Butte, Montana 257453 225124112 2008-07-12T00:19:37Z Seattlehawk94 1581624 /* The open-pit era */ {{Infobox Settlement | official_name = Butte, Montana | image_skyline = Butte,_Montana2-750px.JPG | nickname = Richest Hill on Earth | image_map = MTMap-doton-Butte-SilverBow.PNG | map_caption = Location of Butte in Montana State | subdivision_type = [[County]] | subdivision_name = [[Silver Bow County|Silver Bow]] | area_footnotes = | area_magnitude = 1 E9 | area_total_km2 = 1856.5 | area_land_km2 = 1854.7 | area_water_km2 = 1.7 | population_as_of = [[United States Census, 2000|2000]] | population_note = | population_total = 33892 | population_density_sq_mi = 47.3 | timezone = [[Mountain Time Zone|MST]] | utc_offset = −7 | timezone_DST = [[Mountain Daylight Time|MDT]] | utc_offset_DST = −6 | website = [http://www.mtstandard.com/] }} [[Image:butte uptown.jpg|thumb|250px|Uptown Butte]] '''Butte''' (IPA: [bjut], like 'beaut-', not 'butt') is a city in and the [[county seat]] of [[Silver Bow County, Montana|Silver Bow County]], [[Montana]], [[United States]].{{GR|6}} In 1977, the city and county governments consolidated to form the sole entity of '''The City and County of Butte-Silver Bow'''. As of the 2000 census, Butte's population was 33,892. In its heyday between the late 19th century and about 1920, it was one of the largest and most notorious [[copper]] [[boomtown]]s in the [[American West]], home to hundreds of [[Western saloon|saloons]] and a famous [[red-light district]]. Butte is the only city in the [[United States]] where possession and consumption of [[United States open container laws|open containers]] of [[alcoholic beverage]]s always are allowed on the street throughout the entire city (although not in vehicles).<ref>John Grant Emeigh, "No open containers in Butte?", ''Montana Standard'', February 8, 2007</ref><ref>John Grant Emeigh, "Open-container law important, area communities, police say", ''Montana Standard'', July 1, 2007</ref><ref>Justin Post, "Officials reconsider alcohol ordinance: Open container proposal may go different way", ''Montana Standard'', November 5, 2007</ref><ref>John W. Ray, "Alcohol abuse is a local epidemic", ''Montana Standard'', November 3, 2007</ref> The local daily newspaper is the ''[[Montana Standard]]'', owned by [[Lee Enterprises]]. There is also an independent weekly newspaper, ''The Butte Weekly''. The city is served by [[Bert Mooney Airport]]. == History == Butte began as a mining town in the late 19th century. At first only [[gold]] and [[silver]] were mined in the area, but the advent of electricity caused a soaring demand for [[copper]], which was abundant in the area. The small town soon became one of the most prosperous cities in the country, especially during [[World War I]], and was often called "the Richest Hill on Earth". It was the largest city for many hundreds of miles in all directions. The city attracted workers from [[Ireland]], [[Wales]], [[England]], [[Lebanon]], [[Canada]], [[Finland]], [[Austria]], [[Serbia]], [[Italy]], [[China]], [[Syria]], [[Croatia]], [[Montenegro]], [[Mexico]], and all areas of the USA. The legacy of the immigrants lives on in the form of the [[Pasty|Cornish pasty]] which was popularized by mine workers who needed something easy to eat in the mines. The influx of miners gave Butte the reputation as a wide-open town where any vice was obtainable. The city's famous saloon and red-light district, called the "Line", was centered on Mercury Street, where the elegant [[bordello]]s included the famous [[Dumas Brothel]], regarded as the longest-running house of [[prostitution]] in the U.S. In the brick alley behind the brothel was the equally famous [[Venus Alley]], where women plied their trade in small cubicles called "cribs". The red-light district brought miners and other men from all over the region and was openly tolerated by city officials until the 1980s as one of the last such urban districts in the U.S. The Dumas Brothel is now operated as a museum to Butte's rougher days. Close by Wyoming Street is home to the [[Butte High School]] (home of the "[[Bulldogs]]"). At the end of the 19th century, copper was in great demand because of new technologies such as electric power that required the use of copper. Three men fought for control of Butte's mining wealth. These three "[[Copper Kings]]" were [[William Andrews Clark|William A. Clark]], [[Marcus Daly]], and [[F. Augustus Heinze]]. In 1899, Daly joined with [[William Rockefeller]], [[Henry H. Rogers]], and [[Thomas W. Lawson (businessman)|Thomas W. Lawson]] to organize the Amalgamated Copper Mining Company. Not long after, the company changed its name to [[Anaconda Copper Mining Company]] (ACM). Over the years, Anaconda was owned by assorted larger corporations. In the 1920s, it was the fourth largest company in the world,{{Fact|date=March 2008}} and had a virtual monopoly over the mines in and around Butte. The prosperity continued up to the 1950s, when the declining grade of ore and competition from other mines led the Anaconda company to switch its focus from the costly and dangerous practice of [[underground mining]] to [[open pit mining]]. This marked the beginning of the end for the boom times in Butte. Butte was also known as "the Gibraltar of Unionism", with a very active [[labor union]] movement that sought to counter the power and influence of the Anaconda company, which was also simply known as "The Company." At one time, not only was there considerable activism by the predecessor organizations to the [[AFL-CIO]], but Butte was also a hotbed of [[Industrial Workers of the World]] (IWW, or the "Wobblies") organizing. There were a number of clashes between laborers, labor organizers, and the Anaconda company, including the lynching of IWW activist [[Frank Little]], and at one point, [[Pinkerton Agency]] guards hired by The Company resorted to gunning down strikers in the [[Anaconda Road Massacre]]. Between approximately 1900 and 1917, Butte also had a strong streak of [[socialism|Socialist]] politics, even electing a Mayor on the Socialist ticket in 1914. In 1917, copper production from the Butte mines peaked and has steadily declined since. By WWII, copper production from the ACM's holdings in Chuquicamata, Chile, far exceeded Butte's production. The historian Janet Finn has examined this "tale of two cities"--Butte and Chuquicamata as two ACM mining towns. ===The open-pit era=== [[Image:Butte Montana 1942 LOC 1a35027u.jpg|thumb|left|250px|1942 view of the city]] [[Image:Butte_MT_Berkeley_Pit_April_2005_Composite_Fisheye_View.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Composite Fisheye View of the Berkeley Pit, April, 2005]]Thousands of homes were destroyed in the Meaderville suburb and surrounding areas, McQueen and East Butte, to excavate the [[Berkeley Pit]], which opened in 1955. At the time, it was the largest truck-operated open pit copper mine in the United States. Other open pit mines were dug in the area, including the still-operational East Continental Pit. The Berkeley pit grew with time, and in November 1973 the [[Columbia Gardens]], [[William Andrews Clark|William A. Clark's]] gift to the people of Butte, was torn down to expand the Berkeley Pit. In 1977 the [[ARCO]] company purchased Anaconda Mining, and only three years later started shutting down mines due to lower metal prices. In 1982, all mining in the Berkeley Pit was suspended. Anaconda stopped mining at the Continental pit in 1983. Montana Resources bought the property and reopened the Continental pit in 1986. The company stopped mining in 2000, but resumed in 2003 with higher metal prices, and continues at last report, employing 346 people. From 1880 through 2005, the mines of the Butte district have produced more than 9.6 million tonnes of copper, 2.1 million tonnes of zinc, 1.6 million tonnes of manganese, 381 thousand tonnes of lead, 87 thousand tonnes of molybdenum, 715 million troy ounces of silver, and 2.9 million ounces of gold.<ref>Steve J. Czehura (2006) ''Butte: a world class ore deposit'', Mining Engineering, 9/2006, p.14-19.</ref> When mining shut down at the Berkeley pit in 1982, water pumps in nearby mines were also shut down, which resulted in highly acidic water laced with toxic heavy metals filling up the pit. Only two years later the pit was classified as a [[Superfund]] site and an environmental hazard site. Meanwhile, the acidic water continued to rise. It was not until the 1990s that serious efforts to clean up the Berkeley Pit began. The situation gained even more attention after as many as 342 migrating geese picked the pit lake as a resting place, resulting in their deaths. Steps have since been taken to prevent a recurrence, including but not limited to loudspeakers broadcasting sounds to scare off waterfowl. However, in November 2003 the Horseshoe Bend treatment facility went online and began treating and diverting much of the water that would have flowed into the pit. Ironically, the [[Berkeley Pit]] is also one of the city's biggest tourist attractions. It is the largest pit lake in the United States, and is the most costly part of the country's largest [[Superfund]] site. Today, Butte's population is about a third of its peak in 1917 of 115,000 (estimated), when it was the largest city between [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]] and [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]]. Since about 1960, the city's population has been about 30,000, despite periodic rises and drops. Over a dozen of the [[Gallows Frame|headframes]] still stand over the mine shafts, and the city still contains thousands of historic commercial and residential buildings from the boom times, which, especially in the Uptown section, give it a very old-fashioned appearance like a [[ghost town]], with the many buildings and comparatively few people. As with many industrial cities, tourism and services, especially health care (Butte has Southwest Montana's only major trauma center), are rising as primary employers. Many areas of the city, especially the areas near the old mines, show signs of wear from time but a recent influx of investors and an aggressive campaign to remedy blight has led to a renewed interest in restoring property in Uptown Butte's historic district, which was expanded in 2006 to include parts of [[Anaconda, Montana|Anaconda]] and is now the largest [[National Historic Landmark District]] in the United States with nearly 6,000 contributing properties. A century after the era of intensive mining and smelting, the area around the city remains an environmental issue. [[Arsenic]] and heavy metals such as [[lead]] are found in high concentrations in some spots affected by old mining, and for a period of time in the 1990s the tap water was unsafe to drink due to poor filtration and decades-old wooden supply pipes. Efforts to improve the water supply have taken place in the past few years, with millions of dollars being invested to upgrade water lines and repair infrastructure. Environmental research and clean-up efforts have contributed to the diversification of the local economy, and signs of vitality remain, including a multi-million dollar polysilicon manufacturing plant locating nearby in the 1990s and the city's recognition and designation in the late 1990s as an [[All-American City]] and also as one of the National Trust for Historic Preservation's Dozen Distinctive Destinations in 2002. In 2004, Butte received another economic boost as well as international recognition as the location for the Hollywood film ''[[Don't Come Knocking]]'', directed by renowned director Wim Wenders and released throughout the world in 2006. [[Image:2007 St Pats68.jpg|thumb|St. Patrick's day celebration in Butte]] The annual celebration of Butte's Irish heritage (since 1882) is the annual St. Patrick's Day festivities. In these modern times about 30,000 revelers converge on Butte's Historic Uptown District to enjoy the parade led by the [[Ancient Order of Hibernians]] and celebrate in bars such as Maloney's, the Silver Dollar Saloon, the M&M Cigar Store, and The Irish Times Pub. The larger and better known annual celebration is [[Knievel Days]] held each summer. This event draws over 50,000 bikers and daredevils from across the world. <ref> http://www.knieveldays.com/</ref> The highlight of the event is when all participants share a moment of silence for the whole Knievel clan traditionally observed at 4:20 pm on the second day of the event. The moment is broken by five daredevils simultaneously jump 19 trucks while fireworks explode and fifty foot flames of fire shoot up through the trucks while God Bless America plays. Many participants openly weep at the sight. <ref> Butte Trivia by George Everett </ref> ==North Butte Mining Disaster of 1917== Sparked by a tragic accident more than {{convert|2000|ft|m|0}} below the ground on [[June 8]], [[1917]], a fire in the Granite Mountain [[shaft mining|shaft]] spewed flames, smoke, and poisonous gas through the [[labyrinth]] of underground tunnels. A rescue effort commenced but the [[carbon monoxide]] was stealing the air supply. A few men built man-made bulk heads to save their lives but many others died in a panic to try to get out. Rescue workers set up a fan to prevent the fire from spreading. This worked for a short time but when the rescuers tried to use water, the water evaporated creating [[steam]] that burned people trying to escape. Once the fire was out, those waiting to hear the news on the surface couldn't identify the victims. They were too mutilated to recognize, leading many to assume the worst. One hundred sixty eight bodies were removed from the mine. Due to the heroic efforts of men such as Ernest Sullau, Manus Duggan, Con O'Neil, and JD Moore, some survived to tell the tale. The [[Speculator Mine Disaster|Speculator Mine Memorial]] was built as a reminder of the greatest loss of life in US hard rock mining history, a title it still holds today. == Notable places == * [[Montana Tech of The University of Montana|Montana Tech]][http://www.mtech.edu/], a university specialising in the resources and engineering fields. (The giant letter "M" visible in the top photograph on this page stands for Montana Tech and was constructed in 1910.) * [[Our Lady of the Rockies Statue]], a {{convert|90|ft|m|sing=on}} statue of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]], dedicated to women and mothers everywhere, on top of the [[Continental Divide]], overlooking Butte * The [[Berkeley Pit]], a gigantic former open pit copper mine filled with toxic water. There is an observation deck on the high wall of the Berkeley Pit lake. * The World Museum of Mining on the site of the Orphan Girl mine. ** There are many underground mine headframes (Gallows frames[http://www.msha.gov/century/colliery/colliery.asp]) still remaining on the hill in Butte, including the Anselmo, the Steward, the Original, the Travona, the Belmont, the Kelly, the Mountain Con, the Lexington, the Bell/Diamond, the Granite Mountain, and the Badger. * The [[Dumas Brothel]], widely considered America's longest running house of prostitution<ref>"The Richest Hill on Earth - A History of Butte, Montana," by Butte-Silver Bow Public Archives Staff, 2003 (CD-ROM)</ref> * [[Venus Alley]] * Mai Wah Museum [http://www.maiwah.org] * Rookwood Speakeasy [http://www.buttetours.info/rookwood.htm], an underground, prohibition era Speakeasy * [[Copper King Mansion]] [http://www.thecopperkingmansion.com], a bed and breakfast/local museum and previously home to [[William Andrews Clark]], one of Butte's three [[Copper Kings]]. * The Arts Chateau, formerly the home of [[William Andrews Clark]]'s son, Charles, the home was designed in the image of a French Chateau. This ornate mansion now serves as a community arts center and gallery. * The Butte-Silver Bow Public Archives [http://www.buttearchives.org] stores and provides public access to documents and artifacts from Butte's rich past. * Outdoor speed-skating rink, one of three such rinks in the USA. ==Notable people from Butte== *[[Eden Atwood]], jazz vocalist, grew up here. *[[Rudy Autio]], ceramist/sculptor/artist *[[Lucille Ball]], was from [[Jamestown, New York]], however, she would often tell people that she was from Butte, Montana. As she later explained to a biographer, she knew more about Butte than most natives after years of putting on this ruse in order to seem more middle America. *[[John W. Bonner]], Governor of Montana, was born here. *[[Rosemarie Bowe]], actress, was born here. *[[Patricia Briggs]], fantasy author *[[Scott Brow]], [[Arizona Diamondbacks]] [[pitcher]], was born in Butte. *[[John Francis Buckley]], member of the [[Canadian House of Commons]], was born here. *[[Albert J. Campbell]], United States Representative from Montana, practiced law here. *Fr. Edward Catich, [[author]], [[stone carving|stone-cutter]], [[calligrapher]], [[photographer]], [[musician]], [[liturgical]] [[artist]], [[historian]], [[lecturer]], was reared here. *Manus Duggan, born on [[May 30]], [[1887]]. Worked for the North Butte Mining Company as a "nipper". A nipper was one who sharpened tools for miners that drilled into the rock. Being a "nipper", he was familiar with every crosscut, manway, and drift of the mine. During the mining disaster of 1917, Manus saved the lives of many men by building a [[bulkhead (barrier)|bulkhead]] to prevent [[carbon monoxide]] from killing them. He would die, but many others with him survived. One said: "No greater love hath no man that he lay down his life for his friend." While he was missing he became the hero in the newspapers. *[[Morgan Earp]] worked as a police officer here before the [[Gunfight at the O. K. Corral]]. *[[Barbara Ehrenreich]], author * Josip Elic, actor who appeared as Bancini in [[One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)|One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest]] *[[Julian Eltinge]], actor and female impersonator, grew up here. *[[Henry Frank]], businessman, also served two terms as mayor of Butte. *[[George F. Grant]], innovative fly tier, author, and conservationist; an exhibit of Grant's flies and historic collection is on permanent display at the Butte Visitor's Center. *[[Kirby Grant]], actor *[[Karla M. Gray]], Chief Justice of the Montana Supreme Court, worked here. *[[Dashiell Hammett]] worked for the [[Pinkerton National Detective Agency]] here *[[Bobby Hauck]], head coach of University of Montana Football team, lived in Butte. *[[Tim Hauck]], former NFL Defensive Back (1990-2002) now the Defensive Coordinator of UCLA, brother of: *[[Sam Jankovich]], football player, coach, administrator was born here. *[[Keith Jardine]], [[mixed martial arts|mixed martial artist]], was born here. *[[Rob Johnson]], Seattle Mariners prospect. *[[Helmi Juvonen]], artist, was born here. *[[Evel Knievel]], motorcycle daredevil, and his son: *[[Robbie Knievel]], motorcycle daredevil son of Evel. *[[Ella J. Knowles Haskell]], was the first woman to practice law in Montana. *[[Andrea Leeds]], actress, was born here. *[[Levi Leipheimer]], Olympic cyclist, his family owns the Outdoorsman Sporting Goods in town. *[[Frank Little]], union leader, who died here. *[[Paul B. Lowney]], writer and humorist, author of ''At Another Time &mdash; Growing up in Butte'' *[[Sonny Lubick]], former football coach at Colorado State University. *[[Betty MacDonald]], humor writer, was born here. *[[Mary MacLane]], renowned feminist author *[[Lee Mantle]], United States Senator from Montana, lived in Butte. *[[Judy Martz]], former [[Governor of Montana]], lives here. She was also an Olympic speed skater in the 1960s. *[[Mike McGrath]], Montana Attorney General, was born here. *[[Joseph P. Monaghan]], United States Representative from Montana, was from Butte. *[[Bob O'Billovich]] - [[CFL]] excecutive, former CFL player, coach, and administrator was born in Butte. *[[Pat Ogrin]], [[Washington Redskins]] [[defensive lineman]], was born here. *[[Arnold Olsen]], United States Congressman from Montana, was born here. *Erin Popovich, a multi-gold medal special Olympian is a current Butte resident. *[[Milt Popovich]], former professional football player, was born in Butte. *[[Martha Raye]], actress *[[John E. Rickards]], first Lieutenant Governor of Montana, was born here. *[[Fritzi Ridgeway]], actress, was born here. *[[Michael Sells]], professor of Islamic Studies at the University of Chicago, was born here. *[[Montana Taylor]], pianist, was born here. *[[George Leo Thomas]], Bishop of Helena, was raised here. *[[Jacob Thorkelson]], United States Representative from Montana, lived here. *[[Michael Twomey]], violinist, composer, and educator, was born here. *[[Burton K. Wheeler]], later United States Senator from Montana, served as an attorney here. *[[Kathlyn Williams]], actress, was born in Butte. ==Geography== According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 716.8&nbsp;square miles (1,856.5&nbsp;km²), of which, 716.1&nbsp;square miles (1,854.7&nbsp;km²) of it is land and 0.7&nbsp;square miles (1.7&nbsp;km²) of it is water. The total area is 0.09% [[water]]. Butte is also home to one of the largest deposits of [[Bornite]]. ==Demographics== As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 33,892 people, 14,135 households, and 8,735 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 47.3 people per square mile (18.3/km²). There were 15,833 housing units at an average density of 22.1/sq&nbsp;mi (8.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 95.38% [[White (U.S. census)|White]], 0.16% [[African American (U.S. census)|African American]], 1.99% [[Native American (U.S. census)|Native American]], 0.43% [[Asian (U.S. census)|Asian]], 0.06% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.59% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.39% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 2.74% of the population. [[Image:Butte, Montana-750px.JPG|left|250px]] There were 14,135 households out of which 27.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.7% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.2% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.97. In the city the population was spread out with 23.7% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 16.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.2 males. The median income for a household in the city was $30,516, and the median income for a family was $40,186. Males had a median income of $31,409 versus $21,626 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $17,068. About 10.7% of families and 15.0% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 19.2% of those under age 18 and 9.0% of those age 65 or over. == Butte and Superfund == The mining activity in Butte resulted in significant contamination of downstream and downwind areas. The contaminated land extends along a corridor of {{convert|120|mi|km|0}}, and taking in adjacent areas such as the Anaconda smelter site. Over the past century, mining and smelting operations of the Anaconda Copper Mining Corporation polluted the Clark Fork River watershed at the headwaters of the Columbia River. This area takes in the cities of Butte, Anaconda, and Missoula. Between the upstream city of Butte and the downstream city of Missoula lies the Deer Lodge Valley. By the 1970s, local citizens and agency personnel were increasingly concerned over the toxic effects of arsenic and heavy metals on environment and human health. Most of the waste was created by the Anaconda Copper Mining Corporation (ACM), which merged with the Atlantic Richfield Corporation ([[Arco]]) in 1977. Shortly thereafter, in 1983, Arco ceased mining and smelting operations in the Butte-Anaconda area. For more than a century, the Anaconda Copper Mining company mined ore from Butte and smelted it in nearby Anaconda. During this time, the Anaconda smelter released up to {{convert|40|ST|t|0|lk=on}} per day of arsenic, {{convert|1700|ST|t|0}} per day of sulfur, and great quantities of lead and other heavy metals into the air (MacMillan). In Butte, mine tailings were dumped directly into Silver Bow Creek, creating a plume of {{convert|150|mi|km|0}} of pollution extending down the valley to Milltown Dam on the Clark Fork River just upstream of Missoula. Air and water borne pollution poisoned livestock and agricultural soils throughout the Deer Lodge Valley. Modern environmental clean-up efforts continue to this day. == Culture == '''Movies featuring Butte and Butte buildings''' *1971 - ''[[Evel Knievel]]'', Fanfare Films *1974 - ''[[The Killer Inside Me]]'', Cyclone Productions *1985 - ''[[Runaway Train (film)|Runaway Train]]'', Cannon Films *1989 - ''[[Lonesome Dove]]'', RHI Productions *1993 - ''[[Return to Lonesome Dove]]'', RHI Productions. *2003 - ''[[Love Comes to the Executioner]]'', Aura Entertainment *2004 - ''[[Don't Come Knocking]]'', Wim Wenders Productions *2005 - ''[[Who Killed Cock Robin? (2005 film)|Who Killed Cock Robin?]]'', Extreme Low Frequency '''Sports Teams from Butte''' *''[[Butte Copper Kings]]'' 1979-1985, 1987-2000, [[Pioneer Baseball League]] now the [[Casper Ghosts]]. *''[[Butte Irish]]'', hockey now the [[Witcha Falls Wildcats]]. *''[[Butte Roughriders]]'', hockey. *''[[Butte Daredevils]]'', [[Continental Basketball Association]] named for Butte born [[Evel Knievel]] *''[[Montana Tech Orediggers]]'' ==References== <references/> ==Bibliography== *[http://www.washington.edu/uwpress/search/books/MALBBP.html The Battle for Butte: Mining & Politics on the Northern Frontier, 1864-1906] by [[Michael P. Malone]], from Montana Historical Society Press, 1995. *[http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/search?q=Copper+camp%3A+stories+of+the+world%27s+greatest+mining+town&qt=owc_search Copper Camp: Stories of the world's greatest mining town, Butte, Montana]</u> compiled by Workers of the Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Montana. *[http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/search?q=War+of+the+Copper+Kings%3A+The+Builders+of+Butte+and+the+Wolves+of+Wall+Street+&qt=results_page The War of the Copper Kings: The Builders of Butte and the Wolves of Wall Street]</u> (1935) by C. B. Glasscock '''Books and book chapters''' *Barnett, Harold C. 1994. Toxic Debts and the Superfund Dilemma. University of North Carolina Press. *Beirle, Thomas C. and Jerry Cayford. 2002. Democracy in Practice: Public Participation in Environmental Decisions. Washington DC, USA: Resources For the Future Press. *Callon, Michel. 1986. “Some Elements of a Sociology of Translation: Domestication of the Scallops and Fishermen of St. Brieuc Bay.” In John Law (ed.), Power, Action and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge. (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul). *Calvert, Jerry. 1988. The Gibraltar: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana (Helena, Montana: Montana Historical Society). *Castree, Noel and Tom MacMillan. 2001. “Dissolving Dualisms: Actor-networks and the Reimagination of Nature.” In Noel Castree and Bruce Braun (eds.), Social Nature: Theory, Practice, and Politics (Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers). *Church, Thomas W. and Robert T. Nakamura. 2003. Taming Regulation: Superfund and the Challenge of Regulatory Reform (Washington: Brookings Institution Press). *Church, Thomas W. and Robert T. Nakamura. 1993.Cleaning up the Mess: Implementation Strategies in Superfund (Washington: The Brookings Institution). *Clark Fork Coalition. 2005. State of the Clark Fork: Understanding our Watershed. Missoula, Montana: The Clark Fork Coalition. *Cranor CF. 1993. Regulating Toxic Substances (NY: Oxford U. Pr). *Edelstein, Michael R. 2003. Contaminated Communities: Coping with Residential Toxic Exposure. Westview Press. *Emmons, David. 1989. The Butte Irish: Class and Ethnicity in an American Mining Town, 1875-1925 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press). *Everett, George. 2007. Butte Trivia (Helena, Montana: Riverbend Publishing Co.) *Finn, Janet. 1998. Tracing the Veins: Of Copper, Culture, and Community from Butte to Chuquicamata (Berkeley: University of California Press). *Freudenberg, Nicholas and Carol Steinspir. 1992. “Not in Our Backyards: The Grassroots Environmental Movement,” pp. 27-38 in Dunlap, Riley E. and Angela G. Mertig (eds.) American Environmentalism: The U.S. Environmental Movement: 1970-1990 (Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis). *Gibbs, Lois. 1998. Love Canal: The story continues... (Stony Creek, CT: New Society Publishers). *Glasscock, C.B. 1935. The War of the Copper Kings (NY: Grosset and Dunlap). *Hird, John. 1994. Superfund: The Political Economy of Environmental Risk (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press). *Hiskes, Richard P. 1998. Democracy, Risk, and Community: Technological Hazards and the Evolution of Liberalism (NY: Oxford University Press). *Kemmis, Daniel. 1990. Community and the Politics of Place (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press). *Krimsky, Sheldon and Alonzo Plough.1988. Environmental Hazards: Communicating Risks as a Social Process (Dover, Mass: Auburn House Publishing Company). *Law, John and John Hassard (eds.). 1999. Actor Network Theory and After (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers). *{{cite book|author=MacGibbon, Elma|title=Leaves of knowledge|publisher=Shaw & Borden Co|year=1904}}[http://www.secstate.wa.gov/history/publications%5Fdetail.aspx?p=63 Available online through the Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection] Elma MacGibbons reminiscences of her travels in the United States starting in 1898, which were mainly in Oregon and Washington. Includes chapter "Butte and Anaconda." *MacMillan, Donald. 2000. Smoke Wars: Anaconda Copper, Montana Air Pollution, and the Courts, 1890-1924. Helena: Montana Historical Society Press. *Malone, Michael. 1981. The Battle for Butte: Mining and Politics on the Northern Frontier (Seattle: University of Washington Press). *McCarthy, Pete. 2002. From Beara to Butte: The Road To McCarthy (Great Britain: Hodden and Stroughton) *Mercier, Laurie. 2001. Anaconda: Labor, Community, and Culture in Montana’s Smelter City (Chicago: University of Illinois Press). Munday, Pat. 2001. Montana’s Last Best River: The Big Hole River and its People (Guilford, Connecticut: The Lyons Press). *Murphy, Mary. 1997. Mining Cultures: Men, Women, and Leisure in Butte, 1914-1941 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press). *Nash, June. 1979. We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us (NY: Columbia University Press). *National Research Council. 2005. Superfund and Mining Megasites: Lessons from the Coeur d’Alene River Basin (Washington, DC: National Academy Press). *Novotny, W. Patrick. 2000. We Live, Work, and Play: The Environmental Justice Movement and the Struggle for a New Environmentalism (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers). *Punke, Michael. 2006. Fire and Brimstone The North Butte Mining Disastor of 1917 (New York: Hyperion Books). *Salzman, James and Barton H. Thompson, Jr. 2003. Environmental Law and Policy (NY: Foundation Press). *Taylor, Peter. 2005. 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EPA A230-R-92-008; two volumes (June 1992). ==See also== *[[Silver Bow, Montana]] ==External links== {{Wikisource1911Enc|Butte (Montana)}} *[http://www.mtstandard.com/ The Montana Standard, the local newspaper] *[http://www.butteamerica.com/ ButteAmerica.com] *[http://www.co.silverbow.mt.us City and County of ''Butte-Silver Bow'' Government Website] {{Silver Bow County, Montana}} {{Montana}} {{coor title dms|46|00|23|N|112|31|47|W|region:US_type:city(34000)}} [[Category:Cities in Montana]] [[Category:Butte, Montana| ]] [[Category:Irish-American neighborhoods]] [[Category:County seats in Montana]] [[Category:Census balances in the United States]] [[Category:Mining communities in Montana]] [[ar:بوتي، مونتانا]] [[de:Butte (Montana)]] [[fr:Butte (Montana)]] [[ia:Butte, Montana]] [[it:Butte (Montana)]] [[nl:Butte (Montana)]] [[pl:Butte (Montana)]] [[sk:Butte (Montana)]] [[sv:Butte]] [[vo:Butte (Montana)]]