Cambridge 36995 226040468 2008-07-16T15:45:17Z 194.80.106.135 /* Air */ Traded under ScotAirways name {{two other uses|the university town in England|the city in the United States|Cambridge, Massachusetts|other places}} {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> |official_name = City of Cambridge |other_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = [[Shire district|District]] & [[City status in the United Kingdom|City]]<!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = KingsCollegeChapelWest.jpg |imagesize = 280px |image_caption = King's College Chapel, seen from [[The Backs]] |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_link = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = Arms-cambridge.jpg |blank_emblem_type = Coat of Arms of the City Council |blank_emblem_size = 150px |blank_emblem_link = Cambridge City Council, England |image_map = CambridgeshireCambridge.png |mapsize = 200 * 247 |map_caption = Cambridge shown within [[Cambridgeshire]] |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Sovereign state]] |subdivision_name = [[United Kingdom]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Constituent country]] |subdivision_name1 = [[England]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Regions of England|Region]] |subdivision_name2 = [[East of England]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Ceremonial counties of England|Ceremonial county]] |subdivision_name3 = [[Cambridgeshire]] |subdivision_type4 = Admin HQ |subdivision_name4 = Cambridge City Centre <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = [[Shire district]], [[City status in the United Kingdom|City]] |leader_title = Governing&nbsp;body |leader_name = [[Cambridge City Council, England|Cambridge City Council]] |leader_title1 = [[List of Lord Mayors of Cambridge|Lord Mayor]] |leader_name1 = Glynn Evans |leader_title2 = [[MPs elected in the UK general election, 2005|MPs]]: |leader_name2 = [[David Howarth]] [[Liberal Democrats|(LD)]]<br />[[Andrew Lansley]] [[Conservative Party (UK)|(C)]]<br /> |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = Founded |established_date = 1st century |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = City status |established_date3 = 1951 <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 115.65<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = {{English statistics year‎}} |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = {{EnglishDistrictPopulation|ONS = 12UB}} ([[List of English districts by population|Ranked {{EnglishDistrictRank|ONS = 12UB}}]]) |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = 130000 (est.)<br /><small>([[Cambridge Urban Area]])</small> |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = [[Ceremonial counties of England|County]] |population_blank1 = 752900 |population_density_blank1_title = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |population_blank2_title = Ethnicity <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276890&c=cambridge&d=13&e=13&g=425696&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1206485877123&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1812 |title=Resident Population Estimates by Ethnic Group (Percentages) |publisher=National Statistics}}</ref></br> |population_blank2 = 74.5% White British<br>1.4% White Irish<br>9.6% White Other<br>2.2% Mixed Race<br>5.2% British Asian<br>5.0% Chinese and other<br>2.2% Black British |population_density_blank2_km2 = |population_density_blank2_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time]] |utc_offset = +0 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd = 52 |latm = 12 |lats = 29 |latNS = N |longd = 0 |longm = 7 |longs = 21 |longEW = W |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use<ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = Postcode |postal_code = [[CB postcode area|CB]] |area_code = 01223 |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = [[ONS coding system|ONS code]] |blank1_info = 12UB |blank2_name = [[British national grid reference system|OS grid reference]] |blank2_info = {{gbmappingsmall|TL450588}} |blank3_name = |blank3_info = |blank4_name = |blank4_info = |website = [http://www.cambridge.gov.uk/ www.cambridge.gov.uk] |footnotes = }} <!-- INFOBOX END --> The [[city status in the United Kingdom|city]] of '''Cambridge''' ({{Audio|en-uk-Cambridge.ogg|pronunciation}} ''Came-bridge'') is a [[College town|university town]] and the administrative centre of the county of [[Cambridgeshire]], [[England]]. It lies about 50&nbsp;[[mile]]s (80&nbsp;[[kilometre|km]]) north-northeast of [[London]] and is surrounded by a number of smaller towns and villages. It is also at the heart of the [[high-tech]]nology centre known as [[Silicon Fen]]. Cambridge is best known for the [[University of Cambridge]], which includes the renowned [[Cavendish Laboratory]], [[King's College Chapel, Cambridge|King's College Chapel]], and the [[Cambridge University Library]]. The Cambridge skyline is dominated by the last two buildings, along with the chimney of [[Addenbrooke's Hospital]] in the far south of the city and [[St John's College, Cambridge|St John's College]] Chapel tower in the north. The city's name is {{pronEng|ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ}}, as opposed to another [[Cambridge, Gloucestershire|Cambridge]] in [[Gloucestershire]], England, which is pronounced {{IPA|/ˈkæmbrɪdʒ/}}. According to the 2001 [[United Kingdom]] census, the City's population was 108,863 (including 22,153 students), and the population of the urban area (which includes parts of [[South Cambridgeshire]] district) is estimated to be 130,000. ==History== ===Prehistory=== Settlements have existed around this area of East Anglia since before the [[Roman Empire]]. The earliest clear evidence of occupation, a collection of hunting weapons, is from the Late Bronze Age, starting around 1000 BC. There is further archaeological evidence through the Iron Age, a [[Belgic]] tribe having settled on Castle Hill in the 1st century BC. ===Roman times=== {{main|Duroliponte}} The first major development of the area began with the [[Roman invasion of Britain]] in about [[40|AD 40]]. Castle Hill made Cambridge a useful place for a military outpost from which to defend the [[River Cam]]. It was also the crossing point for the [[Via Devana]] which linked [[Colchester, England|Colchester]] in [[Essex, England|Essex]] with the garrisons at [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]] and the north. This Roman settlement has been identified as ''Duroliponte''. The settlement remained a regional centre during the 350 years after the Roman occupation, until about AD 400. Roman roads and walled enclosures can still be seen in the area. ===Saxon and Viking age=== After the Romans had left, [[Anglo-Saxons|Saxons]] took over the land on and around Castle Hill. Their grave goods have been found in the area. During Anglo-Saxon times Cambridge benefited from good trade links across the otherwise hard-to-travel fenlands. By the 7th century, however, visitors from nearby Ely reported that Cambridge had declined severely. Cambridge is mentioned in the [[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]] as Grantebrycge. The arrival of the [[Vikings]] in Cambridge was recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 875. Viking rule, the [[Danelaw]], had been imposed by 878. The Vikings' vigorous trading habits caused Cambridge to grow rapidly. During this period the centre of the town shifted from Castle Hill on the [[left bank]] of the river to the area now known as the Quayside on the [[right bank]]. After the end of the Viking period the Saxons enjoyed a brief return to power, building St Bene't's <ref>[http://www.stbenets.org.uk The Index<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> church in 1025, which still stands in Bene't Street. ===Norman times=== In 1068, two years after his conquest of England, [[William of Normandy]] built a castle on Castle Hill. Like the rest of the new kingdom, Cambridge fell under the control of the King and his deputies. The distinctive [[The Holy Sepulchre, Cambridge|Round Church]] dates from this period. By Norman times the name of the town had mutated to Grentabrige or Cantebrigge (Grantbridge), while the river that flowed through it was called the Granta. Over time the name of the town changed to Cambridge, while the river Cam was still known as the Granta — indeed the Upper River (the stretch between the Millpond in Cambridge and Grantchester) is correctly known as the Granta to this day. The [[Welsh language]] name of the town remains ''Caergrawnt'' (roughly analogous to [[Grantchester]], which is also the name of a village near Cambridge). It was only later that the river became known as the Cam, by analogy with the name Cambridge. The University, formed 1209, uses a [[Latin]] adjective ''cantabrigiensis'' (often contracted to "Cantab") to mean "of Cambridge", but this is obviously a [[retronym|back-formation]] from the English name. ===Beginnings of the university=== In 1209, students escaping from hostile townspeople in [[Oxford]] fled to Cambridge and formed a university there. The oldest [[college]] that still exists, [[Peterhouse, Cambridge|Peterhouse]], was founded in 1284. One of the most impressive buildings in Cambridge, [[King's College Chapel, Cambridge|King's College Chapel]], was begun in 1446 by [[Henry VI of England|King Henry VI]]. The project was completed in 1515 during the reign of [[Henry VIII of England|King Henry VIII]]. [[Image:Pembroke College main court.jpg|thumb|left|[[Pembroke College, Cambridge|Pembroke College]] was the third college to be founded in the University of Cambridge]] [[Cambridge University Press]] originated with a printing licence issued in 1534. [[Hobson's Conduit]], the first project to bring clean drinking water to the town centre, was built in 1610 (by the Hobson of [[Hobson's choice]]). Parts of it survive today. [[Addenbrooke's Hospital]] was founded in 1766. The railway and [[Cambridge railway station|station]] were built in 1845. According to legend, the University dictated their location: well away from the centre of town, so that the possibility of quick access to London would not distract students from their work. However, there is no basis for this in written record. Despite having a university, Cambridge was not granted its [[city status in the United Kingdom|city charter]] until 1951. Cambridge does not have a [[List of Church of England dioceses|cathedral]] (traditionally a pre-requisite for city status), and falls within the Church of England [[Diocese of Ely]]. Original historical documents relating to the ''town'' of Cambridge (as opposed to the university or colleges within Cambridge) are held by [[Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies]] at the County Record Office Cambridge and at the Cambridgeshire Collection. These records include original registers for the parish churches dating back to the 1530s, local government records, maps, photographs, and records of some businesses, schools and charities. ===Cambridge today=== [[Image:CambridgeMarketSquare.jpg|thumb|The market in the centre of Cambridge, with Great St Mary's Church in the background · [http://www.cambridge.gov.uk/markets more]]] [[Image:StJohnsCollegeCambridge.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Trinity Street, St John's Street and the Main Gate of [[St John's College, Cambridge|St John's College]] with the tower of the college's chapel looming in the background]] Cambridge is now one of East Anglia's major settlements, along with [[Norwich]], [[Ipswich]] and [[Peterborough]]. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the size of the city was greatly increased by several large [[council estate]]s planned to hold [[London overspill|London's overspill]].{{Fact|date=February 2008}} The biggest impact has been on the area north of the river, which is now home to the estates of [[Arbury]], [[East Chesterton]] and [[King's Hedges]], while there are many smaller estates to the south of the city. Drawing on its links with the University, the Cambridge area today is sometimes referred to as [[Silicon Fen]], due to the growth of high tech businesses and [[business incubator|technology incubators]] that have sprung up in the series of [[science park]]s and other developments in and around the city. Such companies include [[CSR plc|CSR]], world leader in [[Bluetooth]] chips, [[Acorn Computers]] (now [[ARM Limited|ARM]]) and [[Sinclair Research Ltd|Sinclair]]. Cambridge was also the home of [[Pye|Pye Limited]] famous in the last century for early wireless and TV sets. In later years Pye evolved into several other companies including Pye Telecommunications (now [[Sepura]], famous for [[TETRA]] radio equipment). Another major business is [[Marshall Aerospace]] located on the eastern edge of the city. Such businesses and their early stage precursors are well networked within the [[Cambridge Network]]. The University was joined by the larger part of [[Anglia Ruskin University]], and the educational reputation has led to other bodies (such as the [[Open University]] in East Anglia) basing themselves in the city. ==Governance== ===Local government=== {{seealso|Cambridge local elections}} Cambridge is a [[non-metropolitan district]] served by [[Cambridge City Council, England|a city council]]. The city council's headquarters are in the Guildhall <ref>[http://www.cambridge.gov.uk/ccm/content/itcm/maps/guildhall-information.en Cambridge City Council: Council buildings information: Guildhall information<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, an imposing building in the market square. Cambridge is also served by [[Cambridgeshire County Council]]. For electoral purposes the city is divided into the following wards: Abbey, [[Arbury]], Castle, [[Cherry Hinton]], Coleridge, East [[Chesterton, Cambridgeshire|Chesterton]], [[King's Hedges]], Market, [[Newnham, Cambridgeshire|Newnham]], Petersfield, Queen Edith's, Romsey, [[Trumpington, Cambridgeshire|Trumpington]] and West Chesterton. The political composition <ref>[http://www.cambridge.gov.uk/elections Cambridge City Council: Elections<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> of the city wards of the county council after the May 2005 elections was: * 10 [[Liberal Democrats|Liberal Democrat]] seats * 4 [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] seats The political composition of the city council after the May 2008 elections was: * 28 Liberal Democrat councillors * 11 Labour councillors * 1 Green councillor * 1 Conservative councillor * 1 Independent councillor The Liberal Democrats have controlled the city council since 2000. ===Westminster=== The [[British House of Commons|parliamentary]] [[Cambridge (UK Parliament constituency)|constituency of Cambridge]] covers most of the city. [[David Howarth]] ([[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]]) was elected [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) at the [[United Kingdom general election, 2005|2005 general election]], winning the seat from the sitting MP, [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]'s [[Anne Campbell]]. Some areas, however — corresponding largely to the Queen Edith's and Trumpington wards<ref>[http://www.election-maps.co.uk/ Election maps - Ordnance Survey<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> — lie in the [[South Cambridgeshire (UK Parliament constituency)|South Cambridgeshire]] constituency, whose MP is [[Andrew Lansley]] ([[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]), first elected in [[United Kingdom general election, 1997|1997]]. The city had previously elected a Labour MP from 1992 to 2005 and prior to this, usually elected a Conservative after the Second World War. However, the Conservatives came third in the last General Election and have seen their share of the vote fall over the past 20 years. The [[University of Cambridge|University]] used to have a seat in the House of Commons, [[Isaac Newton|Sir Isaac Newton]] being one of the most notable holders. The [[Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridge University constituency]] was abolished under 1948 legislation, and ceased at the dissolution of Parliament for the [[United Kingdom general election, 1950|1950 general election]], along with the other [[university constituency|university constituencies]]. ==Transport== ===Roads=== Because of its rapid growth since the twentieth century, Cambridge has a congested road network. Several major roads intersect at Cambridge. The [[M11 motorway]] from east [[London]] terminates here. The [[A14 (Britain)|A14]] (formerly A604 and A45) east–west trunk route skirts the northern edge of the city. This is a major freight route connecting the port of [[Felixstowe]] on the east coast with the [[Midlands]], North [[Wales]], the west coast and [[Ireland]]. The A14 is often congested, particularly the section between [[Huntingdon]] and Cambridge where the east–west traffic is merged with the [[A1 road|A1]] to [[M11 motorway|M11]] north–south traffic on a 2-lane dual carriageway.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} The [[A10 road|A10]], a former [[Roman road]] from north [[London]], passes round the city on its way to [[Ely]] and [[King's Lynn]]. Other roads connect the city with [[Bedford, Bedfordshire|Bedford]], [[St Neots]], Newmarket and [[Colchester, England|Colchester]]. The city has a ring road about 2 km in diameter, inside which there are traffic restrictions which have successfully improved conditions for pedestrians, cyclists and bus users, and reduced congestion.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} It has a well developed bus service including five [[Park and Ride]] sites encouraging motorists to park near the city's edge. ===Rail=== [[Image:Cambridgefront.jpg|thumb|right|The front of [[Cambridge railway station|Cambridge Station]]]] [[Cambridge railway station]] was built in 1845 with a platform designed to take two full-length trains, one of the longest in the country. Cambridge has direct rail links to [[King's Cross railway station|King's Cross]] (via [[Hitchin]] and the [[East Coast Main Line]]) and [[Liverpool Street station|Liverpool Street]] (via the [[West Anglia Main Line]]) stations in [[London]]. There is a direct shuttle service to London King's Cross every half hour during off peak hours, taking only 45 minutes to reach London. Peak hour trains to Kings Cross all have additional stops, and take between 55 and 65 minutes. It is also linked to [[King's Lynn]] and [[Ely]] (via the [[Fen Line]]), [[Norwich, England|Norwich]] (via the [[Breckland Line]]), [[Leicester]], [[Birmingham]], [[Ipswich]] and as well as [[London Stansted Airport]]. The important UK rail hub of [[Peterborough]] is also within reach of Cambridge. The railway service connecting Cambridge and Oxford, known as the [[Varsity Line]], was discontinued in 1968. ===Air=== [[Cambridge City Airport]] is owned by [[Marshall Aerospace]]. The runway can accommodate an unladen [[Boeing 747]] or [[McDonnell Douglas MD-11|MD-11]], but there is no regular scheduled service, though [[ScotAirways]] used to make scheduled flights to [[Amsterdam Schiphol Airport]], and it is mostly used by business and leisure flights.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} In 2004 a [[Charter airline|charter]] service to [[Jersey]] was operated by [[Aurigny Air Services]] using [[Saab 340]] [[turboprop]] aircraft.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} A dealer in [[Glass-reinforced plastic|fibreglass]]-moulded light monoplanes is also based here.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} Removal of Marshalls to a site away from the city, with development of the airport site for housing, is a possibility over the next 5-10 years.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} The London airports at [[London Luton Airport|Luton]] and [[London Stansted Airport|Stansted]], are both within 30 miles (50 km) of Cambridge. ===Cycling=== As a university town lying on fairly flat ground and with traffic congestion, Cambridge has a large number of cyclists. Many residents also prefer cycling to driving in the narrow, busy streets, giving the city the highest level of cycle use in the UK.<ref>http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/SearchRes.asp?term=KS15&btnSubmit=Search UK Census 2001</ref> According to the 2001 census, 25% of residents travelled to work by cycle. A few roads within the city are adapted for cycling, including separate traffic lights for cycle lanes and cycle contraflows on streets which are otherwise one-way; the city also benefits from parks which have shared use paths. There are, however, no separate cycle paths within the city centre. Despite the high levels of cycling, expenditure on cycling infrastructure is around the national average of 0.3% of the transport budget. There are a few cycle routes in the surrounding countryside and the city is now linked to the [[National Cycle Network]]. The main organisation campaigning to improve conditions for cyclists in Cambridge is the Cambridge Cycling Campaign.<ref>[http://www.camcycle.org.uk Cambridge Cycling Campaign]</ref> Bike theft in the city is a problem, with over 3000 bicycles reported stolen between April 2005 and March 2006. The actual number is believed to be higher as many thefts are not reported to the police.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/news/city/2006/07/27/96b0e699-f005-43ca-91fa-1a19a9f6765c.lpf|publisher=Cambridge Evening News|title=Raids 'shockwave' for bicycle theft gangs|date=[[27 July]] [[2006]]}}</ref> ===Park and ride=== There are five [[park and ride]] sites in Cambridge, three of which (in Trumpington, Madingley Road and Newmarket Road) operate 7 days a week.<ref>http://www.parkandride.net/cambridge/cambridge_frameset.shtml Cambridge sites at the National Park and Ride Directory</ref> ===Guided bus=== [[Cambridgeshire Guided Busway]], set to be the world's longest [[guided bus]]way, is under construction and will pass through Cambridge.<ref>[http://www2.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/db/pressrel.nsf/cac74a2aba838b5d80256b56004e53ab/edcbd21f6a9cf5b880257295004c237b?OpenDocument] Secretary Of State Celebrates Start Of Works On Guided Busway</ref> It will run on the road from [[Huntingdon]] to [[St Ives, Cambridgeshire|St Ives]], then along a disused railway line to north Cambridge, where it rejoins the road, to the city's [[Cambridge railway station|railway station]] from where it will be guided to [[Addenbrooke's Hospital]] and [[Trumpington, Cambridgeshire|Trumpington]].<ref>[http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/transport/guided/] Cambridgeshire Guided Busway</ref> The scheme is budgeted at [[£]]116.2 million is scheduled to open in early 2009. <ref>[http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/40F67C0E-CB57-4327-A7BE-440650E8B822/0/CGBleafletweb.pdf] Guided Busway leaflet</ref> The scheme has been heavily criticised by campaigners who believe that the route would be better served by a rail link.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/actionnetwork/A3056186 BBC Action Network] Cambridge’s guided bus plans</ref> ==Sport== [[Image:Dscn4633-punt-crowds 800x600.jpg|thumb|right|[[Punt (boat)|Punting]] on the River Cam is a popular recreation in Cambridge]] ===Football=== Cambridge played a unique role in the invention of modern [[association football|football]] as the game's first set of rules were drawn up by members of the university in 1848. The [[Cambridge Rules]] were first played in [[Parker's Piece]] and had a "defining influence on the 1863 [[The Football Association|Football Association]] rules."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cambridgeshire/content/articles/2006/06/09/cambridge_football_rules_parkers_piece_feature.shtml|title=Cambridge… the birthplace of football?! |publisher=bbc.co.uk}}</ref>. The city is home to [[Cambridge United F.C.]], who played in the [[English Football League teams|Football League]] at the [[Abbey Stadium]] from 1970 to 2005, when they were relegated to [[Conference National]]. When relegation became inevitable the club was placed in [[administration (insolvency)|administration]] with substantial debts, but it emerged from administration in time for the [[2005–06 in English football|2005–06 season]]. The club's biggest success came in the early 1990s, with two successive promotions, two successive [[FA Cup]] quarter-final appearances, a run to the [[Football League Cup]] quarter-finals, and reaching the brink of promotion to the new [[Premier League]]. The city's other football club [[Cambridge City F.C.]] play in the [[Southern Football League Premier Division]] at the [[City Ground, Cambridge|City Ground]] in [[Chesterton (Cambridge)|Chesterton]]. [[Histon]], just north of Cambridge, is home to [[Conference National]] side [[Histon F.C.|Histon]]. ===Rugby=== Cambridge's most successful sports team over recent years is its [[rugby union]] [[Cambridge R.U.F.C.|club]]. After three successive promotions they managed to survive their debut season in [[National Division Two]] 2006/07. The club's home ground is at [[West Renault Park]] on Granchester Road in the south west corner of the city. Cambridge Eagles [[rugby league]] team play in the National Conference League East Section during the summer months, often drawing on rugby union players keen to continue playing rugby throughout the year. ===Other sports=== As well as being the home of the [[Cambridge Rules]], [[Parker's Piece]] played an important part in the playing career of [[W. G. Grace]]. Cambridge is also home to two [[Real Tennis]] courts out of just 42 in the world at Cambridge University Real Tennis Club.<ref>[http://www.curtc.net Cambridge University Real Tennis Club<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[British American Football League]] club [[Cambridgeshire Cats]] play at Coldham's Common. Motorcycle speedway racing took place at the Greyhound Stadium in Newmarket Road in 1939. It is not known if this venue operated in other years. The team raced as Newmarket as the meetings were organised by the Newmarket Motorcycle Club.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} The City Council hosts details of Local Sports Clubs.<ref>[http://www.cambridge.gov.uk/sportsclubs Cambridge City Council: Young people: Find a Sports Club<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ===Varsity sports=== Cambridge is also known for its [[University of Cambridge|university]] sporting events against [[University of Oxford|Oxford]], especially the rugby union [[The Varsity Match|Varsity Match]] and the [[Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race|Boat Race]]. These are followed by people across the globe, many of whom have no connection to the institutions themselves. ==Health== [[Image:Addenbrooke's hospital.JPG|thumb|left|[[Addenbrooke's Hospital]]]] Cambridge is well served by medical care, with several smaller medical centres dotted around the city, along with [[Addenbrooke's Hospital]] a learning and [[teaching hospital]] and one of the largest in the United Kingdom, also functioning as a centre for [[medical research]]. ==Population== In the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]] (held during University term), 89.44% of Cambridge residents identified themselves as [[white people|white]], compared with a national average of 92.12%.<ref>Office For National Statistics 2001 Census (Ethnic group, Cambridge local authority)</ref> Within the University, 84% of undergraduates and 80% of post-graduates identify as white (including overseas students).<ref>[http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/news/press/factsheets/ethnicity.html University of Cambridge Fact Sheet: Ethnicity], retrieved 17 January 2008</ref> Cambridge has a much higher than average proportion of people in the highest paid professional, managerial or administrative jobs (32.6% vs. 23.5%)<ref>ONS 2001 Census (Approximated Social Grade - Workplace Population, Cambridge local authority)</ref> and a much lower than average proportion of manual workers (27.6% vs. 40.2%).<ref>Ibid.</ref> In addition, a much higher than average proportion of people have a high level qualification (e.g. degree, HND, qualified doctor), (41.2% vs. 19.9%).<ref>ONS 2001 Census (Qualifications, Cambridge local authority)</ref> ==Religion== [[Image:CambridgeTownCentre.jpg|thumb|right|[[St Mary the Great with St Michael, Cambridge|Great St Mary's Church]] marks the centre of Cambridge, while the [[Senate House (University of Cambridge)|Senate House]] on the left is the centre of the University. [[Gonville and Caius College]] is in the background.]] Cambridge has an active Christian population and many [[:Category:Churches in Cambridge|churches]], some of which form a significant part of the city's architectural landscape. A Cambridge-based family and youth organisation, [[Romsey Mill]], had its centre re-dedicated in 2007 by the [[Archbishop of York]], and is quoted as an example of best practice in a study<ref>[http://www.eera.gov.uk/Documents/About%20EERA/Policy/Social%20Inclusion/rss_chapter3.pdf EERA social inclusion policy, ch. 3]</ref> into social inclusion by the [[East of England Regional Assembly]]. Cambridge falls into the [[Roman Catholic]] [[Diocese of East Anglia]]. ===University=== [[St Mary the Great with St Michael, Cambridge|Great St Mary's Church]] has the status of being the "University Church". Many of the University colleges contain chapels that hold services according to the rites and ceremonies of the [[Church of England]], while the chapel of [[St Edmund's College, Cambridge|St Edmund's College]] is [[Roman Catholic]]. There is a mosque used by Muslim residents and students, an Orthodox synagogue (belonging to the university Jewish Society) and the Beth Shalom Reform synagogue. The city also has a number of [[Cambridge Theological Federation|theological colleges]] for training clergy for [[ordination]] into a number of denominations, with affiliations to both the University of Cambridge and Anglia Ruskin University. ==Theatre== Cambridge's main theatre is the [[Cambridge Arts Theatre|Arts Theatre]], a venue with 666 seats in the town centre. The theatre often has touring shows, as well as shows put on my local groups. [http://www.cambridgeartstheatre.com/ Cambridge Arts Theatre Website] There are many amateur theatre groups in Cambridge, often producing plays of a very high standard. The [[ADC Theatre]] is managed by the University of Cambridge, and typically has 3 shows a week during term time. The [[Mumford Theatre]] is part of [[Anglia Ruskin University]], and hosts shows by both student and non student groups. There are also a number of venues within the colleges. [http://www.camdram.net Camdram.net] is a good source of information on most student shows in Cambridge. ==Cambridge in fiction== *[[Gwen Raverat]], the granddaughter of Charles Darwin, talked about her late Victorian Cambridge childhood in her memoir ''[[Period Piece - The Cambridge Childhood]]''. She discusses mundane happenings from her life and those of her eccentric family through beautiful prose and line drawings. A picture into a bygone era and Cambridge academic society. *In the 1950s, the English children's writer [[Philippa Pearce]] created a fictionalised version of Cambridge known as "Castleford" (not connected to the [[Castleford|real town of the same name in West Yorkshire]]). It appears in several of her books, most notably ''[[Tom's Midnight Garden]]'' and ''[[Minnow on the Say]]''. The main distinguishing point between "Castleford" and the real Cambridge is that this "Castleford" does not have a university. *[[Tom Sharpe]] is also a Cambridge-based author who has written fictional accounts of teaching at Cambridge Technical College (now [[Anglia Ruskin University]]) and of Cambridge college life. His fictional "Porterhouse College" appears in many of his novels. *[[Susanna Gregory]] wrote a series of novels set in 14th century Cambridge and featuring a teacher of medicine and sleuth named Matthew Bartholomew. *[[Douglas Adams]] was at one time a resident of Cambridge, and parts of his novel ''[[Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency]]'' are set in the city. This novel was partially reworked from his unbroadcast [[Doctor Who]] serial ''[[Shada]]'', which also included scenes in Cambridge. The television serial Shada was filmed in Cambridge, but was never finished due to strike action. The unfinished story was available to buy on video but is not yet available on DVD. *[[Sylvia Plath]] wrote a number of short stories with a Cambridge setting which are published in the collection ''Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams''. Plath was a resident of the city when she won a scholarship to the university. *Dame [[Rose Macaulay]] had strong connections to the city, and set part of her novel ''[[They Were Defeated]]'' in the city during the reign of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]]. *A number of novels in [[Charles Percy Snow|C.P.Snow]]'s ''[[Strangers and Brothers]]'' series (''The Masters'', ''The Affair'') are set in a Cambridge college (a thinly-veiled [[Christ's College, Cambridge|Christ's]]). *[[Sebastian Faulks]] sets his novel [[Engleby]] in Cambridge, in a college presumed to be [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge|Emmanuel]]. *[[E.M. Forster]], who had a lifetime connection with [[King's College, Cambridge|King's College]], set the early parts of two of his novels, ''[[The Longest Journey (novel)|The Longest Journey]]'' and ''[[Maurice (novel)|Maurice]]'', at Cambridge University. *[[Kate Atkinson]] used the town as the setting for her book ''[[Case Histories (novel)|Case Histories]]''. *[[Michelle Spring]] wrote a series of novels about a Cambridge-based private detective, Laura Principal, beginning with ''Every Breath You Take'' (1994). *[[Rebecca Stott]]'s ''Ghostwalk'' (2007) is set in the Cambridge of today and of Sir Isaac Newton's time. *[[Robert Harris]]'s "Enigma" was partly set in Cambridge, when the leading character, Thomas Jericho, was sent to King's College to recover from a nervous break down. Much of the story describes the centre and west of Cambridge in much detail. The story itself was set in the middle of world war two. The rest of the story was set in Bletchley Park.<ref>{{cite book|author=Graham Chainey|title=A Literary History of Cambridge|location=Cambridge|year=1985, 1995|id=ISBN 0-907115-25-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Martin Garrett|title=Cambridge: a Cultural and Literary History|location=Oxford|year=2004|id=ISBN 1-902669-79-7}}</ref> *[[Silent Witness]] was filmed for large parts in Cambridge. ==Music== ===Popular music=== Most notable of the bands that formed in Cambridge are [[Pink Floyd]], the band's former songwriter guitarist and vocalist [[Syd Barrett]] was born and lived in the city. He and other founder member [[Roger Waters]] went to school together at [[Cambridgeshire High School for Boys]] and [[David Gilmour]] was also a Cambridge resident and attended the nearby Perse School. Other bands who formed in Cambridge include [[Henry Cow]], [[Katrina and the Waves]], [[The Soft Boys]], [[Ezio]] and [[The Broken Family Band]]. Solo artists [[Boo Hewerdine]] and [[Robyn Hitchcock]] are from Cambridge, as are [[Drum and bass]] artists (and brothers) [[Nu:Tone]] and [[Logistics (artist)|Logistics]]. Singer-songwriter [[Nick Drake]] and [[Manchester]] music mogul [[Tony Wilson]], the founder of [[Factory Records]], were both educated at the University of Cambridge. Also, [[Matthew Bellamy]], lead singer of rock band [[Muse (band)|Muse]] was born in the city. ==Festivals and events== *[[Midsummer Common|Midsummer Fair]] is one of the oldest [[fair]]s in the UK and at one point was possibly the largest medieval fair in Europe.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} Today it exists primarily as an annual [[funfair]] with the vestige of a market attached. *[[Cambridge Folk Festival]] is one of the largest festivals of [[folk music]] in the UK *[[Strawberry Fair]] is a free music and children's fair, with a series of market stalls. It is held the first Saturday in June on [[Midsummer Common]]. *[[Cambridge Beer Festival]], which began in 1974, takes place on Jesus Green for one week in May every year and offers nearly 200 different beers<ref>http://www.cambridgebeerfestival.com/summer/images/34th_poster.png</ref>. * The Cambridge Corporate Gateway in April and October provides an opportunity for the World's Best Companies to meet partners from the world of science and technology. *The [[Cambridge Film Festival]] is held annually in July and is considered to be one of the nation's best.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} ==Other information== *In 2004 Cambridge was granted [[Fairtrade City]] status. Cambridge is [[town twinning|twinned]] with: *{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Heidelberg]], [[Germany]] since 1957 *{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Szeged]], [[Hungary]] since 1987 ==See also== {{Commonscat}} * [[List of bridges in Cambridge]] * [[Parker's Piece]] * [[Newnham, Cambridgeshire|Newnham]], [[Cambridgeshire]] * ''[[Cambridge Evening News]]'' * [[Cambridge Network]] * [[Cambridge museums]] * [[Gog Magog Downs]] ==Panoramic photo gallery== {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" | [[Image:Cambridge1.jpg|thumb|600px|centre|Trinity Street]] |- | [[Image:Cambridge2.jpg|thumb|600px|centre|King's Parade]] |- | [[Image:Cambridge4.jpg|thumb|600px|centre|Silver Street]] |- | [[Image:Cambridge5.jpg|thumb|600px|centre|Quayside]] |- | [[Image:Panorama Looking Over North-West Cambridge.jpg|thumb|600px|View looking over North-West Cambridge from the top of the Lion Yard car park|center]] |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.cambridge.gov.uk/ Cambridge City Council] * {{wikitravel|Cambridge (England)|Cambridge}} * [http://www.countrylife.co.uk/blogs/article/78310/Guide_to_Cambridge.html Country Life's Guide to Cambridge] * [http://www.camplus.co.uk/webcam.htm The Cambridge Market Place Webcam] {{Cambridgeshire}} {{East of England}} {{UK cities}} {{coor title dms|52|12|29|N|0|7|21|E|region:GB_type:city(110000)}} [[Category:Cambridge| ]] [[Category:Cities in England]] [[Category:County towns in England]] [[Category:Local government in Cambridgeshire]] [[Category:Shire districts]] [[Category:University towns]] [[Category:Articles including recorded pronunciations (UK English)]] [[ang:Grantanbrycg]] [[ar:كامبريدج (إنجلترا)]] [[az:Kembric]] [[bs:Cambridge]] [[br:Cambridge]] [[bg:Кеймбридж]] [[ca:Cambridge]] [[cs:Cambridge]] [[cy:Caergrawnt]] [[da:Cambridge]] [[de:Cambridge]] [[et:Cambridge]] [[el:Κέμπριτζ]] [[es:Cambridge]] [[eo:Kembriĝo (Britio)]] [[eu:Cambridge]] [[fa:کمبریج]] [[fr:Cambridge]] [[gd:Cambridge]] [[gl:Cambridge]] [[ko:케임브리지]] [[hr:Cambridge]] [[io:Cambridge]] [[id:Cambridge, Cambridgeshire]] [[is:Cambridge]] [[it:Cambridge]] [[he:קיימברידג']] [[ka:კემბრიჯი]] [[la:Cantabrigia]] [[lb:Cambridge (England)]] [[lt:Kembridžas]] [[hu:Cambridge]] [[nl:Cambridge (Engeland)]] [[ja:ケンブリッジ]] [[no:Cambridge]] [[nrm:Cambridge]] [[oc:Cambridge]] [[pl:Cambridge (miasto w Anglii)]] [[pt:Cambridge]] [[ro:Cambridge]] [[qu:Cambridge]] [[ru:Кембридж]] [[sco:Cambridge]] [[simple:Cambridge]] [[sk:Cambridge (Cambridgeshire)]] [[sl:Cambridge]] [[sr:Кембриџ]] [[fi:Cambridge]] [[sv:Cambridge]] [[th:เคมบริดจ์ (เคมบริดจ์เชียร์)]] [[vi:Cambridge]] [[tg:Кембриҷ]] [[tr:Cambridge, İngiltere]] [[uk:Кембридж]] [[vo:Cambridge]] [[bat-smg:Kėmbrėdžos]] [[zh:劍橋]]