Canine distemper
97839
224474576
2008-07-09T00:24:49Z
208.59.113.132
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{{Taxobox
<!-- Color parameter is not needed -- automatically assigned -->
| name = ''Canine distemper virus''
| virus_group = v
| ordo = ''[[Mononegavirales]]''
| familia = ''[[Paramyxoviridae]]''
| genus = ''[[Morbillivirus]]''
| species = '''''[[Canine distemper virus]]'''''
}}
'''Canine distemper''' is a very serious [[virus|viral]] [[disease]] affecting animals in the families [[Canidae]], [[Mustelidae]], [[Mephitidae]], [[Hyaenidae]], [[Ailuridae]], [[Procyonidae]], [[Pinnipedia]], some [[Viverridae]] and [[Felidae]] (though not [[cat|domestic cats]]; [[feline distemper]] or [[Feline Panleukopenia|panleukopenia]] is a different virus exclusive to cats). It is most commonly associated with domestic animals such as dogs, although [[ferret]]s are also vaccinated for it. It is a single-stranded RNA virus of the family [[paramyxovirus]], and thus a close relative of [[measles]] and [[rinderpest]]. <ref>{{cite web | title=Canine Distemper: Introduction |work = The Merck Veterinary Manual | publisher=Merck & Co., Inc. | date=2006 | url=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/56700.htm | accessdate = 2008-03-15 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Information Sheet
Canine Distemper virus (CDV) |work = UC Davis Koret Shelter Medicine Program | date=2004 | url=http://www.sheltermedicine.com/portal/is_canine_distempervirus.shtml | accessdate = 2008-03-15 }}</ref><ref name=McCarthy2007>{{cite journal |author=McCarthy AJ, Shaw MA, Goodman SJ |title=Pathogen evolution and disease emergence in carnivores |journal=Proc. Biol. Sci. |volume=274 |issue=1629 |pages=3165–74 |year=2007 |month=December |pmid=17956850 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2007.0884 |url=}}</ref> Despite extensive vaccination in many regions, it remains a major disease of dogs.<ref name=Elia2008>{{cite journal |author=Elia G, Belloli C, Cirone F, ''et al'' |title=In vitro efficacy of ribavirin against canine distemper virus |journal=Antiviral Res. |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=108–13 |year=2008 |month=February |pmid=17949825 |doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.09.004 |url=}}</ref>
==Etymology==
The origin of the word ''distemper'' is from the [[Middle English]] ''distemperen'', meaning to upset the balance of the humors, which is from the [[Old French]] ''destemprer'', meaning to disturb, which is from the [[Vulgar Latin]] ''distemperare'': Latin ''dis-'' and Latin ''temperare'', meaning to not mix properly.<ref>{{cite web | title = distemper | work = American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition | publisher = Bartleby.com | date = 2000 | url = http://www.bartleby.com/61/22/D0292200.html | accessdate = 2007-05-13 }}</ref>
==History==
Although very similar to the measles virus, CDV seems to have appeared more recently, with the first case described in 1905. <ref name=Pomeroy2008>{{cite journal
| author = Pomeroy, L.W.
| coauthors = Bj{o}rnstad, O.N.; Holmes, E.C.
| year = 2008
| title = The Evolutionary and Epidemiological Dynamics of the Paramyxoviridae
| journal = Journal of Molecular Evolution
| volume = 66
| issue = 2
| pages = 98-106
| url = http://www.springerlink.com/index/NN32M04267142429.pdf
| accessdate = 2008-06-02
}}</ref> It was first thought to be related to the [[Plague (disease)|Plague]] and [[Typhus]] and resulted from several species of bacteria.<ref name=Moore1902>{{cite book
| author = Moore, V.A.
| year = 1902
| title = The Pathology and Differential Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases of Animals
| publisher = Taylor \& Carpenter, Ithaca, NY
| isbn =
}}</ref> It now affects all populations of domestic [[dog]] and some populations of wildlife. A vaccine was developed in 1950, yet due to limited use the virus remains prevalent in many populations. <ref name=Pomeroy2008>{{cite journal
| author = Pomeroy, L.W.
| coauthors = Bj{o}rnstad, O.N.; Holmes, E.C.
| year = 2008
| title = The Evolutionary and Epidemiological Dynamics of the Paramyxoviridae
| journal = Journal of Molecular Evolution
| volume = 66
| issue = 2
| pages = 98-106
| url = http://www.springerlink.com/index/NN32M04267142429.pdf
| accessdate = 2008-06-02
}}</ref> The domestic dog has largely been responsible for introducing canine distemper to previously unexposed wildlife and now causes a serious conservation threat to many species of carnivores. In 1985, for example, the virus led the last wild population of black-footed ferret to extinction. It also may have played a considerable role in the extinction of the Tasmanian Tiger and reccurently causes mortality among African Wild dogs.<ref name=McCarthy2007>{{cite journal |author=McCarthy AJ, Shaw MA, Goodman SJ |title=Pathogen evolution and disease emergence in carnivores |journal=Proc. Biol. Sci. |volume=274 |issue=1629 |pages=3165–74 |year=2007 |month=December |pmid=17956850 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2007.0884 |url=}}</ref> In 1991, the lion population in Serengeti, Tanzania experienced a 20% decline as a result of the disease.<ref name=Assessment2005>{{cite book
| author = Assessment, M.E.
| year = 2005
| title = Ecosystems and human well-being
| publisher = World Resources Institute
| isbn =
}}</ref> The disease has also mutated to form [[phocid distemper virus]], which affects [[seal]]s.<ref name=Jones1997>{{cite book
| author = Jones, T.C.
| coauthors = Hunt, R.D.; King, N.W.
| year = 1997
| title = Veterinary Pathology
| publisher = Blackwell Publishing
| isbn =
}}</ref>
==Infection==
[[Image:Canine distemper pathology.jpg|thumb|A. Lung lesion in an [[African Wild Dog]] B. [[Viroplasm|Viral inclusion bodies]]]]
Puppies from three to six months old are particularly susceptible.<ref name=saritamackita>{{cite web|year=2001|title=Canine Distemper: Overview, Transmission, Symptoms|url=http://www.animalhealthchannel.com/distemper/index.shtml}}</ref> Canine distemper [[virus]] (CDV) spreads through the aerosol droplets and through contact with infected bodily fluids including nasal and ocular secretions, [[feces]], and [[urine]] 6-22 days after exposure. It can also be spread by food and water contaminated with these fluids.<ref name=Carter>{{cite web|author=Carter, G.R.; Flores, E.F.; Wise, D.J.|year=2006|title=Paramyxoviridae|work=A Concise Review of Veterinary Virology| url=http://www.ivis.org/advances/Carter/Part2Chap18/chapter.asp?LA=1|accessdate=2006-06-24}}</ref> <ref name=Hirsch1999>{{cite book
| author = Hirsch, D.C.
| coauthors = Zee, C.; Others,
| year = 1999
| title = Veterinary Microbiology
| publisher = Blackwell Publishing
| isbn =
}}</ref> The time between infection and disease is 14 to 18 days, although there can be a fever from three to six days postinfection.<ref name=Carmichael>{{cite web|author=Appel, M.J.G.; Summers, B.A.|year=1999|title=Canine Distemper: Current Status|work=Recent Advances in Canine Infectious Diseases|url=http://www.ivis.org/advances/Infect_Dis_Carmichael/appel/chapter_frm.asp?LA=1|accessdate=2006-06-24}}</ref>
Canine distemper virus tends to orient its infection towards the [[lymphatic system|lymphoid]], [[epithelium|epithelial]], and [[nervous system|nervous tissues]]. The virus initially replicates in the lymphatic tissue of the respiratory tract. The virus then enters the blood stream and infects the lymphatic tissue followed by [[respiratory]], [[Gastrointestinal]], [[urogenital epithelium]], the [[Central Nervous System]], and [[optic nerves]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Canine Distemper: Introduction |work = The Merck Veterinary Manual | publisher=Merck & Co., Inc. | date=2006 | url=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/56700.htm | accessdate = 2008-03-15 }}</ref>. Therefore, the typical pathologic features of canine distemper include lymphoid depletion (causing [[immunosuppression]] and leading to secondary infections), interstitial [[pneumonia]], [[encephalitis]] with [[demyelination]], and [[hyperkeratosis]] of foot pads.
The mortality rate of the virus largely depends on the immune status of the infected dogs. Puppies experience the highest mortality rate where complications such as [[pneumonia]] and [[encephalitis]] are more common.<ref name=Hirsch1999>{{cite book
| author = Hirsch, D.C.
| coauthors = Zee, C.; Others,
| year = 1999
| title = Veterinary Microbiology
| publisher = Blackwell Publishing
| isbn =
}}</ref> In older dogs that do develop distemper [[encephalomyetilis]], [[vestibular disease]] may present.<ref name=Dewey2003>{{cite book
| author = Dewey, C.W.
| year = 2003
| title = A Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology
| publisher = Iowa State Pr
| isbn =
}}</ref>
Around 15% of canine inflammatory central nervous system diseases are a result of CDV.<ref name=Elia2008>{{cite journal |author=Elia G, Belloli C, Cirone F, ''et al'' |title=In vitro efficacy of ribavirin against canine distemper virus |journal=Antiviral Res. |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=108–13 |year=2008 |month=February |pmid=17949825 |doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.09.004 |url=}}</ref>
==Disease progression==
The virus first appears in bronchial lymph nodes and tonsils two days after exposure. The virus then enters the blood stream on the second or third day.<ref name=Hirsch1999>{{cite book
| author = Hirsch, D.C.
| coauthors = Zee, C.; Others,
| year = 1999
| title = Veterinary Microbiology
| publisher = Blackwell Publishing
| isbn =
}}</ref> In older dogs that do develop distemper encephalomyetilis, vestibular disease may present.<ref name=Dewey2003>{{cite book
| author = Dewey, C.W.
| year = 2003
| title = A Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology
| publisher = Iowa State Pr
| isbn =
}}</ref> A first round of acute fever tends to begin around 3 to 8 days after infection which is often accompanied by a low white blood cell count, especially of [[lymphocytes]] as well as low platelet count. These signs may or may not be accompanied by [[anorexia]], a runny nose, and discharge from the eye. This first round of fever typically recedes rapidly within 96 hours and then a second round of fever begins around the 11th or 12th day and lasts at least a week. Gastrointestinal and respiratory problems tend to follow which may become complicated with secondary bacterial infections. Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord otherwise known as [[encephalomyelitis]] is either associated with this, subsequently follows, or comes completely independent of these problems. A thickening of the footpads sometimes develops and vesicularpustular lesions on the abdomen usually develop. Neurological symptoms typically are found in the animals with thickened footpads from the virus.<ref>{{cite web | title=Canine Distemper: Introduction |work = The Merck Veterinary Manual | publisher=Merck & Co., Inc. | date=2006 | url=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/56700.htm | accessdate = 2008-03-15 }}</ref><ref name=Jones1997>{{cite book
| author = Jones, T.C.
| coauthors = Hunt, R.D.; King, N.W.
| year = 1997
| title = Veterinary Pathology
| publisher = Blackwell Publishing
| isbn =
}}</ref> About half of sufferers experience [[meningoencephalitis]].<ref name=Jones1997>{{cite book
| author = Jones, T.C.
| coauthors = Hunt, R.D.; King, N.W.
| year = 1997
| title = Veterinary Pathology
| publisher = Blackwell Publishing
| isbn =
}}</ref>
===Gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms===
Commonly observed signs are a runny nose, vomiting and diarrhea, dehydration, excessive salivation, coughing and/or labored breathing, loss of appetite, and weight loss. When and if the neurological symptoms develop, urination and defecation may become involuntary. <ref name=saritamackita>{{cite web|year=2001|title=Canine Distemper: Overview, Transmission, Symptoms|url=http://www.animalhealthchannel.com/distemper/index.shtml}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book | title=Veterinary Microbiology | author=Hirsh DC, Zee YC | publisher=Blackwell Publishing | date=1999 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ed5Up4JFl7MC&pg=PA403&dq=canine+distemper&num=20&sig=vSUQgbJBz0mWf5-5DK8fOKxlTi8#PPA403,M1 | }}</ref><ref name=Jones1997>{{cite book
| author = Jones, T.C.
| coauthors = Hunt, R.D.; King, N.W.
| year = 1997
| title = Veterinary Pathology
| publisher = Blackwell Publishing
| isbn =
}}</ref>
===Neurological Symptoms===
The symptoms within the central nervous system include a localized involuntary twitching of muscles or groups of muscles, seizures often distinguished by salivation and jaw movements commonly described as “chewing gum fits.” As the condition progresses, the seizures worsen and the dog may fall to its side, exhibiting grand mal convulsions. The animal may also show signs of sensitivity to light, incoordination, circling, increased sensitivity to sensory stimuli such as pain or touch, and deterioration of motor capabilities. Less commonly it may lead to blindness and paralysis. The length of the systemic disease may be as short as 10 days, but the start of neurological symptoms may not come until several weeks or months later. <ref>{{cite web | title=Canine Distemper: Introduction |work = The Merck Veterinary Manual | publisher=Merck & Co., Inc. | date=2006 | url=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/56700.htm | accessdate = 2008-03-15 }}</ref><ref name=Jones1997>{{cite book
| author = Jones, T.C.
| coauthors = Hunt, R.D.; King, N.W.
| year = 1997
| title = Veterinary Pathology
| publisher = Blackwell Publishing
| isbn =
}}</ref>
==Diagnosis==
The above symptoms, especially fever, respiratory signs, neurological signs, and thickened footpads found in unvaccinated dogs strongly indicate canine distemper. However, several febrile diseases match many of the symptoms of the disease and only recently has differing between canine hepititis, herpes virus, parainfluenza and leptospirosis been possible.<ref name=Jones1997>{{cite book
| author = Jones, T.C.
| coauthors = Hunt, R.D.; King, N.W.
| year = 1997
| title = Veterinary Pathology
| publisher = Blackwell Publishing
| isbn =
}}</ref> Thus, finding the virus by various methods in the dog's conjunctival cells gives a definitive diagnosis. In older dogs that develop distemper encephalomyetilis, diagnosis may be more difficult since many of these dogs have an adequate vaccination history.<ref name=Dewey2003>{{cite book
| author = Dewey, C.W.
| year = 2003
| title = A Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology
| publisher = Iowa State Pr
| isbn =
}}</ref>
==Treatment and prevention==
There is no specific treatment for canine distemper. The dog should be treated by a [[veterinarian]], usually with [[antibiotic]]s for secondary bacterial infections, [[intravenous fluids]], and nutritional supplements. The prognosis is poor. [[In vitro]], [[ribavirin]], an antiviral effective in treating [[measles]] and other viruses, has also shown effective against Canine distemper virus by means of [[error catastrophe]]. More research is now needed [[in vivo]].<ref name=Elia2008>{{cite journal |author=Elia G, Belloli C, Cirone F, ''et al'' |title=In vitro efficacy of ribavirin against canine distemper virus |journal=Antiviral Res. |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=108–13 |year=2008 |month=February |pmid=17949825 |doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.09.004 |url=}}</ref>
There exist a number of [[vaccine]]s against canine distemper for [[dog]]s and [[ferret|domestic ferrets]], which in many jurisdictions are mandatory for pets. The type of vaccine should be approved for the type of animal being inoculated, or else the animal could actually contract the disease from the vaccine. A dog who has eaten meat infected with Rinderpest can also sometimes receive temporary immunity.<ref name=Spinage2003>{{cite book
| author = Spinage, C.A.
| year = 2003
| title = Cattle Plague: A History
| publisher = Plenum Pub Corp
| isbn =
}}</ref> Infected animals should be [[quarantine]]d from other dogs for several months due to the length of time the animal may shed the virus.<ref>{{cite web | title=Canine Distemper: Introduction |work = The Merck Veterinary Manual | publisher=Merck & Co., Inc. | date=2006 | url=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/56700.htm | accessdate = 2008-03-15 }}</ref> The [[virus]] is destroyed in the environment by routine cleaning with disinfectants, detergents, or drying. It does not survive in the environment for more than a few hours at room temperature (20-25 °C), but can survive for a few weeks in shady environments at temperatures slightly above freezing.<ref name=davis>{{cite web | title = Information sheet: Canine distemper virus | work = UC Davis Koret Shelter Medicine Program | url = http://www.sheltermedicine.com/portal/is_canine_distempervirus.shtml | accessdate = 2006-09-26 }}</ref> It, along with other labile viruses, can also persist longer in serum and tissue debris.<ref name=Hirsch1999>{{cite book
| author = Hirsch, D.C.
| coauthors = Zee, C.; Others,
| year = 1999
| title = Veterinary Microbiology
| publisher = Blackwell Publishing
| isbn =
}}</ref>
==Canine distemper virus and Paget's disease==
[[Paget's disease]], a focal destructive disease of bone, has long suspected paramyxoviruses such as CDV, measles, respiratory syncytial virus, simian virus 5, and
parainfluenza virus Type 3 as a culprit. Most studies, however, have pointed more directly at CDV and Measles.<ref name=Gordon1991>{{cite journal
| author = Gordon, M.T.
| coauthors = Anderson, D.C.; Sharpe, P.T.
| year = 1991
| title = Canine distemper virus localised in bone cells of patients with Paget's disease
| journal = Bone
| volume = 12
| issue = 3
| pages = 195–201
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1910961
| accessdate = 2008-05-05
| doi = 10.1016/8756-3282(91)90042-H
}}</ref><ref name=Friedrichs2002>{{cite journal
| author = Friedrichs, W.E.
| coauthors = Reddy, S.V.; Bruder, J.; Cundy, T.I.M.; Cornish, J.; Singer, F.R.; Roodman, G.D.
| year = 2002
| title = Sequence Analysis of Measles Virus Nucleocapsid Transcripts in Patients with Paget's Disease
| journal = Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
| volume = 17
| issue = 1
| pages = 145–151
| doi = 10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.1.145
}}</ref><ref name=Basle1986>{{cite journal
| author = Basle, M.F.
| coauthors = Fournier, J.G.; Rozenblatt, S.; Rebel, A.; Bouteille, M.
| year = 1986
| title = Measles virus RNA detected in Paget's disease bone tissue by in situ hybridization
| journal = Journal of General Virology
| volume = 67
| issue = 5
| pages = 907–913
| url = http://vir.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/67/5/907
| accessdate = 2008-05-05
| doi = 10.1099/0022-1317-67-5-907
| pmid = 3701300
}}</ref> The virus detection technique [[in situ-RT-PCR]] has shown CDV in 100% of Pagetic samples whereas other virus detection techniques have been less accurate.<ref name=Hoyland2003>{{cite journal
| author = Hoyland, J.A.
| coauthors = Dixon, J.A.; Berry, J.L.; Davies, M.; Selby, P.L.; Mee, A.P.
| year = 2003
| title = A comparison of in situ hybridisation, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ-RT-PCR for the detection of canine distemper virus RNA in Paget's disease
| journal = Journal of Virological Methods
| volume = 109
| issue = 2
| pages = 253–259
| url = http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016609340300079X
| accessdate = 2008-05-05
| doi = 10.1016/S0166-0934(03)00079-X
}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Mononegavirales]]
[[Category:Dog diseases|Distemper]]
[[Category:Animal virology]]
[[Category:Viruses]]
[[de:Staupe]]
[[es:Moquillo]]
[[fr:Maladie de Carré]]
[[id:Canine distemper]]
[[it:Cimurro]]
[[ja:犬ジステンパー]]
[[pl:Nosówka]]
[[pt:Cinomose]]
[[fi:Penikkatauti (virus)]]