Canterbury
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2008-07-11T01:55:39Z
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robot Modifying: [[es:Canterbury]]
{{two other uses||the local authority district|City of Canterbury}}
{{infobox UK place
|static_image = [[Image:Westgate Gardens 5.JPG|240px]]
|static_image_caption=<small>The city lies on the [[River Great Stour|Great Stour]] river</small>
|country = England
|official_name= Canterbury
|latitude= 51.275
|longitude= 1.087
|population = 43,432 (2001)
|shire_district= [[City of Canterbury]]
|shire_county = [[Kent]]
|region= South East England
|constituency_westminster= [[Canterbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Canterbury]]
|post_town= CANTERBURY
|postcode_district= CT1, CT2, CT3, CT4
|postcode_area=CT
|dial_code=01227
|os_grid_reference=TR145575
|london_distance= 62.8 miles
}}
'''Canterbury''' ({{Audio|En-uk-Canterbury.ogg|pronunciation}}; {{IPAEng|ˈkæntəbɹ̩i}}) is a [[city]] in eastern [[Kent]] in the [[South East England|South East]] region of [[England]]. It lies on the [[River Stour]], and along with the towns of [[Whitstable]] and [[Herne Bay]] is in the [[Districts of England|local government district]] of the [[City of Canterbury]].
Originally a Celtic settlement, it was renamed ''Durovernum Cantiacorum'' by the Roman conquerors in the [[1st century|first century AD]]. After the [[Kingdom of Kent]]'s [[conversion to Christianity]] in 597, [[St Augustine of Canterbury|St Augustine]] founded an [[episcopal see]] in the city and became the first [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], a position that now heads the [[Church of England]] and the worldwide [[Anglican Communion]]. [[Thomas Becket]]'s murder at [[Canterbury Cathedral]] in 1170 led to the cathedral becoming a place of pilgrimage for Christians worldwide. This pilgrimage provided the theme for [[Geoffery Chaucer]]'s 14th-century literary classic the ''[[Canterbury Tales]]''. The literary heritage continued with the birth of the playwright [[Christopher Marlowe]] in the city in the 16th century.
Many historical structures remain in the city, including a [[Defensive wall|city wall]] founded in [[List of Ancient Rome-related topics|Roman times]] and rebuilt in the 14th century, the ruins of [[St Augustine's Abbey]] and a Norman [[Canterbury Castle|castle]], and perhaps the oldest school in England, [[The King's School, Canterbury|The King's School]]. Modern additions include the [[University of Kent]], [[Canterbury Christ Church University]], the [[Marlowe Theatre]], and the [[St Lawrence Ground]], home to [[Kent County Cricket Club]].
==History==
:''[[History of Canterbury]] redirects here. For the history of the regional area of this name in New Zealand, see [[History of Canterbury, New Zealand]].''
===Early history===
[[Image:Canterbury Big Dig 2.JPG|thumb|right|The "Big Dig".]]
The Canterbury area has been inhabited since [[prehistoric]] times. [[Lower Paleolithic]] axes, and [[Neolithic]] and [[Bronze Age]] pots have been found in the area.<ref>Lyle p. 16.</ref> Canterbury was first recorded as the main settlement of the [[Celts|Celtic]] tribe, the [[Cantiaci]], which inhabited most of Kent. In the first century AD, the [[Romans]] captured the settlement, and named it [[Durovernum Cantiacorum]], meaning "stronghold of the Cantiaci by the alder grove".<ref>Lyle p. 29.</ref> The Romans rebuilt the town, with new streets in a grid pattern, a theatre, a temple, a forum and [[Public bathing|public baths]]. In the late [[3rd century|third century]], to defend against attack from [[barbarian]]s, the Romans built around the town an earth bank and a wall with seven gates, which enclosed an area of {{convert|130|acre|ha|0}}.<ref>Lyle p. 43–44.</ref>
After the [[Roman departure from Britain|Romans left Britain]] in 410 AD, Durovernum Cantiacorum was abandoned, apart from a few farmers, and gradually decayed.<ref>Lyle p. 42.</ref> Over the next 100 years, a [[Saxon]] community formed within the city walls, as [[Jutish]] refugees arrived and intermarried with the locals.<ref>Lyle p. 42, 47.</ref> The Saxons named the town ''Cantwaraburh'', meaning "Kent people's stronghold".<ref name="c4">{{cite web | title = Canterbury Timeline| publisher = Channel 4| url = http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/T/timeteam/archive/timeteamlive/timeline.html| date = | accessdate = 2008-05-28}}</ref> In 597 AD, [[Pope Gregory the Great]] sent [[Augustine of Canterbury|Augustine]] to convert King [[Æthelberht of Kent]] to Christianity. After the conversion, Canterbury, as a Roman town, was chosen by Augustine as the centre for an [[episcopal see]] in Kent, and an abbey and cathedral were built. Augustine thus became the first [[Archbishop of Canterbury]].<ref>Lyle p. 47–48.</ref> The town's new importance led to its revival, and trades developed in pottery, textiles and leather. By 630, [[gold coin]]s were being struck at the Canterbury mint.<ref>Lyle p. 48–50.</ref> In 672 the [[Synod of Hertford]] gave the see of Canterbury authority over the entire English Church.<ref name="c4"/>
In 842 and 851, Canterbury suffered great loss of life during Danish raids. In 978, Archbishop [[Dunstan]] refounded the abbey built by Augustine, and named it [[St Augustine's Abbey]].<ref>Lyle p. 53.</ref> A [[Second Wave|second wave]] of Danish attacks began in 991, and in 1011 the cathedral was burnt and Archbishop [[Alphege]] was killed. Remembering the destruction caused by the Danes, the inhabitants of Canterbury did not resist [[William the Conqueror]]'s invasion in 1066.<ref name="c4"/> William immediately ordered a wooden [[motte-and-bailey]] castle to be built by the Roman city wall. In the early [[12th century]], the [[Canterbury Castle|castle]] was rebuilt with stone.<ref>Lyle p. 64, 66.</ref>
After the murder of Archbishop [[Thomas à Becket]] at the cathedral in 1170, Canterbury became one of the most notable towns in Europe, as pilgrims from all parts of Christendom came to visit his shrine.<ref name="Gazetteer">{{cite web | title =
Descriptive Gazetteer entry for Canterbury | publisher = Vision of Britain| url =http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/entry_page.jsp?text_id=842560&word=NULL | accessdate = 2008-05-28}}</ref> This pilgrimage provided the framework for [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s 14th-century collection of stories, ''The Canterbury Tales''.
===14th–17th centuries===
[[Image:huguenot canterbury.jpg|right|thumb|[[Huguenot]] weavers' houses near the High Street]]
The [[Black Death]] hit Canterbury in 1348. At 10,000, Canterbury had the 10th largest population in England; by the early [[16th century]], the population had fallen to 3,000. In 1363, during the [[Hundred Years' War]], a Commission of Inquiry found that disrepair, stone-robbing and ditch-filling had led to the Roman wall becoming eroded. Between 1378 and 1402, the wall was virtually rebuilt, and new wall towers were added.<ref>Lyle, pp. 86–87.</ref> In 1381, during the [[Peasants' Revolt]], the castle and Archbishop's Palace were sacked, and Archbishop [[Simon Sudbury|Sudbury]] was beheaded in London. Sudbury is still remembered annually by the Christmas mayoral procession to his tomb at Canterbury Cathedral. In 1413 [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]] became the first and only sovereign to be buried at the cathedral. In 1448 Canterbury was granted a [[City Charter]], which gave it a mayor and a [[high sheriff]]; the city still has a [[Lord Mayor]] and Sheriff.<ref>Lyle, p. 91.</ref> In 1504 the cathedral's [[Maintower|main tower]], the Bell Harry Tower, was completed, ending 400 years of building.
During the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]], the city's [[priory]], [[nunnery]] and three [[friaries]] were closed. St Augustine's Abbey, the 14th richest in England at the time, was surrendered to the Crown, and its church and [[cloister]] were levelled. Thomas Becket's shrine was demolished and all the gold, silver and jewels were removed to [[Tower of London|the Tower of London]], and Becket's images, name and feasts were obliterated throughout the kingdom, ending the pilgrimages. The rest of the abbey was dismantled over the next 15 years, although part of the site was converted to a palace.<ref>Lyle, pp. 97–100.</ref>
By the 17th century, Canterbury's population was 5,000; of whom, 2,000 were [[French language|French-speaking]] Protestant [[Huguenots]], who had begun fleeing persecution and war in the [[Spanish Netherlands]] in the mid-16th century. The Huguenots introduced silk weaving into the city, which by 1676 had outstripped wool weaving.<ref>Lyle, p. 107.</ref>
In 1647, during the [[English Civil War]], riots broke out when Canterbury's puritan mayor banned [[church service]]s on [[Christmas|Christmas Day]]. The rioters' trial the following year led to a Kent revolt against the Parliamentarian forces, contributing to the start of the [[Second English Civil War|second phase]] of the war. However, Canterbury surrendered peacefully to the Parliamentarians after their victory at the [[Battle of Maidstone]].<ref>Lyle, p. 109.</ref>
===18th century–present===
[[Image:Canterbury - Turm der St. George's Church, in der Marlowe getauft wurde.jpg|thumb|right|The tower of St George's church, where Marlowe was baptised, is all that survived of the church after the [[Baedecker Blitz]]]]
By 1770 the castle had come into disrepair, and many parts of the castle were demolished during the late 18th century and early 19th century.<ref name="castle">{{cite web | author = Tatton-Brown, Tim | title = Canterbury Castle| publisher = Canterbury Archaeological Trust | url =http://www.canterburytrust.co.uk/schools/keysites/castle.htm | accessdate =2008-05-30 }}</ref> In 1787 all the gates in the city wall, except for Westgate the city jail, were demolished as a result of a commission that found them impeding to new coach travel.<ref>Lyle, p. 110.</ref> By 1820 the city's silk industry had been killed by imported Indian [[muslin]]s.<ref>Lyle, p. 107.</ref> The [[Canterbury and Whitstable Railway]], the world's first passenger railway, was opened in 1830.<ref name=Butler11>Butler, p. 11.</ref> Between 1830 and 1900, the city's population grew from 15,000 to 24,000.<ref name=Butler11/>
During the [[First World War]], a number of barracks and voluntary hospitals were set up around the city, and in 1917 a German bomber crash-landed near Broad Oak Road.<ref>Butler, p. 13.</ref> During the [[Second World War]], 10,445 bombs dropped during 135 separate raids destroyed 731 homes and 296 other buildings in the city, including the [[Simon Langton Grammar School]]s, and 115 people were killed.<ref>Lyle, p. 127.</ref> The most devastating raid was on [[1 June]] [[1942]] during the [[Baedecker Blitz]].<ref>Butler, p. 13.</ref>
Before the end of the war, architect [[Charles Holden]] drew up plans to redevelop the city centre, but locals were so opposed that the Citizens' Defence Association was formed and swept to power in the 1945 municipal elections. Post-war rebuilding of the city centre eventually began 10 years after the war.<ref name=Butler14>Butler, p. 14.</ref> A ring-road was constructed outside the city walls some time after in stages to alleviate growing traffic problems in the city centre, which was later pedestrianised. The biggest expansion to the city occurred in the 1960s, with the arrival of the [[University of Kent at Canterbury]] and [[Canterbury Christ Church University|Christ Church College]].<ref name=Butler14/>
The 1980s saw visits from [[Pope John Paul II]] and [[Queen Elizabeth II]], and the beginning of the annual [[Canterbury Festival]].<ref name=Butler15>Butler, p. 15.</ref> Between 1999 and 2005, the Whitefriars shopping centre underwent major redevelopment. In 2000, during the redevelopment, a major archaeological project took place, known as the Big Dig, which was supported by [[Channel Four]]'s ''[[Time Team]]''.<ref name=Butler16>Butler, p. 16.</ref>
==Governance==
Since 1987, the [[Member of Parliament]] for the [[Canterbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Canterbury]] constituency, which includes Whitstable, has been the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Julian Brazier]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Julian Brazier - Action and Accomplishment | publisher = JulianBrazier.com| url = http://www.julianbrazier.com/type3.asp?id=96&type=3| accessdate = 2008-05-27 }}</ref> At the [[United Kingdom general election, 2005|2005 general election]], the Conservatives won a majority of 7,471 and 44.4% of the vote in the Canterbury constituency. [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] won 28.7% of the vote, [[Liberal Democrats]] 21.1%, the [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]] 3.2%, [[United Kingdom Independence Party]] 1.9%, and the [[Legalise Cannabis Alliance]] 0.7%.<ref>{{cite web | title = Julian Brazier | publisher = BBC News| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/mpdb/html/122.stm | accessdate = 2008-05-27 }}</ref>
Canterbury, along with Whitstable and Herne Bay, is in the [[City of Canterbury]] [[Districts of England|local government district]]. The city's urban area consists of the six electoral [[Ward (politics)|wards]] of Barton, Harbledown, Northgate, St Stephens, Westgate, and Wincheap. These wards have fifteen of the fifty seats on the [[City of Canterbury|Canterbury]] [[City council|City Council]]. As of May 2008, eleven of those seats were held by the [[Liberal Democrats]], three by the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]] and one was vacant.<ref>{{cite web | title = Members of the Council | publisher = Canterbury City Council | url = http://www2.canterbury.gov.uk/committee/mgMemberIndex.asp?FN=PARTY&VW=LIST&PIC=0 | accessdate = 2008-05-27 }}</ref>
The city became a [[county corporate]] in 1461, and later a [[county borough]] under the [[Local Government Act 1888]]. In 1974 it lost its status as the smallest county borough in England, after the [[Local Government Act 1972]], and came under the control of [[Kent County Council]].
==Geography==
[[Image:River-stour Canterbury.jpg|thumb|The [[River Great Stour|Great Stour River]] in the city centre]]
Canterbury is located at {{coor dms|51|16|30|N|1|05|13|E|city}} (51.275, 1.087) in east Kent, about {{convert|55|mi|km|0}} east-southeast of London. The coastal towns of Herne Bay and Whitstable are {{convert|6|mi|km|0}} to the north, and [[Faversham]] is {{convert|8|mi|km|0}} to the northwest. Nearby villages include [[Rough Common]], [[Sturry]] and [[Tyler Hill]]. The civil parish of [[Thanington Without]] is to the southwest; the rest of the city is unparished. [[Harbledown]], [[Wincheap]] and Hales Place are suburbs of the city.
The city is on the [[River Stour]] or [[Great Stour]], flowing from its source at [[Lenham]] north-east through [[Ashford, Kent|Ashford]] to the [[English Channel]] at [[Sandwich, Kent|Sandwich]]. The river divides south east of the city, one branch flowing though the city, the other around the position of the former walls. The two branches rejoin or are linked several times, but finally recombine around the town of [[Fordwich]], on the edge of the marshland north east of the city. The Stour is navigable on the tidal section to Fordwich, although above this point canoes and other small craft can be used. Punts are available for hire in Canterbury.
The [[geology]] of the area consists mainly of [[brickearth]] overlying chalk. [[Tertiary]] sands overlain by [[London clay]] form St. Thomas's Hill and St. Stephen's Hill about a mile northwest of the city centre.<ref>Lyle, p. 15.</ref>
==Demography==
{| class="wikitable" id="toc" style="float: centre; margin-left: 2em; width: 40%; font-size: 90%;" cellspacing="3"
!colspan="4"|'''Canterbury compared'''
|-
|'''2001 UK Census'''||'''Canterbury city'''||'''Canterbury district'''||'''England'''
|-
|Total population||43,432||135,278||49,138,831
|-
|Foreign born||11.6%||5.1%||9.2%
|-
|White||95%||97%||91%
|-
|Asian||1.8%||1.6%||4.6%
|-
|Black||0.7%||0.5%||2.3%
|-
|Christian||68%||73%||72%
|-
|Muslim||1.1%||0.6%||3.1%
|-
|Hindu||0.8%||0.4%||1.1%
|-
|No religion||20%||17%||15%
|-
|Unemployed||3.0%||2.7%||3.3%
|}
{{clr}}
As of the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 UK census]],<ref name="Statistics Barton (Ward)">{{cite web | title = Barton (Ward) | publisher = Statistics.gov.uk | url = http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadDomainList.do?a=3&c=Barton&d=14&i=1001x1002&m=0&r=1&s=1211928639406&enc=1&areaId=5945407&OAAreaId=457094 | accessdate = 2008-05-27 }}</ref><ref name="Statistics Harbledown (Ward)">{{cite web | title =Harbledown (Ward) | publisher = Statistics.gov.uk | url = http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadAreaSearch.do?a=3&r=1&i=1001&m=0&s=1211928705328&enc=1&areaSearchText=Harbledown&areaSearchType=14&extendedList=false&searchAreas=Search | accessdate = 2008-05-27 }}</ref><ref name="Statistics Northgate (Ward)">{{cite web | title = Northgate (Ward) | publisher = Statistics.gov.uk | url = http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadDomainList.do?a=3&c=Northgate&d=14&i=1001x1002&m=0&r=1&s=1211928715562&enc=1&areaId=5945394&OAAreaId=457324 | accessdate = 2008-05-27 }}</ref><ref name="Statistics St Stephens (Ward)">{{cite web | title = St Stephens (Ward) | publisher = Statistics.gov.uk | url = http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadDomainList.do?a=3&c=St+Stephens&d=14&i=1001x1002&m=0&r=1&s=1211928726968&enc=1&areaId=5945392&OAAreaId=457370 | accessdate = 2008-05-27 }}</ref><ref name="Statistics Westgate (Ward)">{{cite web | title = Westgate (Ward) | publisher = Statistics.gov.uk | url = http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadDomainList.do?a=3&c=Westgate&d=14&i=1001x1002&m=0&r=1&s=1211928736203&enc=1&areaId=5945386&OAAreaId=457480 | accessdate = 2008-05-27 }}</ref><ref name="Statistics Wincheap (Ward)">{{cite web | title = Wincheap (Ward) | publisher = Statistics.gov.uk | url =http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadAreaSearch.do?a=3&i=1001&m=0&s=1211928689359&enc=1&areaSearchText=Wincheap&areaSearchType=14&extendedList=false&searchAreas=Search | accessdate = 2008-05-27 }}</ref> the total population of the city's urban area wards was 43,432.
Residents of the city had an average age of 37.1 years, younger than the 40.2% average throughout the district and the 38.6 average for England. Of the 17,536 households, 35% were one-person households, 39% were couples, 10% were lone parents, and 15% other. Of those aged 16–74 in the city, 27% had a [[higher education]] qualification, higher than the 20% national average.
Compared with the rest of England, the city had an above-average proportion of foreign-born residents, at around 12%. Ninety-five percent of residents were recorded as white; the largest [[minority group]] was recorded as Asian, at 1.8% of the population. Religion was recorded as 68.2% Christian, 1.1% Muslim, 0.5% Buddhist, 0.8% Hindu, 0.2% Jewish, and 0.1% Sikh. The rest either had no religion, an alternative religion, or did not state their religion.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;width:70%;border:0px;text-align:center;line-height:120%;"
! colspan="19" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|[[Population growth]] in Canterbury since 1901
|-
! style="background: #99CCCC; color: #000080" height="17" | Year
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1901
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1911
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1921
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1931
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1939
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1951
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1961
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1971
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 2001
|- Align="center"
! style="background: #99CCCC; color: #000080" height="17" | Population
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 24,899
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 24,626
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 23,737
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 24,446
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 26,999
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 27,795
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 30,415
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 33,155
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 43,432
|-
| colspan="19" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|<small>'''Source: '''[http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TPop&u_id=10025722&c_id=10001043&add=N A Vision of Britain through Time]</small>
|}
==Economy==
Canterbury district retains approximately 4,761 businesses, up to 60,000 full- and [[Part time|part-time]] employees and worth £1.3 billion in 2001.<ref name="ecomonic stats">[http://www.culture.gov.uk/CAP/proposals/Canterbury.pdf Proposals to the Casino Advisory Panel] Culture.gov.uk. Retrieved on [[May 25]], [[2008]])</ref> This makes the district the second largest economy in Kent.<ref name="ecomonic stats" /> [[Unemployment]] in the city has dropped significantly since 2001 owing to the opening of the Whitefriars shopping complex which introduced thousands of job opportunities.<ref name="canterburyunemplyment">[http://www.kent.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/FD4125CF-EBAC-41FB-B87D-7FFF4FC54774/0/ep07canterbury.pdf Economic Profile 2007 - Canterbury] Kent County Council. Retrieved on [[May 25]], [[2008]])</ref> In April 2008, the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], Dr [[Rowan Williams]], controversially demanded that [[salary caps]] should be implemented to curb the pay of the rich in an attempt to manage to growth of the economy.<ref name="economy_archbishop">[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-561924/Archbishop-Canterbury-demands-salary-cap-super-rich-scathing-attack-Britains-spiralling-debt-economy.html Archbishop of Canterbury demands salary cap for super-rich in scathing attack on Britain's 'spiralling debt economy']. ''The Daily Mail''. Retrieved on [[May 25]], [[2008]])</ref> The city's economy benefits mainly from significant economic projects such as the Canterbury Enterprise Hub, Lakesview International Business Park and the Whitefriars retail development.<ref name="ecomonic stats" /> Tourism contributes £258M to the Canterbury economy and has been a "cornerstone of the local economy" for a number of years; [[Canterbury Cathedral]] alone generates over one million visitors a year.<ref name="ecomonic stats" />
==Culture==
===Landmarks===
[[Canterbury Cathedral]] is the Mother Church of the [[Anglican Communion]] and seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury. Founded in 597 AD by [[St. Augustine]], it forms a [[World Heritage Site]], along with the Saxon [[St Martin's Church, Canterbury|St. Martin's Church]] and the ruins of [[St Augustine's Abbey]]. With one million visitors per year, it is one of the most visited places in the country. Services are held at the Cathedral three or more times a day.<ref>{{cite web | title = Canterbury Cathedral| publisher =Canterbury Cathedral | url =http://www.canterbury-cathedral.org/index.aspx | accessdate = 2008-05-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Crumbling cathedral 'needs £50m'| publisher =BBC News| url =http://www.canterbury-cathedral.org/index.aspx | date =2006-10-03| accessdate = 2008-05-30}}</ref>
Surviving structures from the Roman times include Queningate, a blocked gate in the city wall, and the Dane John Mound, once part of a Roman cemetery.<ref>Lyle, p. 142.</ref> The Dane John Gardens were built beside the mound in the 18th century, and a memorial was placed on the mound's summit.<ref>Tellem, p. 37</ref> A [[Mills in Canterbury|windmill]] was on the mound between 1731 and 1839.
The ruins of the Norman [[Canterbury Castle]] and St Augustine's Abbey are both open to the public. The medieval St Margaret's Church now houses the "The Canterbury Tales", in which life-sized character models reconstruct Geoffrey Chaucer's stories. The Westgate is now a museum relating to its history as a jail, and the medieval church of St Alphege is now the Canterbury Environment Centre. The [[Old Synagogue at Canterbury]], now the King's School Music Room, is one of only two [[Egyptian Revival]] synagogues still standing. The city centre contains many timber-framed 16th- and 17th -century houses, including the "Old Weaver's House" used by the Hugenots.<ref>Lyle, p. 142–147</ref> [[St Martin's Mill, Canterbury|St Martin's Mill]] is the only surviving mill out of the six known to have stood in Canterbury. It was built in 1817 and worked until 1890; it is now a house conversion.<ref name=Finch>{{cite book | first = William| last = Coles Finch| year = 1933| title = Watermills and Windmills| pages = p177-78| publisher = C W Daniel Company| location = London}}</ref>
===Theatres===
[[Image:marlowe theatre1.jpg|thumb|right|Marlowe Theatre, Canterbury]]
The town's theatre and concert hall is the [[Marlowe Theatre]] named after [[Christopher Marlowe]] who was born in the city in [[Elizabethan]] times. He was baptised in the city's St George's Church, which was destroyed during the Second World War.<ref>Tellem, p. 38</ref> The old Marlowe Theatre was located in St Margaret's Street and housed a repertory theatre. Another theatre – the Gulbenkian – also serves the city and can be found at the University of Kent.<ref name="gulbenkian">[http://www.kent.ac.uk/gulbenkian Welcome To The Gulbenkian Theatre]. Retrieved on [[May 25]], [[2008]].</ref> Theatrical performances take place at several areas of the city, for instance the Cathedral and St Augustine's Abbey. The premiere of ''[[Murder in the Cathedral]]'' by [[T. S. Eliot]] took place at Canterbury Cathedral.<ref name="marlowe">[http://www.marlowetheatre.com/home.asp The Marlowe Theatre, Canterbury]. Marlowe Theatre. Retrieved on [[May 25]], [[2008]])</ref> The oldest surviving Tudor theatre in Canterbury is now Casey's Bar, formerly known as The Shakespeare Pub. There are several theatre groups based in Canterbury, including the [[University of Kent Students' Union]]'s [[T24 Drama Society]].
===Music===
The city gave its name to a musical genre known as the Canterbury Sound or [[Canterbury Scene]], a group of [[progressive rock]], [[avant-garde]] and jazz musicians based around the city during the late 1960s and early 1970s. The two most notable Canterbury bands were [[Soft Machine]] and [[Caravan (band)|Caravan]]. Over the years, with band membership changes and new bands evolving, the term has been used to describe a musical style or subgenre, rather than a regional group of musicians.<ref name="Canterbury Scene">{{cite web | title = Canterbury Scene| publisher =Allmusic | url = http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=77:10981| accessdate =2008-05-29 }}</ref>
The University of Kent has hosted concerts by bands including [[Led Zeppelin]]<ref>{{cite web | title =University of Kent |
| publisher = Led Zeppelin - Official Website| url = http://www.ledzeppelin.com/venue/university-kent| accessdate = 2008-05-29}}</ref> and [[The Who]].<ref>{{cite web | title =Year 1970
| publisher = The Who Concert Guide| url = http://www.thewholive.de/konzerte/zeige_konzert.php?GroupID=1&Jahr=1970| accessdate = 2008-05-29}}</ref> During the late seventies and early eighties the Canterbury Odeon hosted a number of major acts, including [[The Cure]]<ref>{{cite web | title =27.04.1981 Canterbury - Odeon
| publisher =The Cure Concerts Guide| url = http://www.cure-concerts.de/concerts/1981-04-27.php| accessdate = 2008-05-29}}</ref> and [[Joy Division]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Joy Division setlist, 16.06.1979
| publisher =Manchester District Music Archive | url = http://www.mdmarchive.co.uk/archive/showartefact.php?aid=1091&fid=8| accessdate = 2008-05-29}}</ref> The Marlowe Theatre is also used for many musical performances, such as [[Don McLean]] in 2007,<ref>{{cite web | title =An Evening with Don McLean | publisher =Marlowe Theatre | url = http://www.marlowetheatre.com/archive.asp?id=502| accessdate = 2008-05-29}}</ref> and [[Fairport Convention]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web | title =Fairport Convention
| publisher =Marlowe Theatre | url = http://www.marlowetheatre.com/archive.asp?id=499| accessdate = 2008-05-29}}</ref>
===Sport===
[[Image:Canterbury Cricket.JPG|thumb|right|[[St Lawrence Ground]]]]
[[St Lawrence Ground]] is notable as one of the two grounds used regularly for first-class cricket that have a tree within the boundary (the other is [[Pietermaritzburg]] [[Cricket field|cricket ground]] in South Africa). It is the [[Home team|home ground]] of [[Kent CCC]] and has hosted several England games.<ref name="stlawrenceground">[http://www.cricket.co.uk/teams/kent.html St. Lawrence, Canterbury] Cricket.co.uk. Retrieved on [[May 25]], [[2008]])</ref>
[[Canterbury City F.C.]] reformed in 2007 as a [[Community interest company]] and the mens team competed in the [[Kent County League]] Division Two (East) in 2007/08. The previous incarnation of the club folded in 2001.<ref>{{cite web | title = Canterbury City F.C.| publisher =Canterbury City F.C. | url = http://www.canterburycityfc.com/index.html| accessdate = 2008-05-29}}</ref> Canterbury's [[Rugby football|Rugby Football]] Club were founded in 1926 and became the first East Kent club to achieve National League status when they were promoted to the National League Division 3 South in 2006.<ref>{{cite web | title = A Brief History of Canterbury RFC| publisher =Canterbury RFC| url = http://www.cantrugby.co.uk/history.htm| accessdate = 2008-05-29}}</ref>
The [[Tour de France]] has visited the city twice. In 1994 the tour passed through, and in 2007 it held the finish for Stage 1.<ref>{{cite web | title =Tour de France Canterbury| publisher =Canterbury City Council| url = http://www.canterbury.gov.uk/tourdefrance| accessdate = 2008-05-29}}</ref> Canterbury [[Field Hockey|Hockey]] Club is one of the largest clubs in the country, often succeeding to top the English leagues in all age and sex categories.<ref name="canters-hockey">[http://polofarm.org/chc/Pages/13/About-CHC.aspx About Canterbury Hockey Club]. Canterbury Hockey Club. Retrieved on [[May 25]], [[2008]]</ref> Former [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] gold medal winner [[Sean Kerly]] is one of their coaches.<ref name="kerly-coach">[http://www.thetownguide.com/Canterbury/Index.asp?p=1 Canterbury]. Tourist Guide & Directory. Retrieved on [[May 25]], [[2008]]</ref>
Sporting activities for the public are provided at the Kingsmead Leisure Centre, which has a {{convert|33|m|ft|0|sing=on}} [[swimming pool]] and a sports hall for football, basketball, and badminton.<ref>{{cite web | title = Kingsmead Leisure Centre – Our Facilities | publisher =Active Life| url = http://www.activelifeltd.co.uk/facilities.php| accessdate = 2008-05-29}}</ref>
==Transport==
===Railway===
[[Image:Canterbury East Signal Box.JPG|right|thumb|[[Canterbury East railway station|Canterbury East signal box]]]]
Canterbury was the terminus of the [[Canterbury and Whitstable Railway]] (known locally as the Crab and Winkle line) which was a pioneer line, opened on [[3 May]] [[1830]], and finally closed in 1953. Despite claims by the [[Stockton and Darlington Railway]], the Canterbury and Whitstable was the first regular passenger steam railway in the world.<ref name="Martin225-231">Graham Martin, ''From Vision to Reality: the Making of the University of Kent at Canterbury'' ([[University of Kent|University of Kent at Canterbury]], 1990) pages 225-231 ISBN 0-904938-03-4</ref> The first station in Canterbury was at North Lane.
Today, Canterbury has two [[railway stations]], [[Canterbury West railway station|Canterbury West]] and [[Canterbury East railway station|Canterbury East]], both operated by [[Southeastern (train operating company)|Southeastern]]. Canterbury West station, on the [[South Eastern Railway (UK)|South Eastern Railway]] from [[Ashford, Kent|Ashford]], was opened on [[6 February]] [[1846]], and on [[13 April]] the line to [[Ramsgate]] was completed. Canterbury West is served primarily from [[Charing Cross railway station|London Charing Cross]] with limited services from Victoria as well as by trains to [[Ramsgate]] and [[Margate]]. Canterbury East, the more central of the two stations, was opened by the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway]] on [[9 July]] [[1860]]. Services from [[Victoria Station (London)|London Victoria]] stop at Canterbury East (journey time around 88 minutes) and continue to [[Dover]]. A fourth station in Canterbury was [[Canterbury South railway station|Canterbury South]] on the [[Elham Valley Railway]], which opened in 1890 and closed in 1947. Faster services are promised from 2009 with the introduction of [[High-speed rail|high speed trains]]. It is expected the journey time will be reduced by 35-40 minutes when travelling to London.<ref>[http://www.southeasternrailway.co.uk/main.php?page_id=353 Southeastern Railway - High Speed Trains]. Southeastern Railway. Retrieved on [[May 25]], [[2008]])</ref>
===Road===
Canterbury is by-passed by the [[A2 road (Great Britain)|A2]] London to Dover Road. It is about {{convert|45|mi|km}} from the [[M25 motorway|M25]] London orbital motorway, and {{convert|61|mi|km}} from central [[London]]. The other [[A118 road|main road]] through Canterbury is the [[A28 road|A28]] from [[Ashford, Kent|Ashford]] to Ramsgate and Margate. The City Council has invested heavily in [[Park and ride|Park-and-Ride]] systems around the City's outskirts and there are three sites: at Wincheap, New Dover Road and Sturry Road. There are plans to build [[direct access]] sliproads to and from the London directions of the A2 where it meets the congested Wincheap (at present there are only slips from the A28 to and from the direction of Dover) to allow more direct access to Canterbury from the A2, but these are currently subject to local discussion.<ref name="canterburybyroad">[http://www.canterbury.co.uk/thedms.asp?dms=11&catid=68&easi=true&msg=Browsing$$Travel$Travel$$%20in%20Canterbury How to Get Here]. www.canterbury.co.uk. Retrieved on [[May 25]], [[2008]])</ref> The hourly [[National Express]] coach service to and from [[Victoria Coach Station]], which leaves from the main [[bus station]], is typically scheduled to take two hours.
==Education==
[[Image:Augustine Abbey.jpg|thumb|right|The gate which once led to Saint Augustine's Abbey now leads to part of the [[King's School, Canterbury|King's School]]]]
The city has many students as it is home to several Higher Education institutions and colleges; at the 2001 census, 22% of the population aged 16–74 were full-time students, compared with 7% throughout England.<ref name="Statistics Barton (Ward)"/><ref name="Statistics Harbledown (Ward)"/><ref name="Statistics Northgate (Ward)"/><ref name="Statistics St Stephens (Ward)"/><ref name="Statistics Westgate (Ward)"/><ref name="Statistics Wincheap (Ward)"/> The [[University of Kent]]'s main campus is situated over {{convert|300|acre|ha|0}} on St. Stephen's Hill, a mile north of Canterbury city centre. Formerly called the University of Kent at Canterbury, it was founded in 1965, with a smaller campus opened in 2000 in the town of [[Chatham]]. As of 2007, it had around 16,000 students.<ref name="profile">{{cite web | title = University profile| publisher =University of Kent | url =http://www.kent.ac.uk/about/statistics.html| accessdate = 2008-05-28}}</ref> [[Canterbury Christ Church University]] was founded as a [[Teacher education|teacher training]] college in 1962 by the Church of England. In 1978 its range of courses began to expand into other subjects, and in 1995 it was given the power to become a [[University college]]. In 2005 it was granted full university status, and as of 2007 it had around 15,000 students.<ref name="Christ Church">{{cite web | title =History of Canterbury Christ Church University |publisher= Canterbury Christ Church University |url = http://www.canterbury.ac.uk/about/history.asp| accessdate =2008-05-28 }}</ref> The [[University College for the Creative Arts at Canterbury, Epsom, Farnham, Maidstone and Rochester|University College for the Creative Arts]] has a campus at Canterbury, and near the University of Kent is the Franciscan International Study Centre,<ref name="franciscans">[http://www.franciscans.ac.uk Franciscans] Franciscans.ac.uk. Retrieved on [[May 25]], [[2008]])</ref> a place of study for the worldwide [[Franciscan Order]]. [[Chaucer College]] is an independent college for Japanese and other students within the campus of the University of Kent. There is also the [[Further Education]] institution, [[Canterbury College (UK)|Canterbury College]].
Independent [[secondary school]]s include [[St Edmund's School]], [[Kent College]], and what is often described as the oldest school in England, [[The King's School, Canterbury|The King's School]]. St. Augustine established a school shortly after his arrival in Canterbury in 597, and it is from this that some claim The King’s School grew. Although, the documented history of the school only began after the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] in the 16th century, when the school acquired its present name, referring to [[Henry VIII]].<ref name="King’s">{{cite web | title = A Brief History of the King’s School, Canterbury| publisher =The King’s School | url =http://www.kings-school.co.uk/document_1.aspx?id=1:31887&id=1:31658&id=1:31637 | accessdate =2008-05-28 }}</ref>
The city's secondary [[grammar schools]] are [[Barton Court Grammar School]], [[Simon Langton Grammar School for Boys]] and [[Simon Langton Girls' Grammar School]]; all of which in 2007 had over 96% of their pupils gain five or more [[GCSE]]s at grades A* to C, including English and maths.<ref name="GCSE">{{cite web | title = Secondary schools in Kent: GCSE-level
| publisher = BBC News| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/education/07/school_tables/secondary_schools/html/886_gcse_lea.stm| date = 2008-01-10| accessdate =2008-05-28 }}</ref> The non-selective state secondary schools are [[The Canterbury High School]], [[St Anselm's Catholic School]], the Church of England's [[Archbishop's School]], and [[Chaucer Technology School]]; all of which in 2007 had less than 30% of their pupils gain five or more [[GCSE]]s at grades A* to C including English and maths, except for the Archbishop's School which achieved 55%.<ref name="GCSE"/>
== Media ==
Three free weekly newspapers provide news on the Canterbury district: "YourCanterbury", ''Canterbury Adscene'' and ''Canterbury KM Extra''. The ''Canterbury Adscene'' is owned by the [[Daily Mail and General Trust]] and has a circulation of about 55,000.<ref>{{cite web | title = Canterbury Adscene
| publisher = mediaUK| url = http://www.mediauk.com/newspapers/42042/canterbury-adscene | accessdate = 2008-05-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Canterbury Adscene
| publisher = The Newspaper Society and AdWeb Ltd| url =http://www.nsdatabase.co.uk/newspaperdetail.cfm?paperid=192 | accessdate = 2008-05-28 }}</ref> The ''Canterbury KM Extra'' is owned by the [[Kent Messenger]] Group and also has a circulation of about 55,000.<ref>{{cite web | title = Canterbury KM Extra | publisher = The Newspaper Society and AdWeb Ltd| url =http://www.nsdatabase.co.uk/newspaperdetail.cfm?paperid=193 | accessdate = 2008-05-28 }}</ref> The ''Kentish Gazette'', based in Canterbury, is a paid-for newspaper owned by the Kent Messenger Group, which provides news on the east Kent area and has a circulation of about 25,000.<ref>{{cite web | title = Kentish Gazette | publisher = The Newspaper Society and AdWeb Ltd| url =http://www.nsdatabase.co.uk/newspaperdetail.cfm?paperid=561| accessdate = 2008-05-28 }}</ref>
YourCanterbury is published by KOS Media, which also prints the popular county paper [[Kent on Sunday]]. It also runs a webside www.yourcanterbury.co.uk giving daily updated news and events for the city.'
[[kmfm]] for Canterbury, Whitstable and Herne Bay is a [[radio station]] based in Canterbury, broadcasting on 106FM. It was formerly known as kmfm 106, and before the [[Kent Messenger]] Group took control it was known as [[CTFM]], based on the local postcode being CT.<ref>[http://www.kmfm.co.uk/canterbury KMFM 106] KMFM 106 Website. Retrieved on [[2008-05-30]].</ref>
[[CSR FM]], an acronym for "Canterbury Student Radio", broadcasts on 97.4FM from studios at both the [[University of Kent]] and [[Canterbury Christ Church University]]. The station is run by a collaboration of education establishments in the city including the three universities. The transmitter is based at the University of Kent, offering a good coverage of the city.<ref>[http://www.csrfm.com CSR FM]. CSR FM Website. Retrieved on [[2008-05-30]]</ref> CSR replaced two existing radio stations: C4 Radio, which served Canterbury Christ Church University, and [[UKC Radio]], which served the University of Kent.
Canterbury [[Hospital radio|Hospital Radio]] (CHR) serves the patients of the Kent and Canterbury Hospital,<ref>[http://www.chradio.org.uk Hospital radio]. Canterbury Hospital Radio. Retrieved on [[2008-05-30]]</ref> and Simon Langton Boys School has a radio station, SLBSLive, which can only be picked up on the school grounds.<ref name="langtonradio">[http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:-wIDc3KDokkJ:www.thelangton.org.uk/doDownload.php Simon Langton Grammar School for Boys]. Retrieved on [[May 25]], [[2008]])</ref>
==Notable people==
People born in Canterbury include [[Christopher Marlowe]],<ref name="marlowe">[http://www2.prestel.co.uk/rey/biog.htm Christopher Marlowe - Some biographical facts] at Prestel.co.uk. Retrieved on [[May 29]], [[2008]])</ref> [[Presenter|TV presenter]] [[Fiona Phillips]],<ref name="fiona_phillips">[http://www.lycos.com/info/fiona-phillips.html Fiona Phillips]. Lycos.com. Retrieved on [[May 29]], [[2008]]</ref> airline entrepreneur [[Freddie Laker|Sir Freddie Laker]],<ref name="laker">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2006/feb/10/guardianobituaries Sir Freddie Laker - British entrepreneur who pioneered low-cost air travel]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved on [[May 29]], [[2008]]</ref> boy singer and actor [[Joseph McManners]]<ref name="joemcman">[http://www.joemcmanners.com/biography.html Joseph McManners Biography]. JoeMcManners.com Retrieved on [[May 25]], [[2008]])</ref> and actor [[Orlando Bloom]].<ref >{{cite news |last=Pilger |first=Sam |title=Va-Va Bloom |publisher=The Sunday Telegraph |date=[[2007-05-27]] |url=http://www.news.com.au/sundaytelegraph/story/0,,21792764-5006011,00.html |accessdate=2007-05-26}}</ref> [[Mary Tourtel]], the creator of [[Rupert Bear]], lived in the town.<ref name="tourtel">[http://www.chrisbeetles.com/pictures/artists/Tourtel_Mary/Tourtel_Mary.htm MARY TOURTEL (1879-1940)]. ChrisBeetles.com. Retrieved on [[May 29]], [[2008]]</ref> Cricketer [[David Gower]],<ref name="Gower">{{cite web |title=David Gower lord of the manor |publisher=BBC News |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/kent/content/articles/2007/08/10/david_gower_feature.shtml |accessdate=2008-05-29 }}</ref> physician [[William Harvey]],<ref name=oks>{{cite web | title = Some Famous OKS| publisher = The King's School| url = http://www.kings-school.co.uk/document_1.aspx?id=1:31978&id=1:31658&id=1:31637| accessdate =2008-05-28 }}</ref> writer [[W. Somerset Maugham]]<ref name=oks/> and [[film director]] [[Michael Powell]]<ref name=oks/> are among the former pupils of [[The King's School, Canterbury|The King's School]]. Notable alumni of the [[University of Kent]] include comedian [[Alan Davies]], [[Editing|newspaper editor]] [[Rosie Boycott]], actor [[Tom Wilkinson]], and [[Booker Prize]] winning novelist [[Kazuo Ishiguro]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Kent Alumni| publisher = University of Kent| url = http://www.kent.ac.uk/studying/why/alumni.html| accessdate =2008-05-28 }}</ref>
==Twin towns==
Canterbury is [[twin towns|twinned]] with the following city:
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Reims|Reims, France]]<ref name="cant_twin">[http://www.canterbury.gov.uk/news.php?mode=detail&id=489 Press Release - City lawyers pay visit to twin town]. Canterbury City Council. Retrieved on [[May 25]], [[2008]])</ref>
==See also==
*[[Mills in Canterbury]]
==References==
{{reflist|3}}
==Sources==
*Lyle, Marjorie. ''Canterbury: 2000 Years of History''. Tempus, (2002). ISBN 075241948X.
*Butler, Derek. ''A Century of Canterbury''. [[W H Smith|WHSmith]], (2002). ISBN 0750932430.
*Tellem, Geraint. ''Canterbury and Kent''. Jarrold Publishing, (2002). ISBN 0711720797.
==External links==
{{Commons|Canterbury}}
*[http://www.canterbury.gov.uk/ Canterbury City Council]
*[http://www.canterbury.co.uk/ Canterbury Tourism]
*[http://www.canterbury-cathedral.org/ Canterbury Cathedral]
*[http://www.canterburybuildings.com/ Canterbury Buildings website] - Archaeological and [[heritage site]] of Canterbury's buildings.
*[http://www.canterburytrust.co.uk/archive/bigdig01.html Canterbury Archaeological Trust - Whitefriars excavations]
*[http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/T/timeteam/cant_robin.html TimeTeam: Canterbury Big Dig]
*[http://www.hillside.co.uk/tour/tour.html Virtual tour]
*[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/496 UNESCO World Heritage Centre] - World Heritage profile for Canterbury.
{{Canterbury}}
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