Bursa
3450
226162024
2008-07-17T02:43:35Z
Chobot
259798
robot Adding: [[ko:부르사]]
{{otheruses}}
{{Infobox Settlement <!--more fields are available for this Infobox--See Template:Infobox Settlement-->
|settlement_type =
|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{TUR}}
|timezone=[[Eastern European Time|EET]]
|utc_offset=+2
|map_caption =Location of {{PAGENAME}} within Turkey.
|timezone_DST=[[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
|utc_offset_DST=+3
|official_name = Bursa
|image_skyline = 21032007563.jpg
| image_caption =
|image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_type = Coat of Arms of Bursa Metropolitan Municipality
| subdivision_type1=[[Regions of Turkey|Region]]|
subdivision_name1 = Marmara
|subdivision_type2=[[Provinces of Turkey|Province]]
|subdivision_name2 = Bursa
| population_total = 1,562,828
|population_urban = 1,431,172
|population_as_of = 2007
|population_footnotes = <ref name="Turkey pop 2007"> [http://www.tuik.gov.tr/jsp/duyuru/upload/adnks_Harita_TR/HaritaTR.html Türkiye istatistik kurumu] Address-based population survey 2007. Retrieved on 2008-03-21. </ref>
|population_density_km2 = 1508.52
|population_title= City
|area_blank1_title= Three districts
|area_blank1_km2 = 1036
|elevation_m = 100
|pushpin_map=Turkey
|pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->
|pushpin_map_caption =Location of Bursa
|pushpin_mapsize =
|latd = 40
|latm = 11
|latNS = N
|longd = 29
|longm = 04
|longEW = E
|postal_code_type=[[Postal code]]|
postal_code = 16x xx
|blank_info = 16|blank_name=[[Turkish car number plates|Licence plate]]|
area_code = (+90) 224
|leader_name = [[Hikmet Şahin]] ([[Justice and Development Party]])
|website = [http://www.bursa.bel.tr www.bursa.bel.tr]
|leader_name1 =
|established_title=Settled
|established_date=202 BC
}}
'''Bursa''' (historically also known as ''Prussa'', [[Greek language|Greek]]: Προύσα, and later as ''Brusa'') is a [[List of cities in Turkey|city]] in northwestern [[Turkey]] and the seat of [[Bursa Province]]. With a population of 1,562,828 ([[2007]]),<ref name="Turkey pop 2007" /> it is [[Turkey]]'s fourth largest city, as well as one of the most industrialized and culturally charged metropolitan centers in the country.
The city is frequently cited as "Yeşil Bursa" (meaning "Green Bursa") in a reference to the beautiful parks and gardens located across its urban tissue, as well as to the vast forests in rich variety that extend in its surrounding region. The city is synonymous with the mountain [[Uludağ]] which towers behind the city core and which is also a famous [[ski resort]]. The mausoleums of early [[Ottoman Dynasty|Ottoman sultans]] are located in Bursa and the numerous edifices built throughout the Ottoman period constitute the city's main landmarks. The surrounding fertile plain, its [[thermal bath]]s, several interesting museums, notably a rich museum of [[archaeology]], and a rather orderly urban growth are further principal elements that complete Bursa's overall picture.
[[Karagöz and Hacivat]] [[shadow play]] characters were historic personalities who lived and are buried in Bursa. Bursa is also home to some of the most famous [[Cuisine of Turkey|Turkish dishes]], especially candied [[chestnut]]s and [[İskender kebap]]. Its peaches are also well-renowned. Among its depending district centers, [[İznik]], historic [[Nicaea]], is especially notable for its long history and important edifices. Bursa is home to [[Uludağ University]], and its population attains one of the highest overall levels of education in Turkey. It has traditionally been a pole of attraction and of refuge for immigration into Turkey from the [[Balkans]], in sizable waves at times until quite recently.
==History==
[[Image:BursaCityMiniature.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Bursa City on Miniature Style]]
[[Image:Bursa.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Bursa in [[1890]]]]
The earliest known site at this location was [[Cius]], which [[Philip V of Macedon]]ia granted to the [[Bithynia]]n king [[Prusias I of Bithynia|Prusias I]] in [[202 BC]], for his help against [[Pergamum]] and [[Heraclea Pontica]] (modern [[Karadeniz Ereğli]]). Prusias renamed the city after himself, as Prusa.
It was later a major city, located on the westernmost end of the famous [[Silk Road]], and was the capital of the [[Ottoman Empire]] following its capture from the shrinking [[Byzantine Empire]] in [[1326]]. The capture of [[Edirne]] in 1365 brought that city to the fore as well, but Bursa remained an important administrative and commercial center even after it lost its status as the sole capital. Sortly after it was taken by the Ottomans they developed a school of theology at Bursa. This school attracted Muslim schoolars from throughout the Middle East and continued to function after the capital had been moved elsewhere.
During the Ottoman rule, Bursa was the source of most royal [[silk]] products. Aside from the local production, it imported raw silk from [[Iran]], and occasionally [[China]], and was the 'factory' for the kaftans, pillows, embroidery and other silk products for the royal palaces up through the 17th century. Another traditional occupation is [[knife]] making and, historically, [[horse carriage]] building. Nowadays one can still find hand-made knives as well as other products in rich variety produced by artisans, but instead of carriages, there is a big automobile industry.
Bursa sits on a [[geologic fault]] like most of Turkey. The city was partially leveled by strong earthquakes coupled with fires and was rebuilt after each time. The last devastating earthquake occurred in 1885.
==Economy==
[[Image:Bursapnc2.JPG|thumb|left|180px|Bursa centre]]
[[Image:P1260138.JPG|thumb|right|180px|Zafer Plaza shopping centre]]
Bursa is the toe of Turkey's [[automobile]] industry. [[FIAT]] and [[Renault]] have for decades had important production units in Bursa. The textile and food industries are equally strong, and [[Coca Cola]], [[Pepsi Cola]], and other beverages brands, as well as fresh and [[canned food]] industries are present in the city's organized industrial zones.
Traditionally, Bursa was famous for its fertile soil and agricultural activities, both of which are decreasing due to the heavy industrialization of the city.
Bursa is also a major tourist center: One of the best ski resorts of Turkey is located at [[Uludağ]] just next to city proper. Its thermal baths have been used for therapeutical purposes since [[Roman Empire|Roman times]]. Apart from baths operated by hotels, Uludağ University has a [[physical therapy]] center which also makes use of thermal water.
==Education==
[[Uludağ University]] is located in Bursa and is a prominent university in Turkey's [[Marmara Region, Turkey|Marmara Region]]. It was founded in 1975, first under the name Bursa Üniversity, then re-named Uludağ Üniversity in 1982. In the 2005-06 academic year, the university had a student body of 47,000.
==Sports==
Bursa has a professional [[Football team|soccer team]], [[Bursaspor]], that plays in the [[Turkcell Super League]]. They are known as the "Yeşil Timsahlar" ("Green Alligators") and play their home matches at [[Bursa Atatürk stadium]].
The city of Bursa is preparing to apply for [[2018 Winter Olympics|the 2018 Winter Olympics]] to be held in Uludağ. <ref>[http://www.bursa2018.com Bursa 2018 Web Site]</ref>
Sailing Sports on Catamarans are strong here with locally made boats including: NetCat 16, and...
== Places of Interest ==
[[Image:HalukOzozluWwwSihirliturComBursaArchaeologyMuseumSarcophagusTurkey.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Sarcophagus]] in Bursa Archaeology Museum]]
[[Image:HalukOzozluWwwSihirliturComBursaCelikPalasTurkishBathTurkey.jpg|thumb|180px|Çelik Palas [[thermal bath]] in Bursa]]
[[Image:HalukOzozluWwwSihirliturComBursaKaragozHacivatTombTurkey.jpg|thumb|180px|The contiguous tombs of [[Karagöz]] and [[Hacivat]] in Bursa]]
[[Image:Bursa Tophane 1 by LordXar.jpg|thumb|180px|View from Tophane]]
A brief list of places of interest in and around Bursa is presented below. For a longer list, see [[Places of interest in Bursa]].
*Irgandi covered bridge. See photo on "TrekEarth nadirfotograf"
*[[Yeşil Cami]] or the Green mosque
*[[Uludağ National Park]]
* Bursa [[Defensive wall|city walls]]
* Hot springs;
**[[Çekirge hot spring, Bursa|Çekirge]]
**[[Armutlu hot spring, Bursa|Armutlu]]
**[[Oylat hot spring, Bursa|Oylat]]
**[[Gemlik hot spring, Bursa|Gemlik]]
* Beaches;
**[[Armutlu beach, Bursa|Armutlu]]
**[[Kumla beach, Bursa|Kumla]]
**[[Kurşunlu beach, Bursa|Kurşunlu]]
**[[Güzelyalı beach, Mudanya]]
* Palace and Hipogeum
**[[Orhan Mosque]] and complex
**[[Muradiye Complex|Muradiye]] complex
**[[Yeşil Cami|Yeşil]] complex
**[[Bayezid I Mosque]] and complex ([[külliye]])
**[[Emir Sultan Mosque]] and complex ([[külliye]])
**[[Hüdavendigar]] complex
**[[Sinan Complex|Koca Sinan Paşa]] complex
**[[İshak Paşa Complex|İshak Paşa]] complex
**[[Bursa Grand Mosque]]
**[[Karacabey Grand Mosque]]
* [[Yıldırım Bazaar]]
* Museums;
**[[Bursa Archeology Museum]]
**[[Bursa City Museum]]
**[[Bursa Atatürk Museum]]
**[[Bursa Turkish Architecture Museum]]
**[[Islamic Works Museum]]
**[[Armistice of Mudanya Museum|Mudanya Armistice]]
**[[İznik Museum]]
* [[Cumalıkızık, Bursa|Cumalıkızık]] village
== Ulu Camii (The Great Mosque) ==
[[Image:Ulucamii2-Turkey-2001.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Interior of Ulu Camii, showing the fountain (şadırvan) for [[Ablution#Ablution in Islam|ritual ablutions]].]]
Ulu Camii is the major mosque of Bursa and a landmark of early [[Ottoman architecture]]. It was built by Ali Neccar in 1396-1399, at Sultan [[Bayezid I]]'s command. The mosque is large and rectangular, with twenty domes arranged in four rows of five supported by twelve columns. Supposedly twenty domes are built instead of twenty separate mosques that Sultan [[Bayezid I]] promised for winning the [[Battle of Nicopolis]]. It has two [[minaret]]s. Inside the mosque there are 192 monumental wall inscriptions written by famous [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphers]]. There is also a fountain (şadırvan) inside the mosque where worshipers can perform [[Ablution#Ablution in Islam|ritual ablutions]] before prayer; the dome over the şadırvan is capped by a skylight, creating a soft, serene light below. The story of the şadırvan inside the mosque, which is unheard of, that the land belong to an old lady who objected to her store taken by padişah. Because consent is not given for the piece of land, prayer cannot be conducted on it thus a şadırvan is built. Architecturally şadırvan helps to have light inside the mosque that is big.
The horizontally spacious and dimly lit interior is designed to feel peaceful and contemplative. The subdivisions of space formed by multiple domes and pillars create a sense of privacy and even intimacy. This atmosphere contrasts with later Ottoman mosques (see for example the work of [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Süleyman I]]'s chief architect [[Sinan]]). These later mosques have increasingly elevated central domes, which create a vertical emphasis that is intended to be more overwhelming, in order to convey the power and majesty of the Ottoman Empire. It is a beautiful piece of architecture.
==Sister cities==
Bursa has twenty [[sister city|sister cities]]. [[Vinnitsa]] is the latest to become a sister city of Bursa <ref>[http://www.bursa-bld.gov.tr/uluslararasi/uluslararasi.asp?uluslararasiID=2&uluslarID=3&dil=Turkce Bursa Metropolitan Municipality Web Site; ''Sister Cities''.]</ref>. The date each sister city agreement entered into effect is shown in parentheses.
{|
| valign="top" |
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Darmstadt]], [[Germany]] (7 July 1971)
*{{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (30 June 1972)
*{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Multan]], [[Pakistan]] (24 February 1975)
*{{flagicon|Finland}} [[Oulu]], [[Finland]] (7 July 1979)
*{{flagicon|United States}} [[Tiffin, Ohio|Tiffin]], [[Ohio]], [[United States]] (May 1983)
*{{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Kairouan]], [[Tunisia]] (26 December 1987)
*{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Denizli]], [[Turkey]] (4 February 1988)
*{{flagicon|People's Republic of China}} [[Anshan]], [[People's Republic of China]] (8 November 1991)
*{{flagicon|Republic of Macedonia}} [[Bitola]], [[Republic of Macedonia]] (3 November 1996)
| valign="top" |
*{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Herzliya]], [[Israel]] (15 August 1997)
*{{flagicon|Moldova}} [[Ceadîr-Lunga]], [[Gagauzia]], [[Moldova]] (23 September 1997)
*{{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Qyzylorda]], [[Kazakhstan]] (4 October 1997)
*{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Muaskar]], [[Algeria]] (25 May 1998)
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Kulmbach]], [[Germany]] (29 October 1998)
*{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Pleven]], [[Bulgaria]] (30 October 1998)
*{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Plovdiv]], [[Bulgaria]] (3 December 1998)
*{{flagicon|Albania}} [[Tirana]], [[Albania]] (15 December 1998)
*{{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Košice]], [[Slovakia]] (29 March 2000)
*{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Vinnitsa]], [[Ukraine]] (8 March 2004)
|}
==Notable residents==
* [[Adnan Şenses]]- singer
* [[Ata Demirer]]- comedian
* [[Behice Boran]]- the leader of the socialist [[Workers Party of Turkey]]
* [[Burcu Kara]]- actress, model
* [[Celal Bayar]]- former [[Turkey|Turkish]] president
* [[Emre Aşık]]- international footballer
* [[Erdal Özyağcılar]]- actor
* [[Erkan Can]]- actor
* [[JönTürk]]- rap sanatçısı
* [[Hamit Şare]]- olympic skier
* [[Hande Ataizi]]- actress
* [[Halil Ergün]]- actor
* [[İlhan İrem]]- singer
* [[Barikat]]- rap grubu
* [[Manolis Andronikos]] ([[1919]]-[[1992]]) [[Greece|Greek]] archaeologist
* [[Muazzez İlmiye Çığ]]- archaeologist
* [[Müzeyyen Senar]] - singer, state artist of Turkey
* [[Nur Sürer]]- actress
* [[Olgun Şimşek]]- actor
* [[Özhan Canaydın]]- former basketball player, businessman and the current chairman of [[Galatasaray S.K.|Galatasaray]]
* [[Pınar Kür]]- author
* [[Qādī Zāda al-Rūmī]]- astronomer and mathematician
* [[Sabiha Gökçen]]- the first [[Turkey|Turkish]] female [[aviator]] and the first female combat pilot in the world
* [[Serdar Kurtuluş]]- international footballer
* [[Sporus of Nicaea]]- Greek mathematician and astronomer
* [[Suzan Avcı]]- actress
* [[Tarık Tarcan]]- actor
* [[Vildan Atasever]]- actress
* [[Yıldırım Gürses]]- actor, composer
* [[Zeki Müren]]- wellknown singer, "sun of art"
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==See also==
*[[1855 Bursa earthquake]]
== External links ==
{{Commonscat|Bursa}}
* [http://www.uludag.edu.tr/ Uludağ University]
* [http://www.allaboutturkey.com/bursa.htm All About Turkey]
* [http://www.bursa-bld.gov.tr/index.asp Bursa Metropolitan Municipality]
* [http://www.turkishclass.com/turkey_pictures_gallery_38 Pictures of Bursa]
* [http://www.turkeyforecast.com/weather/bursa/ Bursa Weather Forecast Information]
* {{tr icon}} [http://www.orhangazifirmarehberi.com/ Bursa - Orhangazi Business Guide]
* [http://perso.orange.fr/istanbul/circuit_turquie_voyage_culturel_asie_mineure/BURSA/index.html Pictures of Bursa]
*[http://www.turkeyhandbook.com/showpage.php?cid=52 Turkey Handbook]
* {{tr icon}} [http://www.golyaka.org Golyaka Village, Bursa]
* {{tr icon}} [http://www.bursasport.com city sport portal, Bursa]
* {{tr icon}} [http://www.netdenizcilik.com city catamaran manufacturer, Bursa]
{{Districts of Turkey|provname=Bursa|image=Bursa|sortkey=Bursa}}
[[Category:Ancient Greek sites in Turkey]]
[[Category:Bursa]]
[[Category:Cities along the Silk Road]]
[[ar:بورصة (مدينة)]]
[[bs:Bursa]]
[[bg:Бурса]]
[[ca:Bursa]]
[[cs:Bursa]]
[[de:Bursa]]
[[et:Bursa]]
[[el:Προύσα]]
[[es:Bursa (Turquía)]]
[[eo:Bursa]]
[[eu:Bursa]]
[[fa:بورسا]]
[[fr:Bursa]]
[[ko:부르사]]
[[id:Bursa, Turki]]
[[it:Bursa]]
[[he:בורסה (עיר)]]
[[ku:Bursa]]
[[lt:Bursa]]
[[hu:Bursa (város)]]
[[mn:Бурса]]
[[nl:Bursa (stad)]]
[[ja:ブルサ]]
[[no:Bursa]]
[[pl:Bursa (miasto)]]
[[pt:Bursa]]
[[ro:Bursa]]
[[ru:Бурса (город)]]
[[simple:Bursa]]
[[sk:Bursa]]
[[sl:Bursa]]
[[sr:Бурса]]
[[fi:Bursa]]
[[sv:Bursa (stad)]]
[[tr:Bursa]]
[[uk:Бурса (місто)]]
[[vo:Bursa]]
[[zh:布尔萨]]