Campylobacter 63587 225226844 2008-07-12T15:52:32Z TXiKiBoT 3171782 robot Adding: [[eu:Campylobacter]] {{Taxobox | color = lightgrey | name = ''Campylobacter'' | image = Campylobacter.jpg | image_width = 200px | image_caption = Campylobacter bacteria | regnum = [[Bacterium|Bacteria]] | phylum = [[Proteobacteria]] | classis = [[Epsilon Proteobacteria]] | ordo = [[Campylobacterales]] | familia = [[Campylobacteraceae]] | genus = '''''Campylobacter''''' | genus_authority = Sebald and Véron 1963 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = ''[[Campylobacter coli|C. coli]]''<br/> ''[[Campylobacter concisus|C. concisus]]''<br/> ''[[Campylobacter curvus|C. curvus]]''<br/> ''[[Campylobacter fetus|C. fetus]]''<br/> ''[[Campylobacter gracilis|C. gracilis]]''<br/> ''[[Campylobacter helveticus|C. helveticus]]''<br/> ''[[Campylobacter hominis|C. hominis]]''<br/> ''[[Campylobacter hyointestinalis|C. hyointestinalis]]''<br/> ''[[Campylobacter insulaenigrae|C. insulaenigrae]]''<br/> ''[[Campylobacter jejuni|C. jejuni]]''<br/> ''[[Campylobacter lanienae|C. lanienae]]''<br/> ''[[Campylobacter lari|C. lari]]''<br/> ''[[Campylobacter mucosalis|C. mucosalis]]''<br/> ''[[Campylobacter rectus|C. rectus]]''<br/> ''[[Campylobacter showae|C. showae]]''<br/> ''[[Campylobacter sputorum|C. sputorum]]''<br/> ''[[Campylobacter upsaliensis|C. upsaliensis]]'' }} The [[genus]] '''''Campylobacter''''' are [[Gram-negative]], spiral, [[microaerophilic]] [[bacterium|bacteria]]. [[Motile]], with either uni- or bi-polar [[flagella]], the organisms have a somewhat curved, [[bacillus|rod-like]] appearance, and are [[oxidase]]-positive.<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th ed. | pages = pp. 378&ndash;80 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | id = ISBN 0838585299 }}</ref> Campylobacter jejuni is now recognised as one of the main causes of bacterial foodborne disease in many developed countries.<ref name=Moore_2005>{{cite journal | author=Moore JE, ''et al''. | title=''Campylobacter'' | journal=Vet Res | year=2005 | pages=351–82 | volume=36 | issue=3 | pmid=15845230 | doi = 10.1051/vetres:2005012}}</ref> At least a dozen species of ''Campylobacter'' have been implicated in human disease, with ''[[Campylobacter jejuni|C. jejuni]]'' and ''[[Campylobacter coli|C. coli]]'' the most common.<ref name=Sherris /> ''[[Campylobacter fetus|C. fetus]]'' is a cause of spontaneous abortions in [[cattle]] and [[sheep]], as well as it is an opportunisitic [[pathogen]] in humans.<ref name=Sauerwein_1993>{{cite journal |author=Sauerwein R, Bisseling J, Horrevorts A |title=Septic abortion associated with Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus infection: case report and review of the literature |journal=Infection |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=331–3 |year=1993 |pmid=8300253 | doi = 10.1007/BF01712458}}</ref> == Genome == The [[genome]]s of several ''Campylobacter'' species have been sequenced, providing insights into their mechanisms of pathogenesis.<ref name=Fouts_2005>{{cite journal | author=Fouts DE ''et al''. | title=Major structural differences and novel potential virulence mechanisms from the genomes of multiple ''Campylobacter'' species | journal=PLoS Biol | year=2005 | pages=e15 | volume=3 | issue=1 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030015 |pmid= 15660156}}</ref> ''Campylobacter'' species contain two [[flagellin]] genes in tandem for motility, ''flaA and flaB''. These genes undergo intergenic recombination, further contributing to their virulence. <ref name=Gran_1993t>{{cite journal |author=Grant C, Konkel M, Cieplak W, Tompkins L |title=Role of flagella in adherence, internalization, and translocation of ''Campylobacter jejuni'' in nonpolarized and polarized epithelial cell cultures |journal=Infect Immun |volume=61 |issue=5 |pages=1764–71 |year=1993 |pmid=8478066}}</ref> Non-motile mutants do not colonize. ==Pathogenesis== {{Main|Campylobacteriosis}} '''Campylobacteriosis''' is an [[infection]] by campylobacter <ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/campylobacter_g.htm cdc.gov] </ref>. The common routes of transmission are fecal-oral, person-to-person sexual contact, ingestion of contaminated food or water, and the eating of raw meat. It produces an inflammatory, sometimes bloody, [[diarrhea]], [[periodontitis]] <ref name=cazp>{{cite journal | last = Humphrey | first = Tom ''et al.'' | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Campylobacters as zoonotic pathogens: A food production perspective <internet> | journal = International Journal of Food Microbiology | volume = 117 | issue = 3 | publisher = | doi = 10.1016 | date = 2007 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T7K-4N0PPRG-1&_user=10&_coverDate=07%2F15%2F2007&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=74b7c07635a1873ca815b3139b56d2e0 | doi_brokendate = 2008-06-25}}</ref> or [[dysentery]] syndrome, mostly including cramps, fever and pain. The infection is usually self-limiting and in most cases, symptomatic treatment by reposition of liquid and electrolyte replacement is enough in human infections. The use of antibiotics, on the other hand, is controversial. ===Cause=== This is most commonly caused by ''C. jejuni'', a spiral and comma shaped bacterium normally found in cattle, swine, and birds, where it is non-pathogenic. But the illness can also be caused by ''[[Campylobacter coli|C. coli]]'' (also found in cattle, swine, and birds) ''[[Campylobacter upsaliensis|C. upsaliensis]]'' (found in cats and dogs) and ''[[Campylobacter lari|C. lari]]'' (present in seabirds in particular). One cause of the effects of campylobacteriosis is tissue injury in the [[gut]]. The sites of tissue injury include the [[jejunum]], the [[ileum]], and the [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]]. ''C jejuni'' appears to achieve this by invading and destroying epithelial cells. Some strains of ''C jejuni'' produce a [[cholera]]-like enterotoxin, which is important in the watery diarrhea observed in infections. The organism produces diffuse, bloody, edematous, and exudative enteritis. In a small number of cases, the infection may be associated with [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]] and [[thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]] through a poorly understood mechanism. ==References== <!-- --------------------------------------------------------------- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a discussion of different citation methods and how to generate footnotes using the <ref> & </ref> tags and the {{Reflist}} template -------------------------------------------------------------------- --> {{Reflist|2}} == See also == * [[Periodontitis|Periodontal disease]] ==External links== *[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/campylobacter_g.htm ''Campylobacter'' info from the CDC] [[Category:Proteobacteria]] [[ca:Campilobàcter]] [[de:Campylobacter]] [[es:Campylobacter]] [[eu:Campylobacter]] [[fr:Campylobacter]] [[hr:Campylobacter]] [[id:Kampilobakter]] [[it:Campylobacter]] [[nl:Campylobacter]] [[ja:カンピロバクター]] [[no:Campylobacter]] [[fi:Kampylobakteerit]] [[sv:Campylobacter]] [[uk:Campylobacter]]