Canoeing
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224847208
2008-07-10T18:04:25Z
MrOllie
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[[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 224846255 by [[Special:Contributions/Elmridge|Elmridge]] ([[User talk:Elmridge|talk]])
[[Image:Muskoka canoe.jpg|thumb|right|A family in a canoe]]
[[Image:Whitewater kayaking Isere.jpg|thumb|right|Whitewater kayak]]
'''Canoeing''' is the activity of [[Watercraft paddling|paddling]] a [[canoe]] for the purpose of recreation (also called a float trip), [[sport]], or [[Human-powered transport|transportation]]. It usually refers exclusively to using a [[paddle]] to propel a canoe with only human muscle power. A [[kayak]] is propelled using a [[paddle]] with two blades where the paddler sits with their legs mostly extended in front of them, whereas [[canoe]]s are propelled using single- or double-bladed paddles where the paddler - a "canoeist" or "canoer"- is kneeling or sitting on seat or thwart, with their knees bent and their legs more or less beneath them. Kayaks are usually closed-decked boats with a spraydeck, while canoes are usually open boats. There are also open kayaks and closed canoes. Technically, a kayak can be seen as a special kind of canoe. When exactly a canoe can be called a kayak is difficult to determine though, and often arbitrary. Internationally, the term ''canoeing'' is used as a generic term for both forms though the terms "paddle sports" or "canoe/kayak" are also used. In North America, however, 'canoeing' usually refers only to canoes, as opposed to both canoes and kayaks. Paddling a [[kayak]] is also referred to as [[kayaking]].
Open canoes may be 'poled' (punted), sailed, 'lined and tracked' (using ropes) or even 'gunnel-bobbed'.
In modern canoe sport, both canoes and kayaks may be closed-decked. Other than by the minimum competition specifications (typically length and width (beam) and seating arrangement it is difficult to differentiate most competition canoes from the equivalent competition kayaks. The most common difference is that competition kayaks are always seated and paddled with a double-bladed paddle, and competition canoes are generally kneeled and paddled with a single-bladed paddle. Exceptions include Canoe Marathon (in both European and American competitive forms) and sprint (high kneeling position). The most traditional and early canoes did not have seats, the paddlers merely kneeled on the bottom of the boat. Recreational canoes and kayaks employ seats and whitewater rodeo and surf variants increasingly employ the use of 'saddles' to give greater boat control under extreme conditions.
==History==
[[Image:Canoeing.JPG|thumb|]]
Canoes were developed over the course of thousands of years primarily by the [[native people]] of [[North America]]. The actual word we know today as "canoe" originated from the word ''Kenu'' meaning "[[dugout (boat)|dugout]]." Other story is that the word canoe comes from the word canoa, which is said to originally come from the native people (the Arawaks?) in the Caribbean via Columbus to Europe. (But there are also comments that canoa was already an existing word then in the Portuguese language for a feeding trough...). These dugout canoes, essentially large tree trunks that were shaped and hollowed, were used by the [[Carib]]s to travel between islands.
Canoeing began to meet the simple needs of transportation across and along waterways. Canoeing was the primary mode of long-distance [[transportation]] at one time throughout much of [[North America]], the [[Amazon Basin]], and [[Polynesia]], among other locations. As a method of transportation, canoes have generally been replaced by motorized [[boat]]s, [[fixed-wing aircraft|airplane]]s, [[railroad]]s and [[road]]s with increasing [[industrialisation]], although they remain popular as recreational or sporting watercraft.
== Sport ==
The [[International Canoe Federation]] is the world wide canoeing organisation and creates the standard rules for the different disciplines of canoe/kayak competition. The ICF recognises several competitive and non-competitive disciplines of canoeing, of which Sprint and Slalom are the only two competing in the Olympic games. The [[United States Canoe Association]] is widely considered the American authority in sport and recreational canoeing, and recognizes many ICF classes. Other national competition rules are usually based on the rules of the ICF.
[[Image:Boy c k4 leitch, jordan, husseym bartoli.JPG |thumb|Flat-water K4 racing]]
*'''[[Canoe racing|Sprint]]''' - the oldest discipline of ICF canoeing, sometimes referred to as "Flatwater Racing". It involves:
**[[kayak]]
*** K1 - single seat kayak
*** K2 - double seated kayak
*** K4 - 4 seated kayak
** [[canoe]]
*** C1 - single kneeling canoe
*** C2 - double kneeling canoe
*** C4 - 4 person kneeling canoe
Flatwater races are over [[Canoeing 200m|200m]], [[Canoeing 500m|500m]], [[Canoeing 1000m|1000m]], and "long distance racing" such as 2 km or 6 km.
*'''[[Slalom canoeing|Slalom]]''' - Competitors are timed in completing a descent down the [[rapids]] of a [[whitewater]] course, in the process steering their canoes or kayaks through "gates" (a pair of suspended poles about 1 m apart), including going up against the flow, across the flow, and surfing the standing waves of the rapids. Again, there are both kayak and canoe classes:
** [[kayak]]
*** K1 - single kayak
** [[canoe]]
*** C1 - solo canoe
*** C2 - tandem canoe
*'''[[Canoe racing|Marathon]]''' - Longer distance races over mostly flatwater courses, possibly including one or more [[portage]]s. Course lengths typically vary from about 2 miles to the epic 125 mile [[Devizes to Westminster International Canoe Marathon]] on the Thames, and the 260 mile "World's Toughest Boat Race", the [[Texas Water Safari]]. USCA rules specify that a Marathon course may not have rapids over class II on the [[International Scale of River Difficulty]] whereas, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, courses may be of any difficulty and with any hazards including weirs, like those found in the Liffey Descent[http://www.liffeydescent.com]. The most extreme courses can be found in South Africa, and grade V sections are not unusual in for example, the Fish River Marathon [http://www.fishmarathon.org.za/].
*'''[[Canoe polo]]''' - A fast-action competitive goal-scoring ball game on water, between two teams of 5 players.
*'''[[Whitewater racing]]''' (also known as '''Wild Water Racing''') - Competitors race specialised canoes or kayaks down a [[whitewater]] river (typically class II to IV whitewater is used).
*'''[[Canoe sailing]]''' - Racing a canoe using sail power. There a number of disciplines.
=== Unclassified Styles ===
*'''[[Dragon boat]]''' - Since the 1970s racing of the traditional Chinese Dragon Boats has been organized. In general there are about 18-20 paddlers per boat, plus a drummer and a helmsman. In some types of dragon boat races, an additional flag catcher is part of the crew; the flag catcher must grab a flag at the finish line for the boat to be counted as finished. The '''[[International Dragon Boat Federation]]''' (IDBF) is the international governing body for Dragon Boats, discussions with the ICF about co-operation are taking place.
*'''[[Playboating]]''' (or '''Rodeo''') - a form of canoeing or kayaking where the competitor performs tricks and stunts in standing waves such as front and back surfing, flatspins, cartwheels, and blunts, and receives points for the variety of moves performed within a fixed time. Points are also awarded for style.
*'''[[Extreme racing]]''' - a form of canoeing competition involving racing down dangerous whitewater rivers (often with many grade V rapids and typically requiring excellent river running skills).
*'''[[Outrigger canoeing]]''' - racing of traditional Pacific Ocean outrigger canoes. Very popular in Hawaii (it's the state sport), Tahiti, and other Pacific nations including Australia and New Zealand; well established in western North America and the eastern US, also catching on in Asia and Europe. International ruling body is the '''[[International Vaʻa Federation]]''' (IVF). Outrigger canoes are traditionally referred to as waʻa, vaʻa, or waka ama (waʻa, vaʻa, and waka are words meaning canoe in various Polynesian languages; ama refers to the outrigger float). Standard racing canoes carry six paddlers; one and two person canoes are also widely raced. Races include both short distance sprint races and long distance races.
*'''[[Surf ski]]ing''' - The canoeing equivalent of surfing, but in a specialised surf kayak. Points are scored for the variety and quality of moves performed on a wave. Also whitewater kayakers and playboaters often surf non-competitively. Races for the fastest time in open water with waves are also done.
== Recreational ==
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:Stuasdf.jpg|thumb|White Water Canoeing on the Salmon River, in Idaho, USA]] -->
[[Image:Kayak_Sailing_1.jpg|right|thumb|Sailing a Kayak on the Columbia River - Columbia Gorge, Oregon]]
Other recreational aspects of canoeing are not strictly defined, and distinctions are rather artificial and growing increasingly blurred as new hybrid canoes, kayaks, and similar craft are developed. Some of these forms may be nominally organised at national levels, but are largely individual, group, or club activities. For many groups there is no emphasis on training, the goal is simply to use boats to have fun on the water.
*'''[[Small-craft Sailing]]''' - Developed by kayak enthusiasts, small-craft sails enhance the paddling experience for canoeists too. Small-craft sails such as the [[WindPaddle]] either augment the effort of paddling or effectively eliminate the need for paddling. They are great for touring, and have established a strong following with recreational canoeists, sea kayakers, expedition paddlers and adventure racers.
*'''[[Whitewater kayaking|Whitewater]]''' - paddling down whitewater rivers for fun, recreation, or getting away from it all. Can vary from short local trips on easy grade rivers, to extreme expeditions on raging torrents in remote locations for many days carrying all equipment. Whitewater Kayaking is probably the most popular form of canoeing (as the word is used in Europe).
*'''[[Sea kayak]]''' - recreational (touring) kayaking on the sea. Includes everything from short day trips to year-long expeditions, may include paddling on heavy seas, in surf, or in tidal currents, and usually requires navigational skills.
*'''[[Playboating]]''' - surfing and performing tricks on one feature on a river.
*'''[[Canoe camping]]''', Touring, Tripping, or Cruising - combines canoeing/kayaking with [[camping]].
[[Image:Wooden_canoe_sharbot_lake_ontario.jpg|thumb|Bird on a Canoe - [[Sharbot Lake]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]]]
== Other Forms ==
In some countries, these forms of paddling may come under the national canoeing organisations, but they are not universally accepted as canoeing, even though they involve propelling a small craft with a paddle.
*'''[[Wave skiing]]''' - paddling a small, maneuverable craft (surf ski) a little like a bigger surfboard, amongst the breaking waves of the sea or ocean, variously sliding down the face of the wave or performing tricks on the face of a breaking wave. Close affinity to surfing. The paddler sits on top of the ski and can be strapped in. Competition is based on points for tricks and style.
*'''[[Surf ski]]''' - paddling a long (about 22'), slim racing craft on the sea. Able to handle going in and out of breaking waves, but not for maneuvering on breaking waves. The paddler sits in a bucket style seat and uses a kayak like paddle. Most common races are long distance in the open ocean where they can catch swells and get the feeling of skiing the ocean.
*'''[[Rafting]]''' - one or a group of people paddle a small or large inflatable raft down a wild water river. Has much in common with White Water Touring.
==See also==
*[[International Canoe Federation]]
*[[American Canoe Association]]
*[[Canadian Canoe Association]]
*[[British Canoe Union]] (England)
*[[Scottish Canoe Association]]
*[[Welsh Canoe Association]]
*[[Hazards of outdoor activities]]
*[[Kayaking]]
*[[Paddling]]
*[[Canoe]]
*[[Song of the paddle]]
==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
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[[Category:Survival skills]]
[[Category:Racing sports]]
[[Category:Olympic sports]]
[[Category:Individual sports]]
[[Category:Canoeing|*]]
[[Category:Canoers|*]]
[[ca:Piragüisme]]
[[cs:Kanoistika]]
[[da:Kano og kajak]]
[[de:Kanusport]]
[[es:Piragüismo]]
[[eo:Kanuado]]
[[fr:Canoë-kayak]]
[[id:Dayung]]
[[it:Canoa/Kayak]]
[[ms:Mendayung]]
[[nl:Kanovaren]]
[[ja:カヌー]]
[[pl:Kajakarstwo]]
[[pt:Canoagem]]
[[sk:Kanoistika]]
[[sl:Kajak in kanu (šport)]]
[[fi:Melonta]]
[[sv:Kanotsport]]
[[zh:皮划艇]]