] ([[Lake Erie|Erie]] and [[Lake Ontario|Ontario]]), review and permitting of wetlands construction, and remedial action for hazardous waste sites.
Buffalo is also the home of a major office of the [[National Weather Service]] (NOAA), which serves all of western and much of central New York State.
===Federal courts===
Buffalo is also the location of the chief judge, [[United States Attorney]], and administrative offices for the [[United States District Court for the Western District of New York]].
==Sports teams==
=== Current teams ===
[[Image:Dunn Tire Park.jpg|thumb|280px|[[Dunn Tire Park]], home to the [[Buffalo Bisons]].]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! | Sport
! | League
! | Club
! | Founded
! | Venue
|-
| | [[American football|Football]]
| | [[National Football League|NFL]]
| | [[Buffalo Bills]]
| | 1960
| | [[Ralph Wilson Stadium]]
|-
| | [[Hockey]]
| | [[National Hockey League|NHL]]
| | [[Buffalo Sabres]]
| | 1970
| | [[HSBC Arena]]
|-
| | [[Baseball]]
| | [[International League|IL]]
| | [[Buffalo Bisons]]
| | 1979
| | [[Dunn Tire Park]]
|-
| | [[Lacrosse]]
| | [[National Lacrosse League|NLL]]
| | [[Buffalo Bandits]]
| | 1992
| | [[HSBC Arena]]
|-
| | [[Basketball]]
| | [[American Basketball Association (2000-)|ABA]]
| | [[Buffalo Sharks]]
| | 2005
| | [[Koessler Athletic Center]]
|-
| | [[Basketball]]
| | [[Premier Basketball League|PBL]]
| | [[Buffalo Dragons]]
| | 2008
| | [[Burt Flickinger Center]]
|-
| | [[Soccer]]
| | [[National Premier Soccer League|NPSL]]
| | [[Queen City FC]]
| | 2007
| | [[All-High Stadium]]
|-
| | [[Arena Football]]
| | [[AF2]]
| | TBD<ref name="af2">http://www.buffalonews.com/sports/story/354801.html BuffaloNews.com Accessed 27-MAY-2008</ref>
| | 2009
| | TBD
|}
===Former teams===
* The [[Buffalo Bisons (1879-1885)|Buffalo Bisons]] of the [[National League]] from 1879–1885.
* The [[Buffalo Blues]] of the defunct [[Federal League]] of baseball from 1914–1915.
* The [[Buffalo Bills (AAFC)|Buffalo Bisons]] of the defunct [[All-America Football Conference]] in 1946.
* The [[Buffalo Bills (AAFC)|Buffalo Bills]] of the defunct [[All-America Football Conference]] from 1947–1949.
* The [[Buffalo Bisons (AHL)|Buffalo Bisons]] of the [[American Hockey League]] from 1940–1970.
* The [[Buffalo Braves]] of the [[National Basketball Association]] from 1970–1978.
* The [[Buffalo Norsemen]] of the [[North American Hockey League]] from 1975–1976.
* The [[Buffalo Stallions]] of the defunct [[Major Soccer League|Major Indoor Soccer League]] from 1979–1984.
* The [[Buffalo Stampede]] of the defunct [[Roller Hockey International]] from 1994–1995.
* The [[Buffalo Wings (roller hockey)|Buffalo Wings]] of the defunct [[Roller Hockey International]] and Major League [[Roller Hockey]] from 1997–1999.
* The [[Buffalo Blizzard]] of the defunct [[National Professional Soccer League II]] from 1992–2001.
* The [[Buffalo Destroyers]] of the [[Arena Football League]] from 1999–2003.
== Media ==
=== Television ===
{{seealso|Category:Television stations in Buffalo}}
{{Buffalo TV}}
=== Newspapers ===
{{seealso|Category:Newspapers published in New York}}
* [[The Buffalo News]] - ''(The region's main paper)'' - http://www.buffalonews.com
* The Spectrum ''(The University at Buffalo's Student Newspaper)'' - http://spectrum.buffalo.edu
* Artvoice ''(A weekly [[alternative newspaper]])'' - http://www.artvoice.com
* Buffalo Rising ''(A daily [[blog]] and monthly magazine)'' - http://www.buffalorising.com
* South Buffalo Online - http://www.SouthBuffaloOnline.com
* [[Buffalo Courier-Express]] - ''(ceased publication in 1982)''
* [[The Beast (newspaper)|The Beast]] - ''(A [[left-libertarian]] biweekly)''
*[[WNYMEDIA.NET]] - "(Buffalo's First Online Freedom Journalist Paper)" - http://www.wnymedia.net
=== Radio ===
{{seealso| Category:Radio stations in Buffalo, New York}}
{{Buffalo FM}}
=== Film industry ===
Though Buffalo is not a major center of [[film]] production, the [http://www.filmbuffaloniagara.org/main.phtml Buffalo Niagara Film Commission] exists to promote and assist with filmmaking in the area. In addition, the non-profit [http://www.buffalofilmfestival.org Buffalo International Film Festival] helps to highlight the work of Buffalonians associated with the film industry. [http://www.squeaky.org Squeaky Wheel], a non-profit media arts center, provides access for local media artists to video and film equipment, as well as screenings of independent and avant-garde films.
====Films set in the Buffalo area====
<!-- Note: This list might not belong in this article. Some of the films, such as "The Natural", are highly notable, but for others this amounts to a trivia section. -->
There have also been a number films that were set or filmed in the Buffalo area.
* ''[[Best Friends]]'' was filmed in Buffalo in 1982.
* ''[[Buffalo '66]]'' was set and filmed in Buffalo.
*''[[Bruce Almighty]]'' (2003) starring Jim Carrey and Jennifer Aniston is set in Buffalo. Parts of the movie are set in the real-life TV station WKBW.
* ''[[Evan Almighty]]'' was set in Buffalo in the beginning of the movie.
* ''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0080868/ Hide in Plain Sight]'' was set and filmed in Buffalo.
* ''[http://imdb.com/title/tt0248169/ Manna from Heaven]'' was set and filmed in Buffalo.
* ''[[The Natural]],'' while not set in Buffalo, was mostly filmed in Buffalo.
* ''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0114403/ Shadow Creature]'' was filmed in Buffalo.
* ''[[The Savages (film)|The Savages]],'' starring [[Philip Seymour Hoffman]], was filmed throughout Buffalo in the spring of 2006.
* ''[[Poultrygeist: Night of the Chicken Dead]],'' A Troma film shot in Buffalo at an old [[McDonalds]] location on Bailey Ave.
* ''[[The Buddy Holly Story]]'' depicts the name "[[The Crickets]]" being bestowed upon Buddy's group by Buffalo disk jockey 'Madman' Mancuso, who (after having locked himself in the studio while he plays "That'll Be the Day" over and over), tracks down Buddy for a phone interview. Upon learning from Buddy that one of the songs the as-yet-unnamed group had recorded in Buddy's garage "has a cricket on it," the DJ anoints them "Buddy Holly and the Crickets."
* ''[http://imdb.com/title/tt0287730/ Stiletto Dance]'' starring [[Eric Roberts]] as a Buffalo cop trying to foil a Russian mafia-nuclear weapon deal was set and filmed in Buffalo in 2001.
* ''[[Planes, Trains & Automobiles]]'' starring [[Steve Martin]] and [[John Candy]]. The "Automobile" scenes were filmed along [[U.S. Route 219]], south of Buffalo.
* ''[[Canadian Bacon (film)|Canadian Bacon]]'' although largely set in nearby [[Niagara Falls, New York|Niagara Falls]], had significant scenes in Buffalo.
* ''[[You Kill Me]]'' is half set in Buffalo, although it was mostly filmed in [[Winnipeg]]
* ''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0382687/ The Falls]''(about a kidnapping) was shot in and takes place in Buffalo.
* ''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0780591/ Prison of the Psychotic Damned]'' A horror picture which takes place in the old Buffalo Central Terminal
==Sister cities==
Buffalo has a number of [[town twinning|sister cities]] as designated by [[Sister Cities International]] (SCI):<ref>[http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/USA/NY New York State Sister Cities]. Sister Cities, Inc.''</ref><ref>[http://www.ci.buffalo.ny.us/Home/OurCity/Buffalo_Sister_Cities Sister Cities] from Buffalo's website</ref>
*{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Cape Coast]], [[Ghana]]
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Dortmund]], [[Germany]]
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Drohobych]], [[Ukraine]]
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Horlivka]], [[Ukraine]]
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kanazawa, Ishikawa]], [[Japan]]
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Kiryat Gat]], [[Israel]]
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lille]], [[France]]
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Rzeszow]], [[Poland]]
*{{flagicon|JAM}} [[Saint Ann Parish|St. Ann]], [[Jamaica]]
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Siena]], [[Italy]]
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Tver]], [[Russia]]
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Torremaggiore]], [[Italy]]
==Honorary consulates in Buffalo==
*[[Austria]]
*[[Canada]] - (Consulate General)
*[[Czech Republic]]
*[[France]]
*[[Germany]]
*[[Italy]]
*[[Japan]]
*[[Sweden]]
*[[Switzerland]]
==See also==
* [[List of people from Buffalo, New York|Famous people from Buffalo]]
* [[South Buffalo]]
* [[Polish Cathedral]]
* [[East Side, Buffalo]]
* [[Buffalo City Hall]]
* [[Buffalo Fire Department]]
* [[Buffalo Airfield]]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
*[http://www.buffaloresearch.com/bestbooks.html The Ten Most Indispensable Books About Buffalo]
==External links==
{{cleanup-links}}
{{Commons+cat|Buffalo, New York}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Buffalo (city)}}
* [http://www.buffalocentralterminal.org/ Buffalo Central Terminal]
* [http://www.city-buffalo.com/ City of Buffalo webpage]
* {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/New_York/Localities/B/Buffalo|Buffalo}}
* [http://www.visitbuffaloniagara.com/ Visitor Information from Buffalo Niagara Convention & Visitors Bureau]
* [http://www.WrightNowInBuffalo.com/ An Online Resource for Art, Architecture & Design in Buffalo, New York, Buffalo Niagara Convention & Visitors Bureau ]
* [http://ah.bfn.org/ Buffalo Architecture and History]
* [http://www.buffalonian.com/history/ ''The Buffalonian'', history of Western New York]
* [http://www.buffaloresearch.com/ BuffaloResearch.com, a portal to researching ancestors, buildings, companies, literature, and more in Buffalo]
* [http://www.buffalomusic.org/ Buffalo Music Hall of Fame]
* [http://www.bnriverkeeper.org/ Buffalo Niagara Riverkeeper]
* [http://www.airport-buffalo.com/ Buffalo Airport]
* [http://www.jewishwny.com/ Buffalo Jewish Directory]
* [http://www.buffalochristian.com/ Buffalo Christian events]
* [http://www.buffaloplace.com/ Buffalo Place - Events, dining, theater and other resources]
{| width ="75%" border ="2" align="center"
|-----
| width ="35%" align="center" | '''Northwest:''' [[Grand Island, New York|Grand Island]]
| width ="30%" align="center" | '''North:''' [[Kenmore, New York|Kenmore]], [[Tonawanda (town), New York|Tonawanda]]
| width ="35%" align="center" | '''Northeast:''' [[Amherst, New York|Amherst]]
|-----
| width ="10%" align="center" | '''West:''' [[Fort Erie, Ontario|Fort Erie]], [[Niagara River]]
| width ="35%" align="center" | '''Buffalo'''
| width ="30%" align="center" | '''East:''' [[Sloan, New York|Sloan]], [[Cheektowaga, New York|Cheektowaga]]
|-----
| width ="35%" align="center" | '''Southwest:''' [[Lake Erie]]
| width ="30%" align="center" | '''South:''' [[Lackawanna, New York|Lackawanna]]
| width ="35%" align="center" | '''Southeast:''' [[West Seneca, New York|West Seneca]]
|}
{{Buffalo(NY)}}
{{Erie County, New York}}
{{New York}}
{{USLargestMetros}}
[[Category:New York State Heritage Areas]]
[[Category:Buffalo, New York| ]]
[[Category:Cities in New York]]
[[Category:Erie Canal]]
[[Category:Erie County, New York]]
[[Category:Underground Railroad locations]]
[[Category:Cities on the Great Lakes]]
[[Category:County seats in New York]]
[[Category:Settlements established in 1804]]
[[af:Buffalo (New York)]]
[[ar:بوفالو، نيويورك]]
[[br:Buffalo (New York)]]
[[bg:Бъфало]]
[[ca:Buffalo]]
[[cs:Buffalo]]
[[da:Buffalo (New York)]]
[[de:Buffalo]]
[[es:Buffalo (Nueva York)]]
[[eo:Bufalo]]
[[fa:بوفالو (شهر)]]
[[fr:Buffalo (New York)]]
[[gl:Búfalo, Nova York]]
[[ko:버펄로 (뉴욕 주)]]
[[io:Buffalo, Nova-York]]
[[id:Buffalo, New York]]
[[it:Buffalo (New York)]]
[[he:באפלו]]
[[jv:Buffalo, New York]]
[[la:Bufalum]]
[[lv:Bufalo]]
[[mk:Бафало, Њујорк]]
[[nl:Buffalo (New York)]]
[[ja:バッファロー (ニューヨーク州)]]
[[no:Buffalo]]
[[oc:Buffalo (Nòva York)]]
[[pl:Buffalo (Nowy Jork)]]
[[pt:Buffalo]]
[[ro:Buffalo, New York]]
[[ru:Буффало]]
[[simple:Buffalo, New York]]
[[sk:Buffalo (New York)]]
[[sr:Бафало (Њујорк)]]
[[sh:Buffalo]]
[[fi:Buffalo (New York)]]
[[sv:Buffalo, New York]]
[[ta:பஃபலோ (நியூ யோர்க்)]]
[[th:บัฟฟาโล]]
[[uk:Баффало]]
[[vo:Buffalo (New York)]]
[[zh:水牛城]]