Canary Islands
5717
225957484
2008-07-16T05:18:18Z
76.69.229.134
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{{this|the islands in the Atlantic Ocean|Canaries}}
{{Autonomous community
|name = Canary Islands
|full-name = The Canary Islands<br />''(Islas Canarias)''
The 'Autonomous Community' of the Canary Islands<br />''(Comunidad Autónoma de Canarias)''<br />
|flag = Flag of the Canary Islands.svg
|coat-of-arms = Canary Islands CoA.svg
|anthem = [[Arrorró]]
|map = Localización de Canarias.png
|capital = [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]] / [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]]
|language = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
|ethnic-groups = [[Spanish people|Spanish]], other minority groups
|area = 7,447
|area-rank = 13th
|area-magnitude = E9
|area-percent = 1.5%
|pop = 1,995,833
|pop-rank = 8th
|pop-percent = 4.5%
|pop-date = 2006
|density = 268
|english-name = Canary Islander (Canarian)
|spanish-name = canario, canaria
|autonomy = [[August 16]], [[1982]]
|congress = 15
|senate = 13 (11 elected, 2 appointed)
|president = [[Paulino Rivero]] ([[Coalición Canaria|CC]])
|president-link = President of the Canary Islands
|code = ES-CN
|website = [http://www.gobcan.es Gobierno de Canarias]
}}
{{wiktionary}}
The '''Canary Islands''' ([[English language|English]] pronunciation: {{IPAEng|kəˈnæriː ˈaɪləndz}}; [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Islas Canarias'', {{IPA2|ˈizlas kaˈnarjas}}{{coor title dm|28|06|N|15|24|W}}) are a [[Spain|Spanish]] [[archipelago]]. The archipelago consists of seven major islands, one minor island, and several small islets. They are of [[volcano|volcanic]] origin and can be found in the [[North Atlantic Ocean]]. These islands are located just off the coast of the north-western portion of the [[Africa]]n continent/mainland, nearest the political divide of [[Morocco]] and [[Western Sahara]]. They form the [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous community of the Canary Islands]]. The Canary Islands were formed by the [[Canary hotspot]]. The status of capital city is shared by the two cities of [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]] and [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]].
== Etymology ==
The name "Islas Canarias" is likely derived from the Latin term ''Insula Canaria'', meaning Island of the Dogs, a name applied originally only to [[Gran Canaria]]. The dense population of an [[Endemism|endemic]] breed of large and fierce [[dog]]s, similar to the Canary Mastiff (in Spanish, el ''[[Presa Canario]]''), may have been the characteristic that most struck the few ancient [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] who established contact with the islands by the sea.
== History ==
===Ancient and pre-colonial times===
{{main|Canary Islands in pre-colonial times}}
The islands were known to the [[Phoenicians]], [[Greeks]] and [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], and are mentioned in a number of [[Classical antiquity|classical]] sources. For example, [[Pliny the Elder]] describes a [[Carthaginian]] expedition to the Canaries, and they may have been the [[Fortunate Isles]] of other classical writers. King [[Juba]], the Roman protegee, dispatched a contingent to re-open the dye production facility at [[Mogador]] in the early 1st century [[AD]].<ref>C.Michael Hogan, ''Chellah'', The Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham, [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=17910]</ref> That same naval force was subsequently sent on an exploration of the Canary Islands, using Mogador as their mission base.
When the Europeans began to explore the islands they encountered several [[indigenous populations]] living at a [[Neolithic]] level of technology. Although the history of the settlement of the Canary Islands is still unclear, [[linguistic]] and [[Genetics|genetic]] analyses seem to indicate that at least some of these inhabitants shared a common origin with the [[Berber people|Berbers]] of northern Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/oldwrld/colonists/canary.html|title=Old World Contacts/Colonists/Canary Islands}}</ref> The pre-colonial inhabitants came to be known collectively as the [[Guanches]], although ''Guanches'' was originally the name for the indigenous inhabitants of [[Tenerife]].
[[Image:AlonsoFernandezdeLugo2.JPG|thumb|250px|right|[[Alonso Fernández de Lugo]] presenting the captured native kings of Tenerife to [[Ferdinand and Isabella]]]]
===Castilian conquest===
There are claims that the Portuguese had discovered the Canaries as early as 1336, though there appears to be little evidence for this.<ref>B. W. Diffie, ''Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415 -1580'', Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, p. 28.</ref> In 1402, the Castilian conquest of the islands began, with the expedition of [[Jean de Béthencourt]] and [[Gadifer de la Salle]], nobles and [[vassal]]s of [[Henry III of Castile]], to the island of Lanzarote. From there, they conquered [[Fuerteventura]] and [[El Hierro]]. Béthencourt received the title King of the Canary Islands, but still recognized King Henry III as his overlord.
Béthencourt also established a base on the island of [[La Gomera]], but it would be many years before the island was truly conquered. The natives of La Gomera, and of [[Gran Canaria]], [[Tenerife]], and [[La Palma]], resisted the Castilian invaders for almost a century. In 1448 [[Maciot de Béthencourt]] sold the lordship of Lanzarote to Portugal's Prince [[Henry the Navigator]], an action that was not accepted by the natives nor by the Castilians. A crisis swelled to a revolt which lasted until 1459 with the final expulsion of the Portuguese. Finally, in 1479, Portugal recognised Castilian control of the Canary Islands in the [[Treaty of Alcaçovas]].
The Castilians continued to dominate the islands, but due to the topography and the resistance of the native Guanches, complete pacification was not achieved until 1495, when Tenerife and La Palma were finally subdued by [[Alonso Fernández de Lugo]]. After that, the Canaries were incorporated into the [[Kingdom of Castile]].
===After the conquest===
After the conquest, the Castilians imposed a new economic model, based on single-crop cultivation: first [[sugar cane]]; then [[wine]], an important item of trade with [[England]]. In this era, the first institutions of colonial government were founded. Both Gran Canaria, since [[6 March]] [[1480]] a colony of Castile (from 1556 of Spain), and Tenerife, a Spanish colony since 1495, had separate governors.
The cities of [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]] and [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] became a stopping point for the Spanish conquerors, traders, and missionaries on their way to the [[New World]]. This trade route brought great prosperity to some of the social sectors of the islands. The islands became quite wealthy and soon were attracting merchants and adventurers from all over [[Europe]]. Magnificent palaces and churches were built on the island of La Palma during this busy, prosperous period. The Church of El Salvador survives as one of the island's finest examples of the architecture of the 1500s.
The Canaries' wealth invited attacks by [[pirate]]s and [[privateer]]s. [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Turkish people|Turkish]] [[admiral]] and privateer [[Kemal Reis]] ventured into the Canaries in 1501, while [[Murat Reis the Elder]] captured [[Lanzarote]] in 1585.
The most severe attack took place in 1599, during the [[Dutch Revolt|Dutch War of Independence]]. A [[Dutch people|Dutch]] fleet of 74 ships and 12,000 men, commanded by [[Johan Van der Does]], attacked the capital, Las Palmas (the city had 3,500 of Gran Canaria's 8,545 inhabitants). The Dutch attacked the Castillo de la Luz, which guarded the harbor. The Canarians evacuated civilians from the city, and the Castillo surrendered (but not the city). The Dutch moved inland, but Canarian cavalry drove them back to [[Tamaraceite]], near the city.
The Dutch then laid siege to the city, demanding the surrender of all its wealth. They received 12 sheep and 3 calves. Furious, the Dutch sent 4,000 soldiers to attack the Council of the Canaries, who were sheltering in the village of Santa Brígida. 300 Canarian soldiers ambushed the Dutch in the village of Monte Lentiscal, killing 150 and forcing the rest to retreat. The Dutch concentrated on Las Palmas, attempting to burn it down. The Dutch pillaged [[Maspalomas]], on the southern coast of Gran Canaria, [[San Sebastian de La Gomera|San Sebastian]] on La Gomera, and [[Santa Cruz de la Palma|Santa Cruz]] on La Palma, but eventually gave up the siege of Las Palmas and withdrew.
Another noteworthy attack occurred in 1797, when [[Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)|Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] was attacked by a British fleet under [[Horatio Nelson|the future Lord Nelson]] on 25 July. The British were repulsed, losing almost 400 men. It was during this battle that Nelson lost his right arm.
===Eighteenth to nineteenth centuries===
The sugar-based economy of the islands faced stiff competition from Spain's American colonies. Crises in the sugar market in the nineteenth century caused severe recessions on the islands. A new cash crop, [[cochineal]] (cochinilla), came into cultivation during this time, saving the islands' economy.
These economic difficulties spurred mass emigration, primarily to the [[Americas]], during the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth centuries. From 1840 to 1890, as many as 40,000 Canary Islanders emigrated to [[Venezuela]]. Also, thousands of Canarians moved to [[Puerto Rico]], initiating deeply entrenched traditions such as the Mascaras Festival in the town of [[Hatillo]]. Similarly, many thousands of Canarians emigrated to the shores of [[Cuba]] as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/m/jml34/Canary.htm|title=The Spanish of the Canary Islands}}</ref> During the [[Spanish-American War]] of 1898, the Spanish fortified the islands against possible American attack; but the attack never came.
===Early twentieth century===
At the beginning of the 20th century, the British introduced a new cash-crop, the [[banana]], the export of which was controlled by companies such as [[Fyffes]].
The rivalry between the elites of the cities of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife for the capital of the islands led to the division of the [[archipelago]] into two [[province]]s in 1927. This has not laid to rest the rivalry between the two cities, which continues to this day.
During the time of the [[Second Spanish Republic]], [[Marxist]] and [[anarchist]] workers' movements began to develop, led by figures such as [[Jose Miguel Perez]] and [[Guillermo Ascanio]]. However, outside of a few municipalities, these organizations were a minority.
===Franco regime===
In 1936, [[Francisco Franco]] was appointed General Commandant of the Canaries. He joined the military revolt of [[July 17]] which began the [[Spanish Civil War]]. Franco quickly took control of the archipelago, except for a few points of resistance on the island of [[La Palma]] and in the town of [[Vallehermoso, Santa Cruz de Tenerife|Vallehermoso]], on [[Gomera]] . Though there was never a proper war in the islands, the post-war [[repression]] on the Canaries was most severe. {{Fact|date=April 2007}}
During the [[Second World War]], [[Winston Churchill]] prepared plans for the British seizure of the Canary Islands as a [[naval base]], in the event of [[Gibraltar]] being invaded from the Spanish mainland.
Opposition to Franco's regime did not begin to organize until the late 1950s, which experienced an upheaval of parties such as the [[Communist Party of Spain]] and the formation of various [[nationalist]], leftist parties.
[[Image:Santa Cruz Parlamento de Canarias fcm.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Parliament of the Canary Islands]]]]
===Today===
After the death of Franco, there was a pro-independence armed movement based in [[Algeria]], the [[MPAIAC]]. Now there are some pro-independence political parties, like the [[National Congress of the Canaries|CNC]] and the [[Popular Front of the Canary Islands]], but none of them calls for an armed struggle. Their popular support is insignificant, with no presence in both the autonomous parliament and the ''cabildos insulares''.
After the establishment of a democratic [[constitutional monarchy]] in Spain, [[self-governance|autonomy]] was granted to the Canaries via a law passed in 1982. In 1983, the first autonomous elections were held. The [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]] (PSOE) won. In the most recent autonomous elections (2007), the PSOE gained a plurality of seats, but the nationalist [[Canarian Coalition]] and the conservative [[Partido Popular]] (PP) formed a ruling coalition government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parcan.es/|title=Website of the Canaries Parliament}}</ref>
== Physical geography ==
The islands and their [[capital]]s are:
{| class=toccolours
|- align=left
!width=100px| Island !! Capital
|-
| [[Gran Canaria]] || [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
|-
| [[Tenerife]] || [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]]
|-
| [[Lanzarote]] || [[Arrecife]]
|-
| [[La Palma]] || [[Santa Cruz de La Palma]]
|-
| [[La Gomera]] || [[San Sebastián de La Gomera]]
|-
| [[El Hierro]] || [[Valverde, Santa Cruz de Tenerife|Valverde]]
|-
| [[Fuerteventura]] || [[Puerto del Rosario]]
|-
| ''[[La Graciosa]] || [[Caleta de Sebo]]''
|}
The nearest island ([[Fuerteventura]]) is 108 km from the northwest mainland African coast.
The islands form the [[Macaronesia]] [[ecoregion]] with the [[Azores]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Madeira Islands|Madeira]], and the [[Savage Isles]]. The seven main islands are volcanic in origin.<ref>http://www.mantleplumes.org/Canary.html (Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,) José Mangas Viñuela, "The Canary Islands Hot Spot"] This is the source for the geological history that follows.</ref> The [[Teide]] volcano on Tenerife is the highest mountain in [[Spain]], and the third largest volcano on Earth. All the islands except La Gomera have been active in the last million years; four of them (Lanzarote, Tenerife, La Palma and El Hierro) have historical records of eruptions since European discovery. The islands rise from Jurassic [[oceanic crust]] associated with the opening of the Atlantic. Underwater magmatism commenced during the Cretaceous, and reached the ocean's surface during the [[Miocene]]. The islands are considered as a distinct physiographic section of the [[Atlas Mountains]] province, which in turn is part of the larger [[African Alpine System]] division.
According to the position of the islands with respect to the NE [[trade wind]]s, the climate can be mild and wet or very dry. Several native species form [[laurisilva]] forests.
Four of Spain's thirteen national parks are located in the Canary Islands, more than any other autonomous community. In the early 90's, there were only five Spanish national parks, four of them being the Canarian parks, and the other one [[Doñana]]. The parks are:
[[Image:Hacha grande from papagayo pano.jpg|thumb|450px|right|Hacha Grande, a mountain in the south of Lanzarote, viewed from the road to the Playa de Papagayo.]]
{| class=toccolours
|- align=left
!width=275px| Park !! Island
|-
| [[Parque Nacional de la Caldera de Taburiente]]
| La Palma
|-
| [[Garajonay National Park]] || La Gomera
|-
| [[Teide|Teide National Park]] || Tenerife
|-
| [[Timanfaya National Park]] || Lanzarote
|}
== Political geography ==
[[Image:Map of the Canary Islands.svg|Map of the Canary Islands|right|thumb|300px]]
[[Image:Canary Islands map by William Dampier 1699 - Project Gutenberg eText 15675.jpg|thumbnail|250px|right|Maps of the Canary Islands drawn by [[William Dampier]] during his voyage to [[Dutch West India Company|New Holland]] in 1699.]]
The '''Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands''' consists of two [[provinces of Spain|provinces]], [[Las Palmas (province)|Las Palmas]] and [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife (province)|Santa Cruz de Tenerife]], whose capitals ([[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]] and [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]]) are co-capitals of the autonomous community. Each of the seven major islands is ruled by an island council named ''cabildo insular''.
The international boundary of the Canaries is the subject of dispute between Spain and Morocco. Morocco does not agree that the laws regarding territorial limits allow Spain to claim for itself sea-bed boundaries based on the territory of the Canaries, because the Canary Islands are autonomous. In fact, the islands do not enjoy any special degree of autonomy as each one of the Spanish regions is considered an [[autonomous community]]. Under the [[Law of the Sea]], the only islands not granted territorial waters or an [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] (EEZ) are those that are not fit for human habitation or do not have an economic life of their own, which is clearly not the case of the Canary Islands.
The boundary is relevant for possible seabed oil deposits and other ocean resource exploitation. Morocco therefore does not formally agree to the territorial boundary; it rejected a 2002 unilateral Spanish proposal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html|title=CIA World Factbook}}</ref>
The Islands have 13 seats in the Spanish Senate. Of these, 11 seats are directly elected, 3 for Gran Canaria, 3 for Tenerife, 1 for each other island; 2 seats are indirectly elected by the regional Autonomous Government. The local government is presided over in the last two elections by Deborah Engerman.
== Economy ==
The economy is based primarily on [[Tourism in Spain|tourism]], which makes up 32% of the [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]]. The Canaries receive about 10 million tourists per year. Construction makes up nearly 20% of the GDP and tropical agriculture, primarily [[banana]]s and [[tobacco]], are grown for export to Europe and the Americas. Ecologists are concerned that the resources, especially in the more [[arid]] islands, are being overexploited but there are still many agricultural resources like [[tomato]]es, [[potato]]es, [[onion]]s, [[cochineal]], [[sugarcane]], [[grape]]s, [[vine]]s, [[date]]s, [[Orange (fruit)|oranges]], [[lemon]]s, [[fig]]s, [[wheat]], [[barley]], [[corn]], [[apricot]]s, [[peach]]es and [[almond]]s.
The economy is [[Euro|€]] 25 billion (2001 GDP figures). The islands experienced continuous growth during a 20 year period, up until 2001, at a rate of approximately 5% annually. This growth was fueled mainly by huge amounts of [[Foreign Direct Investment]], mostly to develop tourism real estate (hotels and apartments), and European Funds (near 11 billion euro in the period from 2000 to 2007), since the Canary Islands are labelled Region Objective 1 (eligible for euro structural funds). Additionally, the EU allows the Canary Island's government to offer special tax concessions for investors who incorporate under the as Zona Especial Canaria (ZEC) regime and create more than 5 jobs.
The combination of high mountains, proximity to Europe, and clean air has made the [[Roque de los Muchachos]] peak (on La Palma island) a leading location for [[telescope]]s like the [[Grantecan]].
The islands are outside the [[European Union]] customs territory and VAT area, though politically within the EU. Instead of VAT there is a local Sales Tax (IGIC) which has a general rate of 5%, an increased tax rate of 12%, a reduced tax rate of 2% and a zero tax rate for certain basic need products and services (eg telecommunications). The [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2|ISO 3166-1 α-2]] code ''IC'' is reserved for representing them in customs affairs. Goods subject to Spanish customs and excise duties and Value Added Tax ([[VAT]]), such as [[tobacco]] or [[electronics|electronic]] goods, are therefore significantly cheaper in the Canaries. Spanish magazines usually have a similar or higher price than in the peninsula since VAT is substituted with air transport costs. The islands' [[country calling code]] is (+34) and the [[TLD|Internet country code]] is the same as Spain's (.es). The currency is the [[euro]].
Canarian time is [[Western European Time]] (WET) (or [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]; in summer one hour ahead of GMT). So Canarian time is one hour behind that of mainland [[Spain]] and the same as that of the British Isles and Portugal all year round.
==Wildlife==
===Terrestrial Wildlife===
With a range of habitats, the Canary Islands exhibit diverse plant species. The bird life includes European and African species, such as the [[Black-bellied Sandgrouse]]; and a rich variety of [[Endemism|endemic]] (local) species including the:
* [[Canary]]
* [[Graja]] (endemic to La Palma)
* [[Blue Chaffinch]]
* [[Canary Islands Chiffchaff]]
* [[Fuerteventura Chat]]
* [[Tenerife Goldcrest]]
* [[Madeira Firecrest]]
* [[Bolle's Pigeon]]
* [[Laurel Pigeon]]
* [[Trocaz Pigeon]]
* [[Plain Swift]]
Terrestrial fauna includes [[gekko]]s (such as the striped [[Canary Islands Gecko]]) and [[wall lizards]], and three endemic species of recently rediscovered and critically endangered giant lizard: the [[El Hierro Giant Lizard]] (or [[Roque Chico de Salmor Giant Lizard]]), [[La Gomera Giant Lizard]], and [[La Palma Giant Lizard]]. Mammals include the [[Algerian Hedgehog]], though this may have been introduced. Some endemic mammals, the [[Lava Mouse]] and [[Canary Islands Giant Rat]], are extinct, as are the [[Canary Islands Quail]] and [[Eastern Canary Islands Chiffchaff]].
===Marine Life===
{{main|Marine Life of the Canary Islands}}
The Marine life found in the Canary Islands is also varied, being a combination of [[Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic]], [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] and [[Endemism|endemic]] species. In recent years, the increasing popularity of both [[scuba diving]] and [[underwater photography]] have provided biologists with much new information on the marine life of the islands.
[[Fish]] species found in the islands include many species of [[shark]], [[Batoidea|ray]], [[moray eel]], [[Sparidae|bream]], [[Carangidae|jack]], [[Grunt-fish|grunt]], [[scorpionfish]], [[triggerfish]], [[grouper]], [[goby]], and [[blenny]]. In addition, there are many invertebrate species including [[sponge]], [[jellyfish]], [[anemone]], [[crab]], [[mollusc]], [[sea urchin]], [[starfish]], [[sea cucumber]] and [[coral]].
There are a total of 5 different species of [[marine turtle]] that are sighted periodically in the islands, the most common of these being the [[endangered]] [[Loggerhead Turtle]]; however, local fisherman continue to take this endangered species.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Nw8KKyu32v8C&pg=PA140&dq=%22canary+islands%22+loggerhead&sig=5HIz6dRxrnwPWCFK5gnyaso_IZk|title=''The IUCN Amphibia-reptilia Red Data Book'', Brian Groombridge and Lissie Wright}}</ref> The other four are the [[Green Turtle|Green]], [[Hawksbill Turtle|Hawksbill]], [[Leatherback Turtle|Leatherback]] and [[Kemp's Ridley|Kemp's Ridley Turtle]]. Currently, there are no signs that any of these species breed in the islands, and so those seen in the water are usually [[migration|migrating]]. However, it is believed that some of these species may have bred in the islands in the past, and there are records of several sightings of leatherback turtle on beaches in [[Fuerteventura]], adding credibility to the theory.
==Sports==
[[Image:Luchadapuerto.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Lucha Canaria]]]]
One native of the Canary Islands played [[Major League Baseball]]: [[Al Cabrera|Alfredo Cabrera]], born there in 1881; he played [[shortstop]] for the [[St. Louis Cardinals]] in 1913.
{{Main|:Category:Sport in the Canary Islands}}
== See also ==
===History===
* [[Canary Islands in pre-colonial times]]
* [[Guanches]]
* [[Pyramids of Güímar]]
* [[Jean de Béthencourt]]
* [[Gadifer de la Salle]]
* [[First Battle of Acentejo]]
* [[Second Battle of Acentejo]]
* [[Alonso Fernández de Lugo]]
* [[Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)]]
* [[Tanausu]]
* [[Tenerife disaster]]; prior to the [[9/11 attacks]], the deadliest commercial [[Aviation accidents and incidents|aviation disaster]] in history.
===Geography===
* [[La Matanza de Acentejo, Santa Cruz de Tenerife]]
* [[Los Llanos de Aridane]]
* [[Macaronesia]]
* [[Orotava Valley]]
* [[Guatiza]] (Lanzarote)
* [[Cumbre Vieja]], a [[volcano]] on La Palma
===Culture===
* [[Canarian cuisine]]
* [[Military of the Canary Islands]]
* [[Salto del pastor]] (Canary Islands mountain [[gymnastic]] folk [[sport]])
* [[Silbo Gomero language]], a [[whistled language]], is an indigenous language, whose existence was known since Roman times.
* [[Isleño]]s
=== Neighbours ===
* [[Azores]]
* [[Cape Verde]]
* [[Madeira]]
* [[Morocco]]
* [[Western Sahara]]
===Natural History===
See:-
Borgesen, F. 1929. Marine algae from the Canary Islands. III Rhodophyceae. Part II. Cryptonemiales, Gigartinales, and Rhodymeniales. ''Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Biologiske
Meddelelser.'' '''8''': 1 — 97.
=== Natural Disaster Concerns ===
{{Inappropriate tone|date=April 2008}}
*For '''''speculation''''' regarding the history of the activity of the '''Cumbre Vieja''' and '''La Palma''' volcanoes within the Canary Islands ''as a potential future '''cause''' of a mega-tsunami withinin the Island chain'', see: [[Mega-tsunami]] - '''Section 4.2''' in the 'Table of Contents'.)
*For further '''''external links''' to '''dispel''' the hypothesis regarding a possible future giant wave/mega-tsunami'', also see: the entry on the volcanic-oceanic island of [[La Palma]] - '''Section 9.2''' in the 'Table of Contents'.
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==References==
* Alfred Crosby, ''Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900'' (Cambridge University Press) ISBN 0-521-45690-8
* Felipe Fernández-Armesto, ''The Canary Islands after the Conquest: The Making of a Colonial Society in the Early-Sixteenth Century'', Oxford U. Press, 1982. ISBN 13: 9780198218883; ISBN 10: 0198218885
* Sergio Hanquet, ''Diving in Canaries'', Litografía A. ROMERO, 2001. ISBN 84-932195-0-9
==External links==
{{commonscat|Canary Islands}}
*{{wikitravel|Canary Islands}}
* [http://www.gobiernodecanarias.org/istac/ Official Statistics about Canary Islands]
* [http://www.ecoturismocanarias.com/canarias/uk/islas.asp Canarian Association for Rural Turism]
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Canary_Islands.html World Statesmen]
* [http://www.fotosantiguascanarias.org/ Old photos Canary Islands and the Canary Islanders]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3963563.stm Canary Islands pose little risk of mega-tsunami]
* [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=28%C2%B0+06%27N,+15%C2%B0+24%27W&layer=&ie=UTF8&z=8&ll=28.463862,-15.639038&spn=2.327532,5.537109&t=h&om=1 The Canary Islands on Google Maps]
* [http://www.lowtax.net/lowtax/html/offon/spain/spncan.html Information from lowtax.net]
* [http://www.canarische-eilanden.info touristic and general information about the Canary Islands]
{{Islands and provinces of the Canary Islands}}
{{Administrative divisions of Spain}}
<!--Categories-->
[[Category:Canary Islands|*]]
[[Category:Autonomous communities of Spain]]
[[Category:Islands of Spain]]
[[Category:NUTS 1 statistical regions of the European Union]]
[[Category:NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union]]
[[Category:Special territories of the European Union]]
[[Category:Islands of Macaronesia]]
[[Category:Physiographic sections]]
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[[lt:Kanarų salos]]
[[lij:Isoe Canaïe]]
[[hu:Kanári-szigetek]]
[[mi:Islas Canarias]]
[[ms:Kepulauan Canary]]
[[nah:Canariah Tlātlālhuāctli]]
[[nl:Canarische Eilanden]]
[[ja:カナリア諸島]]
[[no:Kanariøyene]]
[[nn:Kanariøyane]]
[[oc:Illas Canàrias]]
[[pms:Ìsole Canarie]]
[[pl:Wyspy Kanaryjskie]]
[[pt:Canárias]]
[[ro:Insulele Canare]]
[[qu:Kanarya wat'akuna]]
[[ru:Канарские острова]]
[[se:Kanáriasullot]]
[[scn:Canari]]
[[simple:Canary Islands]]
[[sk:Kanárske ostrovy]]
[[sl:Kanarski otoki]]
[[sr:Канарска острва]]
[[sh:Kanari]]
[[fi:Kanariansaaret]]
[[sv:Kanarieöarna]]
[[th:หมู่เกาะคะเนรี]]
[[vi:Quần đảo Canaria]]
[[tr:Kanarya Adaları]]
[[uk:Канарські острови]]
[[war:Islas Canarias]]
[[zh:加那利群岛]]