Campylobacter
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robot Adding: [[eu:Campylobacter]]
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgrey
| name = ''Campylobacter''
| image = Campylobacter.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = Campylobacter bacteria
| regnum = [[Bacterium|Bacteria]]
| phylum = [[Proteobacteria]]
| classis = [[Epsilon Proteobacteria]]
| ordo = [[Campylobacterales]]
| familia = [[Campylobacteraceae]]
| genus = '''''Campylobacter'''''
| genus_authority = Sebald and Véron 1963
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
''[[Campylobacter coli|C. coli]]''<br/>
''[[Campylobacter concisus|C. concisus]]''<br/>
''[[Campylobacter curvus|C. curvus]]''<br/>
''[[Campylobacter fetus|C. fetus]]''<br/>
''[[Campylobacter gracilis|C. gracilis]]''<br/>
''[[Campylobacter helveticus|C. helveticus]]''<br/>
''[[Campylobacter hominis|C. hominis]]''<br/>
''[[Campylobacter hyointestinalis|C. hyointestinalis]]''<br/>
''[[Campylobacter insulaenigrae|C. insulaenigrae]]''<br/>
''[[Campylobacter jejuni|C. jejuni]]''<br/>
''[[Campylobacter lanienae|C. lanienae]]''<br/>
''[[Campylobacter lari|C. lari]]''<br/>
''[[Campylobacter mucosalis|C. mucosalis]]''<br/>
''[[Campylobacter rectus|C. rectus]]''<br/>
''[[Campylobacter showae|C. showae]]''<br/>
''[[Campylobacter sputorum|C. sputorum]]''<br/>
''[[Campylobacter upsaliensis|C. upsaliensis]]''
}}
The [[genus]] '''''Campylobacter''''' are [[Gram-negative]], spiral, [[microaerophilic]] [[bacterium|bacteria]]. [[Motile]], with either uni- or bi-polar [[flagella]], the organisms have a somewhat curved, [[bacillus|rod-like]] appearance, and are [[oxidase]]-positive.<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th ed. | pages = pp. 378–80 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | id = ISBN 0838585299 }}</ref> Campylobacter jejuni is now recognised
as one of the main causes of bacterial foodborne
disease in many developed countries.<ref name=Moore_2005>{{cite journal | author=Moore JE, ''et al''. | title=''Campylobacter'' | journal=Vet Res | year=2005 | pages=351–82 | volume=36 | issue=3 | pmid=15845230 | doi = 10.1051/vetres:2005012}}</ref> At least a dozen species of ''Campylobacter'' have been implicated in human disease, with ''[[Campylobacter jejuni|C. jejuni]]'' and ''[[Campylobacter coli|C. coli]]'' the most common.<ref name=Sherris /> ''[[Campylobacter fetus|C. fetus]]'' is a cause of spontaneous abortions in [[cattle]] and [[sheep]], as well as it is an opportunisitic [[pathogen]] in humans.<ref name=Sauerwein_1993>{{cite journal |author=Sauerwein R, Bisseling J, Horrevorts A |title=Septic abortion associated with Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus infection: case report and review of the literature |journal=Infection |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=331–3 |year=1993 |pmid=8300253 | doi = 10.1007/BF01712458}}</ref>
== Genome ==
The [[genome]]s of several ''Campylobacter'' species have been sequenced, providing insights into their mechanisms of pathogenesis.<ref name=Fouts_2005>{{cite journal | author=Fouts DE ''et al''. | title=Major structural differences and novel potential virulence mechanisms from the genomes of multiple ''Campylobacter'' species | journal=PLoS Biol | year=2005 | pages=e15 | volume=3 | issue=1 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030015 |pmid= 15660156}}</ref>
''Campylobacter'' species contain two [[flagellin]] genes in tandem for motility, ''flaA and flaB''. These genes undergo intergenic recombination, further contributing to their virulence. <ref name=Gran_1993t>{{cite journal |author=Grant C, Konkel M, Cieplak W, Tompkins L |title=Role of flagella in adherence, internalization, and translocation of ''Campylobacter jejuni'' in nonpolarized and polarized epithelial cell cultures |journal=Infect Immun |volume=61 |issue=5 |pages=1764–71 |year=1993 |pmid=8478066}}</ref> Non-motile mutants do not colonize.
==Pathogenesis==
{{Main|Campylobacteriosis}}
'''Campylobacteriosis''' is an [[infection]] by campylobacter <ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/campylobacter_g.htm cdc.gov] </ref>. The common routes of transmission are fecal-oral, person-to-person sexual contact, ingestion of contaminated food or water, and the eating of raw meat. It produces an inflammatory, sometimes bloody, [[diarrhea]], [[periodontitis]] <ref name=cazp>{{cite journal
| last = Humphrey
| first = Tom ''et al.''
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Campylobacters as zoonotic pathogens: A food production perspective <internet>
| journal = International Journal of Food Microbiology
| volume = 117
| issue = 3
| publisher =
| doi = 10.1016
| date = 2007
| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T7K-4N0PPRG-1&_user=10&_coverDate=07%2F15%2F2007&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=74b7c07635a1873ca815b3139b56d2e0
| doi_brokendate = 2008-06-25}}</ref> or [[dysentery]] syndrome, mostly including cramps, fever and pain. The infection is usually self-limiting and in most cases, symptomatic treatment by reposition of liquid and electrolyte replacement is enough in human infections. The use of antibiotics, on the other hand, is controversial.
===Cause===
This is most commonly caused by ''C. jejuni'', a spiral and comma shaped bacterium normally found in cattle, swine, and birds, where it is non-pathogenic. But the illness can also be caused by ''[[Campylobacter coli|C. coli]]'' (also found in cattle, swine, and birds) ''[[Campylobacter upsaliensis|C. upsaliensis]]'' (found in cats and dogs) and ''[[Campylobacter lari|C. lari]]'' (present in seabirds in particular).
One cause of the effects of campylobacteriosis is tissue injury in the [[gut]]. The sites of tissue injury include the [[jejunum]], the [[ileum]], and the [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]]. ''C jejuni'' appears to achieve this by invading and destroying epithelial cells.
Some strains of ''C jejuni'' produce a [[cholera]]-like enterotoxin, which is important in the watery diarrhea observed in infections. The organism produces diffuse, bloody, edematous, and exudative enteritis. In a small number of cases, the infection may be associated with [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]] and [[thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]] through a poorly understood mechanism.
==References==
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== See also ==
* [[Periodontitis|Periodontal disease]]
==External links==
*[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/campylobacter_g.htm ''Campylobacter'' info from the CDC]
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