Caning 410649 225782573 2008-07-15T11:13:03Z 86.133.189.77 /* External links */ {{otheruses4|the physical punishment|the technique used for weaving furniture|Caning (furniture)}} {{Refimprove|date=May 2008}} [[Image:Rattan cane.jpg|thumb|45px|[[Rattan]] cane]] '''Caning''' is a [[physical punishment]] (see that article for generalities and alternatives) consisting of a number of hits (known as "strokes" or "cuts") with a wooden [[cane#Disciplinary implement|cane]], generally applied to the bare or clad [[buttock]]s (see [[spanking]]), [[shoulders]], [[hand]](s) (palm, rarely knuckles) or the soles of the [[foot|feet]] ([[foot whipping]]). The size and flexibility of the cane itself and the number and mode of application of the strokes (usually more numerous and faster when wielding a light, flexible cane) vary significantly. ==Scope of use== Caning was a common [[punishment]] in many parts of [[Middle East]] & [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Europe]] and several [[Europe]]an [[colonies]] in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, but has now been banned in most developed countries. It is often considered a cruel, inhumane and degrading punishment within the meaning of the [[United Nations Convention Against Torture]], but remains legal in numerous nations. In some countries, caning is or was used as a judicial punishment for [[juvenile (law)|juvenile]]s and in some cases for adults, but it is perhaps best known as a method of educational discipline in [[school]]s or at home. The western use of the cane dates principally to the late nineteenth century, when educationalists sought to replace [[birching]] – effective only if applied to the bare flesh – with a form of punishment more suited to contemporary sensibilities. The cane, if applied expertly, transmits much pain even through layers of clothing. ===Judicial use=== [[Image:Canes.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A display of rattan canes from the [[Johor Bahru Prison]] museum, [[Malaysia]].]] Judicial caning, carried out with a long, heavy [[rattan]] and generally much more severe than the canings given in [[school]]s, was a feature of some [[United Kingdom|British]] [[colonial]] judicial systems, and in some cases is still in use in the post-independence era, particularly in [[Southeast Asia]] (where it is now being used far more than it was under British rule), and in some [[Africa]]n countries. The practice is retained in [[Caning in Malaysia|Malaysia]], [[Caning in Singapore|Singapore]] and [[Brunei]]. Caning in [[Indonesia]] is a recent introduction: in the special case of [[Aceh]], on Sumatra, which since its 2005 autonomy has introduced a form of [[sharia law]], applying the cane to the clothed upper back in keeping with Muslim rules of modesty. African countries still using judicial caning include [[Botswana]], [[Tanzania]], [[Nigeria]] and for juvenile offenders, [[Swaziland]] and [[Zimbabwe]]. Other countries that used it until the late 20th century included [[Kenya]] and [[South Africa]], while some [[Caribbean]] countries such as [[Trinidad and Tobago]] use [[birching]], another traditional punishment in the [[Commonwealth]] tradition, which use a bundle of branches, not a single cane. In [[Singapore]], healthy males under 50 years of age can be sentenced to a maximum of 24 strokes of the ''rotan'' ([[rattan]]) cane on the bare buttocks; the punishment is mandatory for over 30 offenses, mostly violent or drug crimes, but also some immigration violations, sexual offences and acts of [[vandalism]]. It is also imposed for certain breaches of [[prison]] rules. The punishment is also applied to foreigners, despite controversy in the West. Two examples which received intense media scrutiny are the canings in [[Singapore]] in 1994 of [[Michael P. Fay]], an [[United States|American]] student who had vandalised several automobiles, and in the [[UAE]] in 1996 of [[Sarah Balabagan]], a [[Filipina]] maid convicted of [[homicide]]. ===Educational use in home and school context=== The frequency and severity of canings in educational settings have varied greatly, often being determined by the written rules or unwritten traditions of the school. The western educational use of the cane dates principally to the late nineteenth century, in order to replace [[birching]] - which is only effective if applied to the bare flesh - with a form of punishment more suitable to contemporary sensibilities. For example, in some schools [[physical punishment|corporal punishment]] was administered solely by the [[headmaster]], but in many English and Commonwealth private schools authority to punish was also given to other staff and even certain senior students (often called [[prefect]]s). A typical punishment in an English primary school in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century consisted of one or two strokes on the hand. In many secondary schools in England and Wales it was in use, mainly for boys and only infrequent for girls, until the early 1980s, while elsewhere other implements prevailed, such as the Scottish [[tawse]]. In this setting it was more often administered to the clothed buttocks, typically with the student bent over a desk or chair, and usually with a maximum of six "strokes" (known as "six of the best"). Such a caning sometimes left a student with weals and bruises, making it painful to sit down for days after the caning. This kind of school punishment for boys is still quite standard in a number of formerly British territories including Singapore, Malaysia and Zimbabwe. It had also been very common in [[Australia]] (banned in the 80's), [[New Zealand]] (banned 1990) and [[South Africa]] (banned 1997).{{Fact|date=May 2008}} In [[Malaysia]], although the Education Ordinance 1957 specifically outlaws the caning of girls in school <ref>Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia 2003. ''Surat Pekeliling Iktisas Bil 7:2003 - Kuasa Guru Merotan Murid''. Retrieved 4 June 2007. Available online at http://data.ppk.kpm.my/article.cfm?id=110</ref>, the caning of girls, usually on the palm is still rather common, especially in primary schools but also occasionally in secondary schools. <ref>Suzieana Uda Nagu (21 March 2004). Spare the rod? ''New Straits Times''[Online]. Available at http://www.corpun.com/mys00403.htm. [Retrieved 5 June 2007]</ref><ref>V.K.Chin (4 Dec 2007). Caning of schoolgirls is nothing new. ''The Star''[Online] Available at http://thestar.com.my/columnists/story.asp?file=/2007/12/4/columnists/vkchin/19629191&sec=vkchin</ref><ref>Lau Lee Sze (29 Nov 2007). Girls should be caned too but do it right.''The Star''[Online] Available at http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/11/29/focus/19604403&sec=focus</ref> On 28 November 2007, due to perceived increased indiscipline among female students, the National Seminar on Education Regulations (Student Discipline) passed a resolution to allow the caning of female students at school.<ref>Sarah Chew (28 Nov 2007). Education seminar passes resolution to cane female students. ''The Star''[Online]. Available at http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/11/28/nation/19595309&sec=nation </ref> The resolution is currently in its consultation process. The cane was also used more or less frequently on boy inmates at the British reformatories, which were known from 1933 to 1980 as [[Approved School]]s. ===Voluntary use=== Caning is also a more severe but not uncommon [[sadomasochism|sadomasochistic]] practice. In nineteenth century France it was dubbed "The English Vice", as it was believed that the English, in particular, derived sexual pleasure from corporal punishment, probably because of its widespread use in British schools. This term is still in occasional use. 'Night of the Cane', a national celebration of the art of caning is held each year in East London. One of the largest caning clubs for gay men only meet at ClubCP, a famous CP club based in Mile End. ClubCP has been operating for about six years and attracts people from all walks of life. [http://www.clubcp.com ClubCP] ==Cane types and terminology== Canes can be manufactured for disciplinary purpose in different sizes and weights, determining the potential severity of the punishment. The main types are often known by the age groups of intended victims, especially in the domestic context: 'Light' canes (about 8 mm in diameter and 60 cm long, according to some sources) are called '''junior canes''', normally considered sufficient to punish young school children (except sometimes for the gravest offenses), and hence also known as '''school cane'''. However, in America, where the paddle took the place of the cane for discipline, the name junior cane was rather given to a ceremonial walking stick students parade with. These terms are commonly used with reference to canes and caning: * The term '''nursery cane''' is sometimes used for the lightest cane, as it would be used for children under school age * The '''senior cane''' is a heavier type (about 10 mm thick, 75-80 cm long) than the '''junior cane''' and is frequently used for older children (or except for the lightest offenses); maybe synonymous is the '''adult cane'''. * The '''reformatory cane''' was reserved for the worst, '(otherwise) incorrigible' juveniles. About 12 mm thick and 36-48 inch long, it was often reserved for older inmates and was used in severe cases; a similar term is '''Borstal cane''' (after the [[Borstal]], a Commonwealth type of reformatory). * The '''Singapore cane''', used in Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei for the judicial and prison punishment of adult criminals, is 13-15 mm in diameter and 1.2 m long, and can cause deep wounds and permanent scars. * The '''lathi''' designates the circa 1.2 meter long and about 2.5 cm thick bamboo cane, used by Indian police for (unofficial, even illegal) prison discipline. The different varieties of rattan used are sometimes preferred because of their intrinsic severity. Of these, the common ''kooboo'' is considered lighter (if the same size) than the denser '''Dragon Canes'''; other common types bear geographical names such as [[Malacca]] (a peninsular Malaysian state) and [[Palembang]] (a city on Sumatra, Indonesia). For misbehaving children in Asia, most parents rather use available objects such as a wooden [[rulering|ruler]] or the handle end of a [[feather duster]], which is usually made of narrow bamboo-like material, metal rods and [[coat hanger]]s, which can often cause severe bruising to the buttocks. {{Dubious|date=March 2008}} In some spheres the cane, which is typically used by a certain disciplinarian, is commonly called after him. Thus in the [[Royal Navy]] the ''bosun's cane'' was frequently used on the backsides of boys without ceremony (as opposed to publicly 'kissing the [[gunner's daughter]]', a formal bare bottom flogging on deck ordered by the captain or a [[court martial]], usually involving birch or [[cat o' nine tails]]) on the spot or in the gun room, for daily offenses (at least one mid 19th-century captain had every single junior boy given six cane strokes every morning on various pretexts! {{Fact|date=May 2007}}) considered too insignificant to require written formalities or orders from an officer (who certainly could and routinely also did order the cane, actually wielding it was considered unsuitable for a gentleman), but more severe than the [[bimmy]]. The cane in the hands of a corporal (especially of the Marines on board many fighting ships, often ordered to carry out formal punishment of crew members as well) was called ''stonnacky''. In an attempt to standardize the canes (but the effective wielding is impossible to capture in written rules) the [[Admiralty]] had specimens according to all prevailing prescriptions, called ''patterned cane'' (and birch), kept in every major dockyard. In ancient [[China]], suspects or criminals were often caned, as punishment or interrogation, with large sticks or planks the size of an oar suited for today's small sailing boats. The victim usually bleeds from the wound at the buttocks, can get infections if not treated instantly and generally must spend days in bed. *Other, even lighter types of cane (e.g. as used for plant care) can also be used for physical discipline, especially in fetishist and [[BDSM]] circles; in fact the term caning is also used, sometimes even in stead of an existing specific term, for corporal punishment with an else-named but similar device, such as a [[pointer (rod)|pointing stick]] or [[ruler]], especially if made of wood. *While the rattan never caught on in North America, the rather equivalent '''hickory stick''' (made from the native [[hickory]] tree) has also been a frequent, feared implement for school discipline, but like the freshly cut, flexible [[switch (rod)|switch]] and other alternatives it gave way in the US almost exclusively (that is where corporal punishment persists or reemerges) to [[paddle (spanking)|paddling]] with a flat wooden implement, while in Canada the [[strap]] was most used for severe physical discipline except in some private schools where even coils of electrical wiring or the broken handles of ice hockey sticks were sometimes used to beat students. ==Effects== Caning with a heavy judicial rattan of the Singapore/Malaysia kind can leave scars for years, especially where a large number of strokes are inflicted. However, this should not be confused with an ordinary caning with a typical light rattan (as formerly in English schools), which, although the recipient would find extremely painful at the time, would not leave with such long-lasting physical scars. ==Famous men who have referred to getting the cane when they were younger== [[Shane Warne]], in television interview with [[Michael Parkinson]].<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qlA4JGKnQsM</ref>. [[Kevin Pietersen]], in his autobiography entitled "Crossing the Boundary". [[Howard Donald]], in Take That's first annual. [[Peter Andre]], in his autobiography. [[Roald Dahl]], devoted a whole chapter to this experience in his autobiography [[Boy (book)|Boy]]. ==See also== *[[Spanking]] *[[Birching]] *[[Caning in Malaysia]] *[[Caning in Singapore]] *[[Flagellation]] *[[Paddle (spanking)]] ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== *{{cite book |author=Gibson, Ian |title=The English vice: beating, sex, and shame in Victorian England and after |publisher=Duckworth |location=[[London]] |year=1978 |pages= |isbn=0-7156-1264-6 |oclc= |doi=}} *{{cite book |author=[[Janet Hardy|Hardy, Janet]] |title=The Toybag Guide to Canes and Caning (Toybag Guide) |publisher=Greenery Press (CA) |location= |year= |pages= |isbn=1-890159-56-5 |oclc= |doi=}} ==External links== *[http://www.corpun.com/ CorporalPunishmentResearch, a vast repository of material concerning corporal punishments] *[http://www.clubcp.com ClubCP] Large CP club based in London for men only. *[http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=5ab_1172940415 Video of Judicial caning in Malaysia] on [[Liveleak]] (warning - graphic violence) *[http://www.sadoteca.com Caning and BDSM] BDSM Pictures *[http://spankingflash.com.ar Spanking Flash] BDSM and Spanking Games {{BDSM}} [[Category:BDSM]] [[Category:Corporal punishments]] [[Category:School punishments]] [[ko:매질 (체벌)]] [[id:Hukuman pukulan rotan]] [[ms:Hukuman merotan di Malaysia]] [[ja:笞罪]] [[zh:鞭笞]]