Burkholderia cepacia complex
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2008-06-23T23:14:43Z
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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgrey
| name = ''Burkholderia cepacia complex''
| image = Burkholderia cepacia.jpg
| regnum = [[Bacterium|Bacteria]]
| phylum = [[Proteobacteria]]
| classis = [[Beta Proteobacteria]]
| ordo = [[Burkholderiales]]
| familia = [[Burkholderiaceae]]
| genus = [[Burkholderia]]
| species = '''''B. cepacia complex'''''
| binomial = ''Burkholderia cepacia complex''
| binomial_authority = (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) <br> Yabuuchi et al. 1993
| type_species =
[http://www.atcc.org/common/catalog/numSearch/numResults.cfm?atccNum=25416 ATCC 25416] <br>
CCUG 12691 and 13226 <br> CFBP 2227 <br> CIP 80.24 <br> DSM 7288 <br> HAMBI 1976 <br> ICMP 5796 <br> JCM 5964 <br> LMG 1222 <br> NBRC 14074 <br> NCCB 76047 <br> NCPPB 2993 <br> NCTC 10743 <br> NRRL B-14810
| synonyms = ''Pseudomonas cepacia'' <small>Burkholder 1950</small> <br> ''Pseudomonas multivorans'' <small>Stanier et al. 1966</small> <br> ''Pseudomonas cepacia'' <small>(ex Burkholder 1950) Palleroni and Holmes 1981</small> <br> ''Pseudomonas kingii'' <small>Jonsson 1970</small>
}}
'''''Burkholderia cepacia complex'' (BCC)''', or simply '''''Burkholderia cepacia''''' is a group of [[catalase]]-producing, non-[[lactose]]-[[fermentation (biochemistry)|fermenting]] [[Gram-negative]] [[bacteria]] composed of at least nine different species, including ''B. cepacia'', ''[[Burkholderia multivorans|B. multivorans]]'', ''[[Burkholderia cenocepacia|B. cenocepacia]]'', ''[[Burkholderia vietnamiensis|B. vietnamiensis]]'', ''[[Burkholderia stabilis|B. stabilis]]'', ''[[Burkholderia ambifaria|B. ambifaria]]'', ''[[Burkholderia dolosa|B. dolosa]]'', ''[[Burkholderia anthina|B. anthina]]'', and ''[[Burkholderia pyrrocinia|B. pyrrocinia]]''.<ref name=Lipuma_2005>{{cite journal |author=Lipuma J |title=Update on the Burkholderia cepacia complex |journal=Curr Opin Pulm Med |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=528–33 |year=2005 |pmid=16217180 |doi=10.1097/01.mcp.0000181475.85187.ed}}</ref> ''B. cepacia'' is an important human pathogen which most often causes [[pneumonia]] in [[immunocompromise]]d individuals with underlying lung disease (such as [[cystic fibrosis]] or [[chronic granulomatous disease]]).<ref name=Mahenthiralingam_2005>{{cite journal |author=Mahenthiralingam E, Urban T, Goldberg J |title=The multifarious, multireplicon Burkholderia cepacia complex |journal=Nat Rev Microbiol |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=144–56 |year=2005 |pmid=15643431 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro1085}}</ref>
==Pathogenesis==
BCC organisms are typically found in water and soil and can survive for prolonged periods in moist environments. Person-to-person spread has been documented; as a result, many hospitals, clinics, and camps for patients with cystic fibrosis have enacted strict isolation precautions for those infected with BCC. Infected individuals are often treated in a separate area than noninfected patients to limit spread, since BCC infection can lead to a rapid decline in [[lung]] function and result in death.
Diagnosis of BCC involves isolation of bacteria from [[sputum]] [[microbiological culture|cultures]]. BCC organisms are naturally resistant to many common [[antibiotics]] including [[aminoglycosides]] and [[polymyxin B]].<ref name=McGowan_2006>{{cite journal |author=McGowan J |title=Resistance in nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria: multidrug resistance to the maximum |journal=Am J Infect Control |volume=34 |issue=5 Suppl 1 |pages=S29–37; discussion S64–73 |year=2006 |pmid=16813979 |doi=10.1016/j.ajic.2006.05.226}}</ref> The bacteria is so hardy that it has been found to persist in betadine (a common topical antiseptic).<ref name=Anderson_1990>{{cite journal |author=Anderson R, Vess R, Panlilio A, Favero M |title=Prolonged survival of ''Pseudomonas cepacia'' in commercially manufactured povidone-iodine |journal=Appl Environ Microbiol |volume=56 |issue=11 |pages=3598–600 |year=1990 |pmid=2268166}}</ref> Treatment typically includes multiple antibiotics and may include [[ceftazidime]], [[doxycycline]], [[piperacillin]], [[chloramphenicol]], and [[co-trimoxazole]].<ref name=McGowan_2006 /> In April 2007 Researchers from the Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry at The University of Western Ontario, working with a group from Edinburgh, announced they had discovered a way to kill the organism.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Key Found to Kill Cystic Fibrosis Superbug | date=2007-04-25 | publisher= | url =http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/life_sciences/report-83296.html | work =Innovations Report | pages = | accessdate = 2007-04-26 | language = }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Ortega XP |title=A putative gene cluster for aminoarabinose biosynthesis is essential for Burkholderia cenocepacia viability |date=May 2007 |publisher=American Society for Microbiology |url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17337576 |work=J Bacteriol |pages=3639–3644 |accessdate = 2007-12-08 |language = |pmid=17337576 |doi=10.1128/JB.00153-07. |doi_brokendate=2008-06-23 }}</ref>
==History==
''B.cepacia'' was discovered by [[Walter Burkholder]] in 1949 as the culprit of onion skin rot, and first described as a [[human]] [[pathogen]] in the 1950s.<ref name=Burkholder_1950>{{cite journal | author = Burkholder WH | title = Sour skin, a bacterial rot of onion bulbs | journal = Phytopathology | year = 1950 | volume = 40| pages = 115–7}}</ref> In the 1980s, it was first recognized in individuals with [[cystic fibrosis]], and outbreaks were associated with a 35% death rate. ''Burkholderia cepacia'' has a large [[genome]], containing twice the amount of genetic material as ''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli]]''.
==See also==
*[[Contamination control]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
==External links==
*[http://web.umr.edu/~microbio/BIO221_2000/Burkholderia_cepacia.html UMR: ''Burkholderia cepacia'']
*[http://www.cff.org/research/ResearchCenters/index.cfm?state=MI CFF: Research]
*[http://pathema.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/Burkholderia/PathemaHomePage.cgi Pathema-''Burkholderia'' Resource]
[[Category:Bacterial diseases]]
[[Category:Burkholderiales]]
[[Category:Microbiology]]
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