Campania
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{{Infobox Region of Italy |
name = Campania |
fullname = Regione Campania |
isocode = |
capital = [[Naples]] |
governor = [[Antonio Bassolino]]<br />(''[[Democrats of the Left|DS]]''-''[[The Union (political coalition)|Union]]'') |
status = [[Regions of Italy|Region]] |
zone = [[Southern Italy]] |
province = [[Avellino Province|Avellino]]<br />[[Benevento Province|Benevento]] <br />[[Caserta Province|Caserta]]<br />[[Naples Province|Naples]] <br />[[Salerno Province|Salerno]] |
municipality = 551 |
arearank = 12th |
area = 13,595 |
areapercent = 4.5 |
population_as_of = 2006 est. |
populationrank = 2nd |
population = 5,790,929 |
populationpercent = 9.8 |
populationdensity = 426 |
coatofarms = [[Image:Flag of Campania.png|220px]]|
map = [[Image:Italy Regions Campania Map.png|220px]]|
}}
'''Campania''' is a [[Regions of Italy|region]] of [[southern Italy]] in [[Europe]]. The region has a population of around 5.8 million people, making it the second-most-populous region of Italy, its total area of 13,595 km² makes it the most densely populated region in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://library.eb.co.uk/eb/article-9019840|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Campania|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> Located on the [[Italian Peninsula]], with the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]] to the west, the small [[Flegrean Islands]] and [[Capri]] are also administratively part of the region.
Throughout much of its history Campania has been at the centre of [[Western culture|Western Civilisation]]'s most significant entities. The area was colonised by [[Ancient Greeks]] and was within ''[[Magna Græcia]]'', until the [[Roman Republic]] began to dominate. During the Roman era the area was highly respected as a place of culture by the emperors, where it balanced [[Greco-Roman]] culture. The area had many [[Duchy|duchies]] and [[principalities]] during the [[Middle Ages]], in the hands of the [[Byzantine Empire]] and some [[Lombards]].
It was under the [[Normans]] that the smaller independent states were brought together as part of a sizable European kingdom, known as the [[Kingdom of Sicily]], before the mainland broke away to form the [[Kingdom of Naples]]. It was during this period that especially elements of [[Spain|Spanish]], [[France|French]] and [[Aragonese]] culture touched Campania. Later the area became the central part of the [[Two Sicilies]] under the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]]s, until the [[Italian unification]] of 1860 when it became part of the new state [[Italy]].
The capital city of Campania is [[Naples]]. Campania is rich in culture, especially in regards to [[gastronomy]], [[music]], [[architecture]], [[archeological]] and ancient sites such as [[Pompeii]], [[Herculaneum]] and [[Paestum]]. The name of Campania itself is derived from [[Latin]], as the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] knew the region as ''Campania felix'', which translates into English as "fortunate [[countryside]]". The rich natural sights of Campania make it highly important in the [[tourism]] industry, especially along the [[Amalfi Coast]], [[Mount Vesuvius]] and the island of [[Capri]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lifeinitaly.com/tourism/campania/|publisher=LifeInItaly.com|title=Campania: Gateway to Southern Italy|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref>
== Geography ==
Four other regions border Campania; [[Lazio]] to the northwest, [[Molise]] to the north, [[Apulia]] to the northeast and [[Basilicata]] to the east.
Campania is divided into five provinces:
[[Image:Campania Provinces.png|250px]]
*[[Province of Avellino|Avellino]]
*[[Province of Benevento|Benevento]]
*[[Province of Caserta|Caserta]]
*[[Province of Naples|Naples]]
*[[Province of Salerno|Salerno]]
==History==
===Ancient tribes and Samnite Wars===
{{main|Samnite Wars|Magna Græcia}}
[[Image:Temple of Hera (c).jpg|thumb|right|210px|Temple of Hera, [[Paestum]], built 550 BC.]]
The original inhabitants of Campania were three defined groups of the [[Ancient peoples of Italy]], who all spoke the [[Oscan language]] which is part of the [[Italic languages|Italic family]]; their names were the [[Osci]], the [[Aurunci]] and the [[Ausones]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.instoria.it/home/italia_antiqua_XV.htm|publisher=InStoria.it|title=Italia Antiqua - XV, Campania|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> During the 8th century BC, people from [[Euboea]] in [[Greece]] known as [[Cumae]]ans began to establish [[colony|colonies]] in the area roughly around the modern day [[province of Naples]].<ref name="campaniahistoryone">{{cite news|url=http://www.iterteam.it/eng/campania/storia.html|publisher=Interteam.it|title=Campania: History|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> Another Oscan tribe, the [[Samnium|Samnites]], had moved from [[central Italy]] down into Campania. Since the Samnites were more warlike than the civilised Campanians, they easily took over the cities of [[Capua]] and Cumae, in the area which was one of the most prosperous and fertile in the [[Italian Peninsula]] at the time.<ref name="samnite wars">{{cite news|url=http://www.unrv.com/empire/samnite-wars.php|publisher=UNRV.com|title=The Samnite Wars|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> During the 340s BC, the Samnites were engaging in warfare with the [[Roman Republic]] in a dispute known as the [[Samnite Wars]], with the Romans securing rich pastures of northern Campania during the [[First Samnite War]].<ref name="pirat">{{cite news|url=http://pirate.shu.edu/~vigorimi/genealogy/first_millenium_BC.html|publisher=Michael Vigorita|title=Ancient Times - 1st millennium B.C.|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref>
The major remaining independent Greek settlement was [[Naples|Neapolis]], and when the town was eventually [[Capture of Neapolis|caputured by the Samnites]], the Neapolitans were in need of help. However, [[Philip II of Macedon]] (father of [[Alexander the Great]]), the major Greek leader of the time, was busy fighting further east, so the Neapolitans could not look to the Greeks for assistance.<ref name="samnite wars">{{cite news|url=http://www.unrv.com/empire/samnite-wars.php|publisher=UNRV.com|title=The Samnite Wars|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> This left them with no other option than to call on the [[Roman Republic|Romans]], with whom they established an alliance, setting off the [[Second Samnite War]].<ref name="samnite wars">{{cite news|url=http://www.unrv.com/empire/samnite-wars.php|publisher=UNRV.com|title=The Samnite Wars|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> The Roman consul Quinto Publilio Filone recaptured Neapolis by 326 BC and allowed it to remain a Greek city with some autonomy as a ''[[civitas]] foederata'' while strongly aligned with Rome.<ref name="romannaples">{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Roman_Naples.html|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.du|title=Roman Naples|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> The Second Samnite War ended with the Romans controlling southern Campania and additional regions further to the south.<ref name="pirat">{{cite news|url=http://pirate.shu.edu/~vigorimi/genealogy/first_millenium_BC.html|publisher=Michael Vigorita|title=Ancient Times - 1st millennium B.C.|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref>
===Roman period===
{{main|Roman Republic|Roman Empire|Italia (Roman Empire)}}
Campania was a fully fledged part of the [[Roman Republic]] by the end of the 4th century BC and was a highly valued area, not only for its useful [[pastures]] and rich countryside but as a centre of [[Hellenistic civilization]], with its [[Greek language]] and customs, creating essentially the first traces of [[Greco-Roman]] culture.<ref name="rome">{{cite news|url=http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_1.html|publisher=Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com|title=Antic Naples|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> The Romans had established power on the entire Italian Peninsula, however the [[Pyrrhic War]] and the rebellion of the major [[Magna Græcia]] cities under [[Pyrrhus of Epirus]] in the south brought unrest. A [[Battle of Beneventum (275 BC)|battle]] took place in Campania at [[Maleventum]], when the Romans led by consul [[Curius Dentatus]] were victorious they renamed the city Beneventum (modern day [[Benevento]]) and it grew in stature, second only to Capua in southern Italy.<ref>{{cite book | last =Oakley | first = Stephen P| title =A Commentary on Livy, Books VI-X| publisher =Oxford University Press | url =http://books.google.com/books?id=JqsqlajAPCoC&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=in+verrem+cicero+verres&source=web&ots=myCxg3IJhT&sig=7mcMkg8q0_lvM9cbu9P66pbktoQ | isbn =0199271437}}</ref> During the [[Second Punic War]] in 216 BC, Capua saw an opertunity to levy for more power, the city allied with [[Carthage]] against Rome, after Capua had their demand of complete equality of power with the Romans rejected.<ref name="emps">{{cite news|url=http://roman-empire.info/roman-empire/13/|publisher=Roman-Empire.info|title=Second Punic War: Second Period, From The Revolt Of Capua To The Battle Of The Metaurus - b.C. 215-207|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> The Capuans were rebellious and isolated as the rest of Campania were loyal allies of Rome, for example [[Hannibal]] was forced to flee from [[Naples]], never having set foot in it due to the imposing walls.<ref name="rome">{{cite news|url=http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_1.html|publisher=Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com|title=Antic Naples|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> Capua was eventually starved into submission in the [[Battle of Capua (211 BC)|Roman retaking of 211 BC]], the Romans came out victorious in the overall wars.<ref name="emps">{{cite news|url=http://roman-empire.info/roman-empire/13/|publisher=Roman-Empire.info|title=Second Punic War: Second Period, From The Revolt Of Capua To The Battle Of The Metaurus - b.C. 215-207|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref>
[[Image:Briu1.jpg|left|thumb|195px|right|''The Last Day of Pompeii'' – [[Karl Briullov|Briullov]].]]
The rest of Campania, with the exception of Naples, adopted the [[Latin language]] as official and was [[Romanised]].<ref name="littlehist">{{cite news|url=http://www.emmeti.it/Cucina/Campania/Storia/Campania.ART.95.uk.html|publisher=Emmeti.it|title=Campania: A Little History|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> As part of the [[Roman Empire]], it was a comfortable period for Campania who with [[Latinum]], formed the most important region of the [[Augustus|Augustan]] divisions of [[Italia (Roman Empire)|Italia]]; Campania was one of the main areas for [[grainery]].<ref name="littlehist">{{cite news|url=http://www.emmeti.it/Cucina/Campania/Storia/Campania.ART.95.uk.html|publisher=Emmeti.it|title=Campania: A Little History|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> The powerful [[Roman Emperor]]s chose Campania as an ideal holiday destination, amongst them [[Claudius]] and [[Tiberius]], the latter of whom is infamously linked to the island of [[Capri]].<ref name="rome">{{cite news|url=http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_1.html|publisher=Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com|title=Antic Naples|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> It was during this period that [[Christianity]] came to Campania; two of the [[apostles]] [[Saint Peter|St. Peter]] and [[Saint Paul|St. Paul]] are said to have preached in the city of Naples, there were also several [[martyrs]] during this time.<ref name="catholi">{{ws|"[[s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Naples|Naples]]" in the 1913 ''Catholic Encyclopedia''}}.</ref> Unfortunately, the period of relative calm was violently interrupted by the epic eruption of [[Mount Vesuvius]] in 79 which wiped the cities of [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]] from the face of the earth.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/P/pompeii/index.htm|publisher=Channel4.com|title=Secrets of the Dead: Pompeii and Herculaneum|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> With the [[Decline of the Roman Empire]] its last emperor [[Romulus Augustus]] was put in a [[manor house]] prison near [[Castel dell'Ovo]], Naples in 467, ushering in the beginning of the [[Dark Ages]] and a period of uncertainty in regards to the future of the area.<ref name="rome">{{cite news|url=http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_1.html|publisher=Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com|title=Antic Naples|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref>
===Feudalism in the Middle Ages===
{{main|Byzantine Empire|Duchy of Naples|Duchy of Benevento|Principality of Capua|Principality of Salerno}}
{{see also|Duchy of Amalfi|Duchy of Sorrento|Duchy of Apulia and Calabria}}
===The Kingdom===
====Norman to Angevin====
{{main|Kingdom of Sicily|Kingdom of Naples|List of monarchs of Naples}}
[[Image:Napoli Maschio Angioino.jpg|thumb|200px|Early kings ruled from [[Castel Nuovo]].]]
After a period as a Norman kingdom, the [[Kingdom of Sicily]] was passed on to the [[House of Hohenstaufen|Hohenstaufen]]s who were a highly powerful Germanic [[royal house]] of [[Swabia]]n origins.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/swabian.html|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu|title=Swabian Naples|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> The [[University of Naples Federico II]] was founded by [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] in the city, the oldest state university in the world, making Naples the intellectual centre of the kingdom.<ref name="oldestuni">{{cite news|url=http://www.scholarshipnet.info/postgraduate/italy-phd-scholarships-in-various-fields-at-university-of-naples-federico-ii/|publisher=ScholarshipNet.info|title=Italy: PhD Scholarships in Various Fields at University of Naples-Federico II|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> Conflict between the Hohenstaufen house and the [[Papacy]], led in 1266 to [[Pope Innocent IV]] crowning [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin Dynasty]] duke [[Charles I of Naples|Charles I]] as the king of the kingdom:<ref name="dieli">{{cite news|url=http://www.dieli.net/SicilyPage/History/SicilianHist.html|publisher=Dieli.net|title=Sicilian History|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> Charles officially moved the capital from Palermo to Naples where he resided at the ''[[Castel Nuovo]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.planetware.com/naples/castel-nuovo-i-cm-ncn.htm|publisher=PlanetWare.com|title=Naples - Castel Nuovo|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> During this period much [[Gothic architecture]] sprang up around Naples, including the [[Naples Cathedral]], which is the main church of the city.<ref>{{cite book | last = Bruzelius | first = Caroline| title ="ad modum franciae": Charles of Anjou and Gothic Architecture in the Kingdom of Sicily | publisher = The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians| url =http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0037-9808(199112)50%3A4%3C402%3A%22MFCOA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G}}</ref>
In 1281, with the advent of the [[Sicilian Vespers]], the kingdom split in half. The Angevin [[Kingdom of Naples]] included the southern part of the Italian peninsula, while the island of [[Sicily]] became the [[Crown of Aragon|Aragonese]] [[Kingdom of Sicily]].<ref name="dieli">{{cite news|url=http://www.dieli.net/SicilyPage/History/SicilianHist.html|publisher=Dieli.net|title=Sicilian History|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> The wars continued until the [[peace of Caltabellotta]] in 1302, which saw [[Frederick III of Sicily|Frederick III]] recognised as king of the Isle of Sicily, while [[Charles II of Naples|Charles II]] was recognised as the king of Naples by [[Pope Boniface VIII]].<ref name="dieli">{{cite news|url=http://www.dieli.net/SicilyPage/History/SicilianHist.html|publisher=Dieli.net|title=Sicilian History|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> Despite the split, Naples grew in importance, attracting [[Republic of Pisa|Pisan]] and [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] merchants,<ref>{{cite book | last = Constable| first = Olivia Remie | title =Housing the Stranger in the Mediterranean World: Lodging, Trade, and Travel| publisher = Humana Press| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=y9H7mfxqs7UC&pg=PA209&lpg=PA209&dq=%22genoese+merchants%22+naples&source=web&ots=Bx7dcQgxoz&sig=C6KlY6JRfpvkQv3kbqYWU-yW6DM | isbn = 1588291715}}</ref> [[Tuscan]] bankers, and with them some of the most championed [[Italian Renaissance|Renaissance]] artists of the time, such as [[Giovanni Boccaccio|Boccaccio]], [[Petrarch]] and [[Giotto di Bondone|Giotto]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.naples-city.info/napoli/angioinoeng.htm|publisher=Naples-City.info|title=Angioino Castle, Naples|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> [[Alfonso V of Aragon|Alfonso I]] conquered Naples after his victory against the last [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin]] king, [[René I of Naples|René]], Naples was unified for a brief period with Sicily again.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/spain/aragonexp.html|publisher=Zum.de|title= Aragonese Overseas Expansion, 1282-1479|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref>
====Aragonese to Bourbon====
{{main|Kingdom of Naples|Parthenopaean Republic|Two Sicilies|List of monarchs of the Two Sicilies}}
[[Image:Masaniello.jpg|thumb|145px|Revolutionary [[Masaniello]].]]
Sicily and Naples were separated in 1458 but remained as dependencies of [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]] under [[Ferdinand I of Naples|Ferrante]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=HGLTkBTylpyyN6nRHvHhh1ChNGN38XWmr4HZhn5HLhnkkhWHHhXn!602093125?docId=5000263626|publisher=Questia.com|title=Ferrante of Naples: the statecraft of a Renaissance prince|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> The new dynasty enhanced Naples' commerce by establishing relations with the [[Iberian peninsula]]. Naples also became a centre of the Renaissance, with artists such as [[Francesco Laurana|Laurana]], [[Antonello da Messina|da Messina]], [[Jacopo Sannazzaro|Sannazzaro]] and [[Poliziano]] arriving in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_2.html|publisher=Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com|title=Naples Middle-Ages|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> During 1501 Naples became under direct rule from [[Ancien Régime in France|France]] at the time of [[Louis XII of France|Louis XII]], as Neapolitan king [[Frederick IV of Naples|Frederick]] was taken as a prisoner to France; this lasted only four years.<ref name="spanishnaples">{{cite news|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27691/Italy|publisher=Britannica.com|title=Spanish acquisition of Naples|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> [[Spain]] won Naples at the [[Battle of Garigliano (1503)|Battle of Garigliano]] and, as a result, Naples became under direct rule as part of the [[Spanish Empire]] throughout the entire [[Habsburg Spain]] period.<ref name="spanishnaples">{{cite news|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27691/Italy|publisher=Britannica.com|title=Spanish acquisition of Naples|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> The Spanish sent [[viceroy]]s [[List of viceroys of Naples|to Naples]] to directly deal with local issues: the most important of which was [[Pedro Álvarez de Toledo]], who was responsible for considerable social, economic and urban progress in the city; he also supported the [[Spanish Inquisition|Inquisition]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/toledo.html|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu|title=Don Pedro de Toledo|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref>
[[Image:Interno Reggia Caserta.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Caserta Palace]], inside.]]
During this period Naples became Europe's second largest city after only [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fodors.com/world/europe/italy/naples%20&%3B%20pompeii/feature_30006.html|publisher=Fodors.com|title=Naples Through the Ages|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> It was a cultural powerhouse during the [[Baroque]] era as home to artists including [[Caravaggio]], [[Salvator Rosa|Rosa]] and [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini|Bernini]], philosophers such as [[Bernardino Telesio|Telesio]], [[Giordano Bruno|Bruno]], [[Tommaso Campanella|Campanella]] and [[Giambattista Vico|Vico]], and writers such as [[Gian Battista Marino|Battista Marino]]. A revolution led by local [[fisherman]] [[Masaniello]] saw the creation of a brief independent [[Neapolitan Republic (1647)|Neapolitan Republic]], though this last only a few months before Spanish rule was regained.<ref name="spanishnaples">{{cite news|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27691/Italy|publisher=Britannica.com|title=Spanish acquisition of Naples|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> Finally, by 1714, the Spanish ceased to rule Naples as a result of the [[War of the Spanish Succession]]; it was the [[Austria]]n [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]] who ruled from [[Vienna]], similarly with viceroys.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/ch/Charles6HRE.html|publisher=Bartleby.com|title=Charles VI, Holy Roman emperor|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> However, the
[[War of the Polish Succession]] saw the Spanish regain Sicily and Naples as part of a [[personal union]], which in the [[Treaty of Vienna]] were recognised as independent under a cadet branch of the Spanish [[House of Bourbon|Bourbons]] in 1738 under [[Charles III of Spain|Charles VII]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.realcasadiborbone.it/uk/archiviostorico/cs_04.htm|publisher=RealCasaDiBorbone.it|title= Charles of Bourbon - the restorer of the Kingdom of Naples|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref>
[[Image:Ferdinand i twosicilies.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand]], Bourbon king.]]
During the time of [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand IV]], the [[French Revolution]] made its way to Naples: [[Horatio Nelson]], an ally of the Bourbons, even arrived in the city in 1798 to warn against it. However, Ferdinand was forced to retreat and fled to [[Palermo]], where he was protected by a [[Royal Navy|British fleet]].<ref name="parth">{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Parthenopean_Republic.html|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu|title=The Parthenopean Republic|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> Naples' lower classes (the ''[[Naples Lazzaroni|lazzaroni]]'') were pious and [[Monarchism|Royalist]], favouring the Bourbons; in the mêlée that followed, they fought the Neapolitan pro-[[French First Republic|Republican]] aristocracy, causing a [[civil war]].<ref name="parth">{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Parthenopean_Republic.html|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu|title=The Parthenopean Republic|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> The Republicans conquered [[Castel Sant'Elmo]] and proclaimed a [[Parthenopaean Republic]], secured by the [[French Army]].<ref name="parth">{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Parthenopean_Republic.html|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu|title=The Parthenopean Republic|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> A [[counter-revolution]]ary religious army of ''lazzaroni'' under [[Fabrizio Ruffo]] was raised; they had great success and the French surrendered the Neapolitan castles and were allowed to sail back to [[Toulon]].<ref name="parth">{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Parthenopean_Republic.html|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu|title=The Parthenopean Republic|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref>
Ferdinand IV was restored as king; however, after only seven years [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] conquered the kingdom and instated [[House of Bonaparte|Bonapartist]] kings including his brother [[Joseph Bonaparte]].<ref name="bonap">{{cite news|url=http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/november/neapolitan1815.htm|publisher=Onwar.com|title=Austria Naples - Neapolitan War 1815|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> With the help of the [[Austrian Empire]] and allies, the Bonapartists were defeated in the [[Neapolitan War]] and Bourbon Ferdinand IV once again regained the throne and the kingdom.<ref name="bonap">{{cite news|url=http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/november/neapolitan1815.htm|publisher=Onwar.com|title=Austria Naples - Neapolitan War 1815|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> The [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815 saw the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily combined to form the [[Two Sicilies]],<ref name="bonap">{{cite news|url=http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/november/neapolitan1815.htm|publisher=Onwar.com|title=Austria Naples - Neapolitan War 1815|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> with Naples as the capital city. Naples became the first city on the Italian peninsula to have a [[railway]] in 1839,<ref name="railway">{{cite news|url=http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=HFrVrf1TjfQLz1blXyCDqSvFywZQx4Xvx2hbqJH3pFdT6mQhPSs2!2097620639?docId=5001632992|publisher=Questia.com|title= La dolce vita? Italy by rail, 1839-1914|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> there were many factories throughout the kingdom making it a highly important trade centre.<ref name="bourb">{{cite news|url=http://www.neoborbonici.it/portal/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&Itemid=137|publisher=NeoBorbonici.it|title=Why Neo-Bourbons|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref>
==Demographics==
The people of Campania have a proud collective common history, however [[provincial]] identity takes precedence over their [[regional]] Campanian identity. For example, people from the [[province of Naples]] (which makes up over half of the total population of Campania) refer to themselves as [[Neapolitan]] before Campanian, there is a similar situation in the other Campanian provinces, for example with the people from the [[province of Salerno]] and the self-referential term Salernitan (or in their native language, ''Salernitani''). Aside from other [[southern Italian]]s who fall within the historic [[Two Sicilies]] area, of the ethnicities outside of Italy itself some of the people associate with the [[Greeks]], especially due to the [[Magna Græcia]] and [[Greco-Roman]] cultures; this is exemplified in the saying ''"una faccia, una razza"'' which means "one face, one race".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articlevalhalla.net/travel-and-leisure/greek-italy-una-fazza-una-razza|publisher=ArticleValhalla.net|title=Greek Italy|date=[[20 November]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
Unlike central and northern Italy, in the last decade the region of Campania has not attracted large numbers of immigrants. The Italian national institute of statistics [[ISTAT]] estimated in January 2007 that 98,052 foreign-born immigrants live in Campania, equal to only 1.7% of the total regional population.<ref>[http://www.demo.istat.it/strasa2007/index.html Statistiche demografiche ISTAT<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Part of the reason for this is in recent times, there have been more employment opportunities in northern regions than in the [[Southern Italian]] regions.
Towns of Campania with a population of 50,000 or more:
<div style="font-size:100%">
{|
|width="10"|
|valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Comune
! Province
! Population
|-
| [[Naples]]
| Naples
| 973,022
|-
| [[Salerno]]
| Salerno
| 141,259
|-
| [[Giugliano in Campania]]
| Naples
| 111,289
|-
| [[Torre del Greco]]
| Naples
| 88,894
|-
| [[Pozzuoli]]
| Naples
| 83,167
|-
| [[Casoria]]
| Naples
| 80,945
|-
| [[Caserta]]
| Caserta
| 79,137
|-
| [[Castellammare di Stabia]]
| Naples
| 65,422
|-
| [[Afragola]]
| Naples
| 63,887
|-
| [[Benevento]]
| Benevento
| 62,940
|-
| [[Cava de' Tirreni]]
| Salerno
| 59,908
|-
| [[Avellino]]
| Avellino
| 56,908
|-
| [[Portici]]
| Naples
| 55,853
|-
| [[Ercolano]]
| Naples
| 55,663
|-
| [[Aversa]]
| Caserta
| 52,365
|-
| [[Acerra]]
| Naples
| 52,953
|-
| [[Battipaglia]]
| Salerno
| 50,942
|}
|}
</div>
== Culture ==
===Cuisine===
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The [[pizza]] in its modern aspect and taste was born in Naples. Historical and original pizzas from Naples are [[pizza fritta]] (fried pizza); [[Calzone]] (literally "trouser leg"), which is pizza frita stuffed with [[ricotta]] cheese; [[pizza Marinara]] (pizza seamans'style), with just [[olive oil]], tomato sauce and garlic; and [[pizza Margherita]], with olive oil, tomato sauce, mozzarella cheese and [[basil]] leaves.
[[Spaghetti]] is a well known dish from southern Italy and Campania. Neapolitans were among the first Europeans to use [[tomatoes]] not only as ornamental plant, but also as food and garnish.
Campania is also home to [[Lacryma Christi]], [[Fiano]], [[Aglianico]], [[Greco di Tufo]], [[Pere 'e palomma]], [[Ischitano]], [[Taburno]], [[Solopaca]], and [[Taurasi]] wines.
Campania is known for its cheeses, including [[Mozzarella]] di Bufala (Mozzarella made from buffalo milk), fiordilatte (flower of milk) made from cow's [[milk]], [[ricotta]] from [[sheep]] or [[buffalo]] milk, [[provolone]] from cow milk, and [[caciotta]] made from goat milk. [[Buffalo]] cattle are in [[Salerno]] and [[Caserta]].
Several different cakes and pies are made in Campania. [[Pastiera]] pie is made in the [[Easter]] period. [[Casatiello]] and [[tortano]] are Easter bread-cakes made by adding lard or oil and various types of cheese to bread dough and garnishing it with slices of [[salami]].
[[Babà]] cake is a well known Neapolitan delicacy, best served with [[Rum]] or [[limoncello]] (a liqueur invented in the Sorrento peninsula). It is an old [[Austria]]n cake which arrived in Campania during Austrian domination of the [[Kingdom of Naples]] and was modified there to became a "walking cake" for citizens always in hurry for work and other occupations. [[Sfogliatella]] is another cake from the [[Amalfi Coast]], which is beginning to be known worldwide, as is [[Zeppole]], which is traditionally eaten on [[Saint Joseph]]'s day. [[Struffoli]], little balls fried dough dipped in [[honey]], are enjoyed during the Christmas holidays.
Another well-known Campanian dish is the so-called [[Russian salad]] (which is based on similar dishes from [[France]]), made of potatoes in [[mayonnaise]] garnished with [[shrimp]] and vegetables in vineger. The Russians call this same dish [[Olivier Salad]], and the Germans called it [[italian salad]]. Another French-derived dish is "gattò" or "gateau di patate" (oven-baked pie made of boiled potatoes).
Fish-based dishes, such as "[[insalata di mare]]" ([[seafood salad]]), "zuppa di polpo" (octopus soup), and "zuppa di cozze" (mussel soup), are popular. Other regional seafood dishes include "frittelle di mare" (fritters with seaweed), made with edible [[poseidonia]] algae, "triglie al cartoccio" (red mullet in the bag), and "alici marinate" (raw anchovies in olive oil). The island of Ischia is famous for its fish dishes, as well as for cooked rabbit.
Campania is home to the beautiful and tasty lemons of [[Sorrento]], which were much loved by German writer Johann Wolfgang von [[Goethe]]:
<blockquote>"Kennst du das Land, wo die Zitronen blühn?" ("Do you know the land where the lemon-trees bloom?), Goethe, ''Mignon''.</blockquote>
[[Rapini]] (or Broccoli rabe), known locally as friarielli, is often used in Campanian cooking. Campania also produces many nuts, especially in the area of Salerno and Benevento.
Campanian cuisine distinguish itself into various typical zones, Neapolitan is rich of seafood; Salernitan, which mix up mountain and sea; Benevantan and Avellinese from inner and mountain land; Casertan and Aversana rich of fresh vegetables and mozarella cheese; Cilento cuisine typical of the foremost south of Campania; Sorrento cuisine which melts together the cuisine from Naples and from Salerno, and the mountain ones, because Sorrento peninsula it is a mountain which elevates up to from the sea.
===Arts===
{{cleanup-section|2007-05-28|date=October 2007}}
Campania and Naples are famous through the centuries.
From Greek colony of [[Elea]] nowadays named [[Velia]] in Campania were the philosophers of the [[Pre-Socratic philosophy]] school, [[Parmenides]] and [[Zeno of Elea]] Their time was about in 490 - 480 B.C. Zeno was famous for his [[Zeno's paradoxes|paradoxes]] and called by [[Aristotle]] the inventor of the [[dialectic]].
[[Latin]] poet [[Virgilius]] (70 B.C. - 19 B.C.) loved Campania very much, so much that he decided to establish in Naples.
Many parts of his epic poem and immortal masterpiece [[Aeneid]] are located in Campania.
Ancient scientist Plinius [[Pliny the elder]] who wrote a "Naturalis Historia" ("Pliny's History of the Nature") studied the Volcano Vesuvius and was poisoned and killed by gas emitted from the volcano during the famous eruption in 79 A.D.
His nephew [[Pliny the younger]] eventually survived and described the eruption and the death of his uncle in a famous letter to one of his friends.
In Naples in 476 A.D. circa died last emperor of western empire of Rome [[Romulus Augustus]], prisoner of German general [[Odoacer]].
Artist [[Giotto]] in middle age made some fresco paints in [[Castel Nuovo]]. Unfortunately these paintings were destroyed by an earthquake.
In the end of middle age, the medical school of [[Salerno]] which combined ancient Roman and Greek medicine with recent discoveries of Arab medicine was known in all Europe. Its methods were then adopted in all the continent. It could be reckognized as being almost the first university in whole Europe, but as there are no certain documents that it was organized like a modern university as we known it, then the preeminence of being the first modern university in the world it tooks to "[[Alma Mater Studiorum]]" University in [[Bologna]].
[[Boccaccio]] poet from Tuscany visited various time Naples, and described it vivid into [[Decameron]] as dissolute city. He had a love story with a noble woman close to King of Naples.
Famous in 1500 is the big book tale named "Lo cunto de li cunti" by [[Giovan Battista Basile]].
In 1570 the famous writer [[Cervantes]] who wrote romance "[[Don Quixote]]" served as Spanish soldier a period in Naples. he said of the city that it was the beauties city he had ever visited.
Literate and poet [[Torquato Tasso]] author of the epic poem la "[[Gerusalemme Liberata]]" was born in Sorrento in 1575.
The first modern description and studies on the of the "camera obscura" ("[[dark chamber]]"), are firmly established in Italy with the availability of [[Giovanni Battista della Porta]] in its masterpiece [[Magiae Naturalis]], ("[[Natural Magic]]") in 1558 . These studies then led to construction of first photocameras in 1850 circa by French scientists [[Niepce]] and [[Daguerre]].
Phliosoper [[Giordano Bruno]] was born in [[Nola]]. He was the first to teorize infinte suns and infinite worlds in the universe. He was burnt in [[Rome]] by [[Inquisition]] in 1600.
Of 1630 circa it is the first modern song of europen music history "Michelemmà".
In 1606 ca. the famous painter [[Caravaggio]] established his studio in Naples. His life was really riotus. He was even harmed in a riot in 1609 near Cerriglio inn.
Famous Italian architect [[Cosimo Fanzago]] from [[Bergamo]] decided to live his life in Naples.
In period of 1700 Naples was the last city to be visited by literate and philosopes who enterprised the "Grand Tour" which was the big touring (looping) voyage to visit all the important cultural sites of the European continent.
Italian architect [[Luigi Vanvitelli]] son of [[Netherlands|Dutch]] architect [[Kaspar van Wittel]] build the Kingdom Palace in [[Caserta]] in 1750 circa. He contributed to the construction of many [[neoclassic-style]] palaces in which the nobles of Naples spent their holidays. These palaces are now known worldwide as "[[Ville Vesuviane]]".
[[Raimondo di Sangro]], prince of Sansevero, was a scientist and one of the last alchemists.
German writer [[Goethe]] visited Campania and Naples in 1786 and was amazed by the beauty of it.
German archaeologist [[Johann Joachim Winckelmann]] also visited Naples, Paestum, Herculaneum and Pompeii in 1748 and later, studying how where conducted acheological surveys in kingdom of Naples. He was one of the first to study drawings, statues, stones, and ancient burned scrolls made of papyrus found in the excavations of city of Herculaneum.
His masterpiece, the "Geschichte der Kunst des Alterthums" ("History of Ancient Art"), published in 1764, was soon recognized as a significant contribution to European literature.
Archaeological excavations in Pompeii were initiated by King Charles III of Naples in 1748. He issued the first modern laws in Europe to protect, defend and preserve archaeological sites.
Famous Neapolitan musicians of that period are [[Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli]] and [[Giovanni Paisiello]].
Musician [[Rossini]] lived many years in Naples, where he wrote numerous compositions.
Italian poet and writer [[Giacomo Leopardi]] established his home in Naples and [[Torre del Greco]] lived there at the end of his young brief life. It was there that he wrote the Ode to the [[Ginestra]] flower. He died in Naples in 1837 .
The first [[volcano observatory]], the Vesuvius Observatory, was founded in Naples in 1841.
Geologist [[Giuseppe Mercalli]], born in [[Milan]] in 1850, was one of the most famous directors of Vesuvius Observatory. He invented in 1902 the first scientific method to study the effects of an earthquake, the [[Mercalli intensity scale]] (also known as MCS, MWM or recently MM). The scale quantifies the effects of an earthquake on the Earth's surface, humans, objects of nature, and man-made structures on a scale of 1 through 12, with 1 denoting a weak earthquake and 12 one that causes almost complete destruction. It represents the results of an earthquake as reported by human eye and considering only the surface of the earth, so it became quickly obsolete and replaced by [[Richter Magnitude Scale]] which quantifies the real amount of energy of the seismic movements. Nothwithstanding of this fact the Mercalli scale is still useful to quantify the damages of an earthquake. He died in the fire of his house in 1914.
{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
British statesman [[William Ewart Gladstone]] (1809-98), exposed in newspaper articles the horrors of the prison system of the Kingdom of Naples in the mid-nineteenth century. His pamphlets gave enormous help to the cause of re-unification of Italy in 1861 and increase notheworthy his reputation in homeland, as representative of the British [[Parliament]] to be then elected as Prime Minister. It was later discovered that he never visited any neapolitan prison, neither investigated upon that jail system. He simply reported voices and wannabe testimoniances. These articles, containing a long list of absurd lies and propagandistic inventions, and probably were made to support invasion and annexion of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies by the Kingdom of [[Piedmont]], with the following foundation of modern Italy.
French writer [[Alexandre Dumas, père]] was directly involved in the process of re-unification of Italy, and sojourned two or three years in Naples, where he wrote many historical novels regarding that city. He was also a known newspaper correspondent.
[[Francesco de Sanctis]], writer, literate, politician and two times Minister of Instructions after re-unification of Italy in 1861, was born in [[Morra de Sanctis]] near Benevento.
German scientist [[Anton Dohrn]] founded in Naples the first public aquarium in the world and laboratory of study of the sea known as Maritime Zoological Station.
Also famous is Astronomic Observatory of Capodimonte founded by King [[Gioacchino Murat]] general of French emperor [[Napoleon]] in 1816. The observatory it is now the site hosts the Italian Laboratory of Astrophisics.
We remember also the Botanic Garden of Naples and again the Geological Station of the Volcano Vesuvius.
Doctors and surgeons [[Antonio Cardarelli]], and [[Giuseppe Moscati]] were ensign representatives of the medicine studies in Naples. Their life was an example for all city and the entire nation.
Doctor Giuseppe Moscati, for his extraordinary devout and religious life and his care to the poors of Naples was first declared "Blessed" by Roman Church in 1975, and proclaimed "Saint" by Pope [[John Paul II]] in 1987.
Famous worldwide are the schools of sightseeing pictures known as "School of Posillipo" and "School of Resina" out of period from 1800-1900 circa. There were famous painters like [[Giacinto Gigante]], [[Raffaele Carelli]], [[Teodoro Duclère]], [[Achille Vianelli]], [[Vincenzo Franceschini]], [[Alessandro La Volpe]], [[Giuseppe Bonolis]], [[Giuseppe Fagnani]], [[Salvatore Fergola]], [[Emile-Jean-HoraceVernet]], [[Gonsalvo Carelli]], [[Achille Carelli]], [[Giuseppe Carelli]], [[Filippo Palizzi]], [[Nicola Palizzi]], [[Federico Cortese]], [[Simone Campanile]], [[Domenico Morelli]], [[Saverio Altamura]], [[Giuseppe De Nittis]], [[Francesco Sogliano]], [[Michele Cammarano]], [[Eduardo Dalbono]], [[Vincenzo Gemito]], [[Antonio Mancini]], [[Gennaro della Monica]], [[Raffaello Pagliaccetti]], [[Teofilo Patini]], [[Francesco Paolo Michetti]], [[Costantino Barbella]], [[Pasquale Celommi]], [[Gaetano Esposito]], [[Giuseppe Casciaro]], [[Federico Maldarelli]], [[Giuseppe De Simone]].
Amongst the painters who inspired directly these schools, we remember [[Salvator Rosa]], [[Pierre Jacques-Antoine Volaire]] who became famous for his [[gouaches]], [[Anton Sminck van Pitloo]] who preferred to live his remaining life in Naples.
In the begin of the 20th century Naples was the capital of Cinema in Italy, before than Rome and then [[Milan]].
Very important Italian movies of the origins were played in Naples, such as [[Assunta Spina]] from a novel of [[Salvatore di Giacomo]].
The world renowned opera singer [[Enrico Caruso]] was also a native of Naples.
In [[Capri]] lived for a certain time the Russian revolutionary leader Vladimir I. [[Lenin]].
From Naples came the mathematician [[Renato Caccioppoli]], nephew of Russian anarchic revolutionary Michael [[Bakunin]]. Born in 1904 he committed suicide in 1959. His life was represented in a movie "[[Morte di un matematico napoletano]]" ("Death of a neapolitan mathematician") by [[Mario Martone]] in 1992.
The first President of the Italian Republic in 1946 (with a pro-tempore mandate of six months) was lawyer [[Enrico De Nicola]] from city of [[Torre del Greco]]. He was famous for his studies regarding the Constitutions.
Campania gave two other Presidents to Italy: [[Giovanni Leone]] was various times Prime Minister and then becme elected the 6th President of the Republic; and the actual 11th President [[Giorgio Napolitano]]. Curiosity: President Napolitano is a former representative of Italian Communist Party ([[PCI]]).
20th century most known philosoper and literate in Naples was [[Benedetto Croce]], famous for his studies in [[aesthetics]], [[ethics]], [[logic]], [[economy]], [[history]], [[politics]].
Famous Neapolitan artists, actors, playwriters, and showmen were [[Eduardo De Filippo]] worldwide known for its theatre works such as "[[Filumena Marturano]]" (filumena), and "Questi fantasmi" (a.k.a. "Souls of Naples)", [[Peppino De Filippo]] and their sister [[Titina De Filippo]].
The prince [[Antonio de Curtis]] was one of the most important actors in Naples in the 20th century. Known around the world by his art nickname of [[Totò]] he worked with [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]] in the movie "[[Uccellacci e uccellini]]". He is also known for the song "Malafemmena".
Pop artist [[Andy Warhol]] created two famous paintings of[[Irpinia]] Earthquake of 1980: [[Fate presto]] and [[Vesuvius]]. Both originals are hosted in the exhibit [[Terrae Motus]] in King's Palace of [[Caserta]].
The Academy Award-winning actress [[Sophia Loren]] grew up in [[Pozzuoli]].
The famous cinema producer [[Dino De Laurentiis]] (grandfather of Food Network star Giada De Laurentiis) was born in [[Torre Annunziata]].
Recent campanian writers are [[Curzio Malaparte]] and [[Domenico Rea]].
Recent campanian actors and directors are [[Francesco Rosi]], [[Iaia Forte]], [[Pappi Corsicato]], [[Teresa De Sio]], [[Lello Arena]], Award winning actor [[Massimo Troisi]], Award winning director [[Gabriele Salvatores]].
Recent and modern Italian songers and musicians from Campania are [[Peppino di Capri]], [[Renato Carosone]], [[Edoardo Bennato]], [[Eugenio bennato]] [[Mario Merola]], [[Sergio Bruni]], [[Aurelio Fierro]], [[Roberto Murolo]], [[E.A. Mario]], [[Eugenio Bennato]] [[Tony Tammaro]], [[Teresa De Sio]], [[Eduardo De Crescenzo]], [[Alan Sorrenti]], [[Jenni Sorrenti]], [[Toni Esposito]], [[Tullio De Piscopo]], [[Gigi Finizio]], [[Massimo Ranieri]], [[Pino Daniele]], [[James Senese]] and his group [[Napoli Centrale]], [[Enzo Avitabile]], [[Enzo Gragnaniello]], [[Maria Nazionale]], [[Nino D'Angelo]], [[Gigi D'Alessio]], the music groups of [[99 Posse]], [[Almamegretta]], [[Bisca]], [[24 Grana]] la "[[Nuova Compagnia di Canto Popolare]]". remember all it is almost impossible.
Well known and deservers its place in the history of music it is the music genre called [[neapolitan song]]. Famous worldwide are [[O sole mio]] (a.k.a. "[[It's Now or Never]]"), [[Funiculì, Funiculà]], [[O Surdato nnamurato]], [[Torna a Surriento]], [[Guapparia]], [[Santa Lucia]] [[Reginella]], [[Marechiaro]], [[Spingule Francese]]. Famous titles are hundreds. Neapolitan songs are thousands.
Even singers and music directors who do not have Campanian origins wrote Neapolitan songs [[Paolo Conte]], [[Lucio Dalla]], or adapted it to English, like [[Elvis Presley]] or [[Bryan Adams]]. There are some who perhaps just played neapolitan songs, such as for example [[Mia Martini]] or [[Domenico Modugno]]. Lyric artists [[Luciano Pavarotti]], [[Placido Domingo]] and [[Andrea Bocelli]] performed it various times.
There are also famous film artists who directed movies about Naples or actors who played famous movies in Campania, or even interpreted famous Neapolitans on-screen, including directors and actors [[Vittorio De Sica]], [[Nanni Loi]], [[Domenico Modugno]], [[Renzo Arbore]], [[Lina Wertmüller]], [[Mario Lanza]] as "[[Enrico Caruso|Caruso]]", [[Clark Gable]] in "[[It started in Naples]]", [[Jack Lemmon]] in the movies "[[Avanti!]]" and "[[Maccheroni]]" (a.k.a."[[Macaroni]]") played together with [[Marcello Mastroianni]].
===Sports===
Campania is very famous in Italy for its football teams, water polo, volleyball, and more recently for basketball and tennis.
The school of swords in Naples is the oldest in the country and the only in Italy in which a swordsman could acquire the title of "master of swords" and then teach the art of fence.
The sail clubs in Naples "Circolo Savoia" and "Cannottieri Napoli" are both very ancient in Italy and famous for thir regattas, and are also home for the main waterpolo teams.
Many sailsmen from Naples and Campania participate as crew to "[[America's Cup]]" sailing championship.
In [[Castellammare di Stabia]] were born the [[Lorenzo Abbagnale]] and [[Carmine Abbagnale]] brothers four times [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]] world champions and [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] gold medallists.
* [[S.S.C. Napoli]] playing in [[Serie A]]
* [[U.S. Avellino]] which plays in [[Serie B]]
* [[Salernitana Calcio 1919]] playing in [[Serie C1/B]]
* [[S.S. Juve Stabia]] from [[Castellammare di Stabia]] which plays in [[Serie C1/B]]
* [[S.S. Cavese 1919]] from [[Cava de' Tirreni]] which plays in [[Serie C1/A]]
* [[Benevento Calcio]] playing in [[Serie C2/B]]
* [[A.G. Nocerina 1910]] from [[Nocera Inferiore]] playing in [[Serie D]]
* [[F.C. Savoia 1908]] playing in [[Serie D]]
==See also==
[[2008 Naples garbage crisis]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
== External links ==
*{{Wikitravel}}
*[http://www.regione.campania.it Official Region homepage]
*[http://en.comuni-italiani.it/15/foto/ Campania Photo Gallery]
*[http://www.dietameridionale.it/ typical food products]
*[http://www.italy-weather-and-maps.com/maps/italy/campania.gif Map of Campania]
*[http://www.italianwineselection.com/ typical wines of Campania]
*[http://www.ov.ingv.it/index_eng.htm Vesuvius Observatory]
*[http://www.isoledellacampania.eu Isole della Campania]
{{Campania}}
{{Regions of Italy}}
[[Category:Campania]]
[[Category:NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union]]
[[Category:Wine regions of Italy]]
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